COMMUNICATIONS STYLE GUIDE
MARINE CORPS UNIVERSITY Academic Year 2012
COMMUNICATIONS STYLE GUIDE
Fifth Edition
A PUBLICATION OF THE LEADERSHIP COMMUNICATION SKILLS CENTER
ii
Marine Corps University Communications Style Guide
Marine Corps University Quantico, VA
iii
Table of Contents
Foreword
xii
Preface
xiii
Leadership Communication Skills Center
xv
Operating Procedures
xv
Acknowledgements
xvii
Chapter 1: Communication--A Leadership Skill
1
Communication and Leadership
1
Oral Communication versus Written Communication
1
Taking Your Writing Beyond the Classroom
1
Writing: More than an Academic Exercise
2
So What?
3
Introduction to the Writing Process
4
Chapter 2: Preparing to Write
5
Deciding on and Planning Your Purpose
5
Analyzing Your Audience
6
Audience Analysis Worksheet
7
Approaching Assignments
8
Identify the Key Words
8
Determine the Scope of the Assignment
10
Critical Reading
11
Critical Reading Worksheet
15
Chapter 3: Preparing to Write a Research Paper
17
What is a Research Paper?
17
Report Paper vs. Research Paper
18
What is Research?
18
Approaching Research Systematically
19
Taking a Second Look: Revisiting Your Thesis
20
Chapter 4: Choosing a Topic and
22
Developing a Research Question
22
Strategies for Choosing a Topic
22
I Have a Topic, Now What?
23
iv
Developing a Research Question
23
Reviewing the Literature on Your Topic
23
Evaluating Your Sources
25
Assessing the credibility of an argument:
27
Begin to Formulate Your Working Thesis Statement
28
Chapter 5: Narrowing the Focus
29
What is a Thesis Statement?
29
The Importance of Argument
29
Make it Fresh
30
How do I Begin Constructing my Working Thesis Statement?
31
Using Research Questions to Formulate Thesis Statements
31
Common Problems in Argumentative Thesis Writing
33
Chapter 6: Research Methodology and Data Collection
36
Choosing a Research Design (Methodology) for your Paper
36
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research
36
Qualitative Research Designs
38
Historical Research
39
Using Primary and Secondary Sources in Academic Writing
40
Primary Sources
40
Evaluating the Veracity (Truthfulness) of Texts
41
Secondary Sources
42
Varying your Sources
43
Constructing Interview and Survey Questions
44
Open-ended versus Close-ended Questions
46
Mistakes to Avoid When Constructing Interview and Survey Questions
46
Conducting Surveys
47
Conducting Interviews: Basic Guidelines
47
Note-taking/Organizing Your Data
48
Analyzing Data
51
Additional Resources
51
Chapter 7: Using Citations to Avoid Plagiarism
53
When Do You Need to Use a Citation?
53
What is Plagiarism?
54
v
Three Main Types of Plagiarism
54
Avoiding Plagiarism
55
Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism
55
Using Direct Quotations
56
Paraphrase
57
Summary
58
Using Your Sources Effectively
58
Paraphrasing and Quoting: Frequently Asked Questions
59
Editing Quotations and Integrating Quotes into your text
60
Citing a Source Quoted in Another Source:
63
Books
65
Book with One Author
65
Book with Two Authors
66
Book with Three Authors
66
Book with Four to Ten Authors
66
Book with a Corporate Author
67
Book with an Editor(s)
67
Book with an Author and Editor and/or Translator
67
Non- English Language Source
68
Book with Edition
68
Article in an Edited Book
69
Book with Multiple Volumes
69
Reprint
69
Contribution to a Multi-author Book
70
One Volume of a Multi-volume Work with Different Authors
70
One Volume of a Multi-volume Work with Multiple Parts
71
Books Available Online
71
Publisher`s Imprint
72
Letter in a Published Collection
72
Pamphlets and Reports
72
E-book
73
Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports
74
Print
74
vi
CRS Reports Retrieved from Electronic Databases such as EBSCO or STINET
74
CRS Reports Available Online
74
Government Publications
75
Congressional Hearings in Print
75
Executive Department Documents (Reports, Bulletins, Circulars)
75
Committee Prints
76
Commission Reports
76
Government Documents Available in Electronic Databases such as STINET or LexisNexis
77
Presidential Documents
77
Government Documents Available Online
78
Laws and Statutes
78
Interviews
79
Unpublished Interviews and Personal Communications
79
Published or Broadcast Interviews
79
Published or Broadcast Interviews Retrieved from Electronic Databases
79
Published or Broadcast Interview Available Online
80
Unattributed Interviews
81
Audio and Visual Sources
82
DVD or Video
82
Lecture or Presentation
82
Journal Articles
83
Journal Articles in Print
83
Journal Articles from Electronic Databases such as ProQuest, JSTOR, and EBSCO
83
Journal Articles from an Online Journal
84
Foreign Language Articles and Journals
84
Translated Article
85
Magazine Articles
86
Magazine Articles in Print
86
Magazine Articles from Electronic Databases such as ProQuest, EBSCO, and LexisNexis
86
Magazine Articles from an Online Magazine
87
Military Publications
88
Doctrinal Publications
88
Directives
88
vii
Instructions
88
Orders
89
Marine Corps Bulletins (MCBuls)
89
Student Thesis
90
Student Thesis in Print
90
Student Thesis Retrieved from Electronic Databases
90
Unpublished Paper
91
Working Papers and Drafts
91
MCU Handouts
91
Reference Materials (Dictionaries and Encyclopedias)
92
Print
92
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Available Online
92
Newspaper Articles
93
Newspaper Articles in Print
93
Newspaper Articles from Electronic Databases such as ProQuest, EBSCO, and LexisNexis
94
Newspaper Articles from an Online Newspaper AND News Sites
95
Archives and Special Collections
96
Correspondence
96
Reports
96
Photographs
97
Oral Histories
97
Films
98
Maps
98
Sound Recording
99
Web Sites and Postings
100
Online Posting
100
Web Site
100
Electronic Mailing Lists
100
Chapter 8: Prewriting
101
Brainstorming/Overcoming Writer`s Block
101
Strategies to get started
101
Concept Mapping
107
Formulating an Outline
108
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