ISBN-13: 978-007105818-6 ISBN-10: 007105818-4

ISBN-13: 978-007105818-6 ISBN-10: 007105818-4

SOCIAL SCIENCE

An Introduction

Senior Author

Jan Haskings-Winner Instructional Leader

Toronto District School Board

Authors

Rachel Collishaw Glebe Collegiate Institute

Ottawa-Carleton District School Board

Sandra Kritzer Centre Wellington District High School

Upper Grand District School Board

Patricia Warecki Sacred Heart Catholic High School

York Region Catholic District School Board

D B

McGraw-Hill Ryerson

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The McGraw?Hill Companies

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SOCIAL SCIENCE: An Introduction

., , i-

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ADVISORS

Trisha De Coeur St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic High School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Marc Keirstead retired York Catholic District School Board

Andrew Street Albert Campbell Collegiate Institute Toronto District School Board

Jill Goodreau Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of

the University of Toronto Upper Grand District School Board

Christopher Rawes Stratford Central Secondary School Avon Maitland District School Board

Stacy Tomioka Agincourt Collegiate Institute Toronto District School Board

Tracy Williams-Shreve Parkdale Collegiate Institute Toronto District School Board

PEDAGOGICAL REVIEWERS

James Delodder Department Head, Canadian and World Studies,

Social Sciences and Humanities St. Mary's Catholic High School London District Catholic School Board,

Woodstock, ON

Christopher Dueck Educator Grimsby Secondary School District School Board of Niagara, Grimsby, ON

Matthew Flynn Department Head, History Delta Secondary School Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board,

Hamilton, ON

Mary-Leigh Gray Department Head, Social Sciences and Humanities Dunbarton High School Durham District School Board, Pickering, ON

Crissa Hill Vice Principal Rick Hansen Secondary School Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON

R. Darlene Tapp Social Sciences and Humanities Teacher Westminster Secondary School Thames Valley District School Board, London, ON

Lori Stryker Curriculum Consultant

iii 1 -

ACCURACY REVIEWERS

Dr. Mike Atkinson Associate Professor of Psychology University of Western Ontario London, ON

Dr. Kathryn Denning Associate Professor Department of Anthropology York University, Toronto, ON

Dr. Bonnie Haaland Professor Kwantlen Polytechnic University Surrey, BC

STUDENT CONTRIBUTORS

McGraw-Hill Ryerson and the authors thank the students from Centre Wellington District High School in Fergus and Glebe Collegiate Institute in Ottawa for their contributions to this resource.

DEDICATIONS

Jan Haskings-Winner For Ray Winner, who provides encouragement and unconditional love. For my family and friends-who believe all things are possible with perseverance!

Rachel Collishaw To my parents for the gift of travel, the space, meals, and conversations. To Craig for your faith, love, and support, and to my children, Beatrix and Cole. May the gift of culture inspire you to seek your own adventures.

Sandra Kritzer Thank you to Gayle and Ken Kritzer for their encouragement and culinary support throughout this project, and to Linda Mowatt for her years of mentorship.

Patricia Warecki To Marc, my pedagogical godfather. For Emma, Jacob, and Evelyn, my darling children who inspire me to try new things everyday and for my husband John whose love, patience, and encouragement continue to see me through all of life's adventures.

iv

A Tour of Your Textbook

xii

Introduction

2

Spotlight on Anthropology: Yanomami:i and the Anthropologists

Research and Inquiry Skills Creating a Central Research Question Recording Data and Analyzing Information

Section 1.1 Cultural Anthropology and Understanding Human Culture and Behaviour

Cultural Anthropology The Language of Social Science: Introducing

Social Sciences Research Tools of Cultural Anthropologists Finding Informants I n terviews Ethnology How Do Ethnologists Study Culture? Youth Perspectives: What is Canadian Culture? The Problems of Participant Observation Landmark Case Study: Richard Lee and the

Dobe Juj'hoansi Schools of Thought in Cultural Anthropology Cultural Relativism Functional Theory Cultural Materialism Feminist Anthropology Postmodernism Linguistic Anthropology Historical Linguistics Structural Linguistics Sociolinguistics Archaeology In the F ield: Archaeological Services Inc. Prehistoric Archaeology Archaeology and History In Focus: Kwaday Dd.n Ts 'inchi Section 1.2 Human Evolution and Defining Humans Physical Anthropology Paleoanthropology What Can Anthropologists Learn from

Ancient Bones?

16

17

17

17

18

18

19

20

20 20

22

22

23

24

26

28

28 28 29 30 31

32

32 32 33

34

34 35 35 36

37 37 38

38

Where Do Humans Come From?

39

When Did Humans Walk Upright?

40

In Focus: Ardipithecus Ramidus

41

Human Evolution-A Timeline

41

In Focus: Who Were the Neanderthals?

42

What Can Anthropologists Learn from

Ancient Stones?

43

Social Science in Popular Culture: Forensic

Anthropology

44

Primatology

46

How Do Primatologists Study Primates?

46

How Are Humans Similar to Other Primates? 47

How Are Humans Different from Other Primates? 48

Can Nonhuman Primates Use Language?

48

Human Variation

49

Why Are Humans Different from One Another? 49

D o Human Subgroups Exist?

49

Can We Study Human Variation in a

Legitimate Way?

so

Point/Counterpoint: Skin Variations

51

Chapter 1 Review

52

Chapter 2 What is Psychology?

54

Spotlight on Psychology: Flash Mobs

56

Research and Inquiry Skills

57

Variables and Control Groups in Social Science 57

Sources in Social Science

57

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

57

Section 2.1 Schools of Thought

58

Psychodynamic Theorists

59

Sigmund Freud (1 856-1 939)

59

Karen Horney (1 885-1952)

60

Carl Jung (1 875-1 961)

61

The Psychology of Dreams

63

Behavioural Psychologists

64

Ivan Pavlov (1 849-1 936)

64

B. F. Skinner (1 904-1 990)

65

Impact of Behaviourism

66

In Focus: Is It Ethical to Experiment on Animals? 67

Humanist Psychologists

68

Abraham Maslow (1 908-1 970)

69

Viktor Frankl (1 905-1 997)

69

Carl Rogers (1902-1 987)

70

Impact of Humanistic Psychology on Society

70

Cognitive Psychology

72

Albert Bandura (1 925-)

72

Elizabeth Loftus (1 944-)

72

Contents MHR v

False Memories in the Visual Age

73

Conflict Theory

105

Section 2.2 Psychological Approaches to

Karl Marx ( 1 8 1 8-1 883)

105

Understanding Behaviour

74

Landmark Case Study: William Foote Whyte

Developmental Psychologists

74

and the Street Corner Society

106

Sigmund Freud ( 1 856-1 939)

74

Feminist Sociology

107

In Focus: Core Knowledge

75

Dorothy Smith ( 1 92 6-)

107

Jean Piaget ( 1 896-1 980)

75

Current Research

107

Erik Erikson ( 1 902-1994)

76

In Focus: M. N. Srinivas (1916-1999)

108

Leta Stetter Hollingworth ( 1 886-1 939)

78

Symbolic Interactionism

109

Harry Harlow ( 1 905-1 981 )

79

Max Weber ( 1 864-1 920)

109

Landmark Case Study: Mary Ainsworth

The Chicago School

110

(1913-1999): Infant-Mother Attachment

80

Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead,

Understanding the Brain

82

and the Looking-Glass Self

lll

New Technology: Windows into the Brain

82

C. Wright Mills and Sociological Imagination 1 1 2

How the Brain Works

82

Section 3.2 Socialization and Social Development 113

In Focus: Phineas Gage

83

What is Social Behaviour?

113

Perception

84

What Influences Behaviour?

113

Controlling the Ever-Changing Brain

85

The Language of Social Sciences: Sex and Gender 1 1 4

Is Meditation the Answer?

85

Different Cultures, Different Greetings

116

Focusing Therapies

86

In the F ield: Social Worker Egerton Blackwood 1 1 7

Point/Counterpoint: How Does Internet Use

Measuring Social Behaviour

118

Affect the Brain ?

87

Socialization

119

How Do We Learn Language?

88

The Categories of Socialization

119

The "Teen Brain"?

89

In Focus: Female Violence and the Murder of

Chapter 2 Review

90

Reena Virk

1 20

Chapter 3 What is Sociology?

92

Spotlight on Sociology: Energy Drinks and

Risky Behaviour

94

Research and Inquiry Skills

95

Surveys

95

Abnormal Socialization

1 21

Agents of Socialization

124

The Primary Agent of Socialization: The Family 1 24

Secondary Agents of Socialization

1 25

Chapter 3 Review

128

Assessing and Recording Sources

95

Section 3.1 Schools of Thought

96

Sociology: Past and Present

The Roots of Sociology

96

96

Chapter 4 Anthropology and M

132

Defining Sociology

97

Spotlight on Anthropology: Cyborg

What Do Sociologists Do?

97

Anthropology

1 34

In Focus: Sociologists and the Fall of the

Research and I nquiry Skills

1 35

Berlin Wall

99

Creating a Research Plan

1 35

Sociological Schools of Thought

100

Section 4.1 Culture and Identity

136

Macrosociology

100

How Does Culture Shape Identity?

137

Microsociology

100

Canadian Culture and Identity

137

Structural Functionalism

101

Rites of Passage

138

Emile Durkheim ( 1 858-1 91 7)

101

Three-Stage Process

139

Talcott Parsons ( 1 902-1 978)

103

Male Rites of Passage

140

In Focus: Herbert Spencer (1820-1920) and

Female Rites of Passage

141

Social Darwinism

104

Body Modification and Body Art

142

vi M H R Contents

Coming of Age in Contemporary Canadian Culture

Gender and Culture

Female Identity and Culture Male Identity and Culture Alternate-Gender Identity In Focus: Pink Shirt Day

Section 4.2 Anthropology and Behaviour Physical Environment and Culture

Cold Climate Adaptation Hot Climate Adaptation

Technology and Culture

Air Conditioning and the End of the Front Porch in North America

Digital Technology Landmark Case Study: Steel Axes Among the

Y ir Yoront Language and Culture Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The English Language Body Language Economic Systems and Culture Foraging Societies Horticultural Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Postindustrial Societies Distribution Types in Canada The Impact of Globalization on

Cultural Systems

Sex Workers in Sosua, Dominican Republic The Kayap6: Resisting and Harnessing the

Power of Globalization Globalization: Connecting the World

Culture as an Agent of Socialization: Kinship Systems

Patrilineal Case Study: The Bhil in India Bilineal Case Study: The Dobe Ju/'hoansi

Three Systems of Kinship

Marriage: A Cultural Universal

No Marriage in the Na Society Arranged Marriage In Focus: Indo-Canadian Arranged Marriage Types of Marriage In Focus: Canada's Polygamous Community:

Bountiful British Columbia Family Roles in Culture

144

146

1 46

148

150

1 51

152

152

152

1 53

154

154

1 54

1 55

156

156

157

158

159

159

159

1 60

1 60

1 60

1 61

162

1 62

163

164

165

167

168

169

1 69

1 70

1 71

1 72

1 73

175

Self-concept in Western and Eastern Asian

Families

1 75

Landmark Case Study: Death Without Weeping:

Poverty and Family Roles

1 76

Section 4.3 Ethical Issues in Anthropology

178

Attitudes of Anthropology

178

How Fieldwork Transforms

1 78

Ethical Guidelines of Anthropology

1 79

Landmark Case Study: Shakespeare in the Bush 1 80

Anthropology's Ethical Transformations

181

Anthropology and the Military

1 81

Point/Counterpoint: Should Anthropologists

Work with the Military?

1 82

Fieldwork in Contemporary Culture and

Subcultures

183

Baseball Magic

183

Cultural Diffusions: Japanese Hip-Hop Culture 1 84

Research Dilemmas

185

Personal Belief Dilemmas

1 85

Moral Dilemmas in Cultural Anthropology

1 85

Moral Dilemmas in P hysical Anthropology

188

Applied Anthropology

190

Medical Anthropology: Goats in Malawi

190

Ecological Anthropology: The Domestication

of Wood in Haiti

1 92

Applied Policy: Improving Immigrant Services

in Saskatoon

193

Chapter 4 Review

194

Chapter 5 Psychology and Me

Spotlight on Psychology: Obedience Research and Inquiry Skills Creating a Research Plan in Psychology Analyzing and Interpreting Research

Information

Section 5.1 Development of Self The Influence of Heredity and Environment

Heredity Environment Twin Studies The Roots of Intelligence Testing Environmental Influences on IQ The Link Between Heredity and Environment Applying Our Understanding: Behavioural

Genetics Landmark Case Study: Genie: The Story of an

Isolate Child

196

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1 99

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1 99

200

200

200

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

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Contents M H R vii

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