Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook - Ms. S. Reece

Solving Problems

A Chemistry Handbook

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited.

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ISBN: 978-0-07-878757-7 MHID: 0-07-878757-2

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To the Teacher

SOLVING PROBLEMS: A CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK

Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook provides not only practice but guidance in how to solve problems in chemistry. This handbook covers the main concepts in Chemistry: Matter and Change. The text material is brief; the chapters focus instead on the example problems, practice problems, and other questions that reinforce students' knowledge and problemsolving skills. Answers to the problems and questions are found at the back of the book. Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook is a powerful tool for independent study, reteaching, and review.

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook

Chemistry: Matter and Change iii

Contents

SOLVING PROBLEMS: A CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 The Stories of Two Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Chemistry and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Scientific Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 2 Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 How reliable are measurements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 Representing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 3 Matter--Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.1 Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2 Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3 Mixtures of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.4 Elements and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.1 Early Theories of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.3 How Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.1 Light and Quantized Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.2 Quantum Theory and the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.3 Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.1 Development of the Modern Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.2 Classification of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.3 Periodic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

iv Chemistry: Matter and Change

Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook

SOLVING PROBLEMS: A CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK

Chapter 7 Ionic Compounds and Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7.1 Forming Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.2 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7.3 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7.4 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

8.1 The Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 8.2 Naming Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.3 Molecular Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8.4 Molecular Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 8.5 Electronegativity and Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 9.1 Reactions and Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 10 The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

10.1 Measuring Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 10.2 Mass and the Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 10.3 Moles of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 10.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 10.5 The Formula for a Hydrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Chapter 11 Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

11.1 What is stoichiometry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 11.2 Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 11.3 Limiting Reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 11.4 Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Chapter 12 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

12.1 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 12.2 Forces of Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 12.3 Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 12.4 Phase Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

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