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Veterinary Science IImage courtesy of boehringer-Mrs. O’Keefe & Ms. PantazisFall 2015Name:________________________________Veterinary Science IInstructor: Mrs. Devon O’Keefe & Ms. PantazisClass Period: 4A & 4BClassroom: Animal ScienceClass Length: QuarterEmail: do’keefe@Phone: 860-464-9600 ext. 7161COURSE DESCRIPTION:Students enrolled in this class will learn how to protect pet owners and their pets from harm, injury, or suffering during emergencies, by teaching prompt, effective actions and care that will safeguard the life of an injured pet. Students will learn how to care for their pet before transporting the animal to the veterinary MON CORE STANDARDS:WHST 11-12.4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose and audience.RST 11-12.4 Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11-12 texts and topics.NATIONAL AGRI-SCIENCE STANDARDS:Perform simple health-check evaluations on animalsIdentify common diseases, parasites and physiological disorders that affect animalsInterpret animal behaviors and execute protocols for safe handlingEstablish and maintain favorable environmental conditionsComplete a Pet First Aid training programHANDS-ON COMPETENCIES:Perform safety restraintsPerform health check on animalsPerform rescue breathing, CPR and abdominal thrustsProperly bandage woundsCOURSE TOPICS:CareersPet First Aid KitsHow to Recognize an EmergencySafety RestraintsAbbreviationsRescue Breathing, CPR, Abdominal ThrustsBandagingPhysical ExaminationsDiseases and Veterinary Tests Student Responsibilities:Have FUN and Respect othersAll school rules applyClean up after yourself in the classroom and labNo perfume or body sprays to be sprayed in the classroom or labs REQUIRED MATERIALS:Class: Notebook with folder/pockets, or a 3-ring binder with notebook paper. Writing utensil(s). Veterinary Science I workbook.Lab: Long sleeve top, long pants and close-toed/close-heeled shoes (boots, sneakers, etc.-no dress shoes) for all experiences in the animal lab, field trips, outdoors and with equipment. Homework: Internet access, writing utensil (s), class assignmentsGRADING: The point values are approximates.Assignments: 400 pointsEvaluations: 600 pointsMISSED WORK:It will be the student’s responsibility to obtain missed assignments and to complete them. If you miss an activity, quiz or lab activity, arrangements must be made with Mrs. O’Keefe within three days of the missed assignment.LATE WORK:Late work will receive a deduction of 10% of points per day and will not be accepted if it is more than one week late.CONSEQUENCES FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIORS:Verbal WarningReduction of Participation Grade PointsCalling or Emailing ParentsRemoval from ClassDetentionConference with administrator, parent, student and teacherEND PRODUCT:PortfolioPet First Aid License ($19-paid by student)Veterinary Assistant I Industry Certificate ($15.95-paid by student)Should you or your parent or guardian need assistance, email me at do’keefe@ If you need academic assistance I will be available every Tuesday from 2:05-2:30Veterinary Science IOptional Industry CertificatesAs part of the Veterinary Science I course, students have the opportunity to obtain an industry certificate if they complete the requirements and pay for the certificate. This certificate will allow the students to build their resume and show an employer that they have knowledge about animals. The students will be working on this certificate during class and at home. Provide a check made out to Ledyard High School by __________________.CertificateDescriptionCostCat & Dog First AidThe American Red Cross provides a certificate to individuals who complete all the requirements which include: Recognize a Medical Emergency, Breathing and Cardiac Emergencies, Injuries and Sudden Illnesses.$19Total Cost $19*Price as of August 28, 2015*Careers Students will be able to explore career options relating to veterinary medicine.Careers in Veterinary MedicineEvery veterinary hospital consists of members that contribute their abilities and strengths to care for animals that come through the door. It is important that each member fulfills their role to make the appointments go smoothly for the veterinarian and patient.Staff MemberRoleVeterinarianVeterinary TechnicianVeterinary Hospital ManagerVeterinary AssistantReceptionistPet First Aid KitStudents will be able to identify the essential first aid supplies needed to treat animal injuries.Pet First Aid KitIt is important to predict what sort of emergency might happen to your pet.Quick treatment is vitalEvery pet owner should have a pet first aid kit in the event of an emergency.Items for a Pet First Aid Kit: Information card with your veterinary emergency clinic phone number and the local or national poison-control phone numberVaccination Records Information card indicating your pet’s baseline readings Commercial muzzle or length of fabric to make one Bandaging materialsSterile gauze pads of various sizes1-2 inch rolls of stretchable and non-stretchable gauzeElastic bandage (Ace bandage)Bandage tapeBlunt scissors for bandaging (also to trim fur away from wounds)Duct tape or other heavy tape (to immobilize your pet on a firm surface)Bubble wrap (for splinting)Blunt-tipped tweezers or hemostats (to remove splinters and other foreign objects)Electric clippers (to trim fur around wounds)Needle-nose pliers (to remove foreign objects)Large needle-less syringe or eyedropper (to give liquid medicine)Rectal thermometerClean towel or blanket (to restrain your pet, keep him/her warm or use as a stretcher)Ready-made cold packs and hot packs or a washcloth and a hot-water bottle to make your ownAntiseptic liquid soap (Betadine Skin Cleanser)Antiseptic solution (Betadine Solution) to soak or flush injured areasCotton ballsClean washclothLubricants (mineral oil, petroleum jelly, K-Y Jelly)Sterile saline contact lens solution (to flush wounds)Corn syrup or honey (for shock)Activated charcoal preparation (Toxiban)3% hydrogen peroxide for poisoningBaby aspirin (for pain and for dogs only!)Antihistamine (Benadryl) for itching (it is also a great sedative)Anti-diarrheal (Kaopectate)Styptic powder (Kwik-Stop) for minor bleedingVeterinarian:Animal Control:Emergency Veterinary Hospital:Animal Poison Control Center:1-800-548-2424Pet-Friendly Hotel:Boarding Facility:Pet Name:Species & Breed:Date of Birth:Special Conditions:Medications:Pet Name:Species & Breed:Date of Birth:Special Conditions:Medications:Pet Name:Species & Breed:Date of Birth:Special Conditions:Medications:Pet Name:Species & Breed:Date of Birth:Special Conditions:Medications:Emergency Telephone Numbers for Your PetsHow to Recognize an EmergencyStudents will be able to recognize an animal emergency.Students will be able to safely approach an injured or sick animal.Students will be able to identify the emergency action steps for animal emergencies.How to Recognize an EmergencyIt is difficult to give help if you are unaware that an emergency exists. Use your senses and your knowledge of your pet to recognize an emergency: Know what is normal for your pet. It is important to have the animal get used to being handled and examined by you. No one knows your pets as well as you do.WARNING: Animals often bite their owners when they are scared and injured.UNUSUAL NOISES: Such as barking or meowing that is unusual from what you normally hear; plaintive crying, whining, loud yelps or wailing.UNUSUAL SIGHTS: Such as bleeding, obvious deformities, unfamiliar animals in the area.UNUSUAL ODORS: Such as gas, smoke, chemical or medicinal odors, or any unrecognizable or strong odor.UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR: Such as difficult, labored or rapid breathing. Also, extreme excitability, unusual drowsiness, drooping or any abnormal or uncharacteristic behavior.Emergency Action StepsONLY for Your Animals!CHECK = Check the SceneIs it safe? If not, go for help Check the Injured Animal**Only if it is safe to do so**CALL = Call for help**Start with your parents, veterinarian, emergency animal hospital, animal control officer**DO NOT CALL 9-1-1CARE = If it is safe, provide first aid as necessary while waiting for transportation to your veterinary hospital.How to Approach an Injured or Sick AnimalStoop down and cautiously approachSpeak in a soft, soothing toneAvoid looking at the animal directly in the eyes Note behavior, facial expression and body language. Animals may bite their owners when they are scared or monly Used AbbreviationsStudents will be able to identify 100 commonly used veterinary abbreviations.Students will be able to interpret a veterinary medical record using the abbreviations.Students will be able to create a realistic scenario for a veterinary medical record using the monly Used AbbreviationsGroup 1- Group 2-_____________Tx-TreatmentAD-Right earSx-SurgeryAS-Left earHx-HistoryAU-Both ears Rx-PrescriptionOD-Right eye Bx-BiopsyOS-Left eyeDx-DiagnosisOU-Both eyesFx-FractureLFL-Left front legBAR-Bright, alert, responsiveLHL-Left hind legBM-Bowel MovementRHL-Right hind legCPR-Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationRFL-Right front legGroup 3- Group 4-______________Bord.-Canine Bordetella (kennel cough) vaccineM-MaleRV-Rabies vaccineMN-Male neuteredVx/Vac-VaccineF-FemaleT4-Thyroid TestFS-Female spayedHWP-Heartworm preventativeMix- Mix dog breedHWT/3DX-Heartworm/Lyme/Ehrlichiosis TestDSH-Domestic short hairCHEM-Blood chemistry panelDLH-Domestic long hairFC-Flea controlpg.-PregnantEENT- Ears, eyes, nose, throatQAR-Quiet, alert, responsiveDHLPPC-Distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, parvovirus and coronavirus vaccineFVRCP-C-Feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia and chlamydiaGroup 5-Group 6-______Cap-CapsuleToxo.- ToxoplasmosisTab-TabletFIP-Feline infectious peritonitisQID-Four times dailyAbd.-AbdomenEOD-Every other dayFLUTD-Feline lower urinary tract diseaseBID-Twice dailyTB-TuberculosisSID or qD-Once a dayU.O.- Urinary obstructionTID-Three times a dayURI-Upper respiratory infection# or lb.-PoundsUTI-Urinary tract infectionCRT-Capillary Refill TimeChronic-Long termPO-OrallyAcute-Short termGroup 7-Group 8-_____________Adm.-AdministerR/S or S/R-Remove suturesrec.-RecommendLO-Level of consciousnessT or tbsp.-TablespoonIM-Intramusculart or tsp.-TeaspoonSC, SQSubcutaneousSOAP-Subjective, Objective, Assessment, PlanPRN-Refill as neededTCB-To call backCBC-Complete blood countLMOM-Left message on machineWNL-Within normal limitskg.-KilogramD/O-Drop offoz.-OunceD/C-Dischargeml.-MilliliterCE-Client educationGroup 9-Group 10-UA-UrinalysisBPM-Beats per minuteDOA-Dead on arrivalFeLV-Feline leukemia virusU/S-Ultrasoundmm-Mucous membraneNPO-Nothing by mouth Fecal-Fecal or stool samplePE-Physical ExamEAS-Express anal sacsIV Cath-Intravenous catheterizationICU-Intensive care unitH/L-Heart/lungsNAF-No abnormal findingsDz-DiseaseLN-Lymph nodeDNF-Do not feedNSF-No significant findingsPx-PrognosisHBC-Hit by carSafety RestraintsStudents will be able to identify appropriate safety restraints for injured animals.Students will be able to apply a muzzle and an e-collar on a cat and dog.Students will be able to perform a reclining restraint, a stretch restraint, a hugging restraint and a kneeling restraint on a cat and dog.Safety RestraintsA humane restraint serves three (3) major purposes:1. It protects you from being bitten or clawed while you are administering first aid.2. It restricts the animal’s movement to prevent making the injury worse.3. The restraint keeps the pet in place for the wound to be examined and treated safely.TYPES OF SAFETY RESTRAINTS:The most gentle and loving pets can bite in reflex when injuredMuzzlesMuzzles are used on cats and dogs to prevent biting. Commercial muzzles are for all sizes and shapes of pet faces. If you do not have a commercial muzzle, you can make one.Cats and short-nosed dogs are a challenge because the length of the nose is short. A pillowcase is the best muzzle for animals that have short noses.Fit the cloth bag over your pet’s head and gently hold it around his/her neck.The fabric keeps the teeth engaged and they won’t see what is happeningYou can also pull the pillowcase down to cover the front and rear paws. Allow the affected body part to stick out of the pillowcase for easy access. Dogs with long noses are much easier to muzzle.You can use any long piece of material, from a necktie to an extra leash.How to make a muzzle:Make a knot in the middle of the material.Make a loop in the material and slip it over your pet’s nose.Tighten the loop and wrap the ends down under his/her chin.Draw the ends back over your pet’s neck and tie them in a knot or bow behind its ears.Reclining Restraint/Lateral Recumbency (medium to large dogs)Place your pet on his/her side with the injured area facing up.With one hand, grasp the ankle of the foreleg that is against the ground while gently pressing your forearm across his/her shoulders.With the other hand, grasp the ankle of the hind leg that is against the ground while pressing that forearm across his/her hips.Stretch Restraint (cats and small dogs)Grasp your pet by the loose skin at the back of the neck-scruff with one handCapture both hind feet with the other hand.Gently stretch out your pet and hold him/her against a tabletop.Hugging Restraint/Standing Position (dogs over 20 pounds)Bring one arm underneath and around your dog’s neck to hug him/her to your chest.With the other arm, reach under and around his/her chest and pull him/her closer against you.Kneeling Restraint/Sitting Position (most commonly used with a breed with prominent eyes- Pekingese or Pug)Put the dog on the floor between your knees facing away from you as you kneel.Put one hand under your dog’s jaw and the other hand around its belly to steady his/her head while another person treats the injured area.Elizabethan Collar (Commercial cone-shaped collar)The Elizabethan Collar surrounds the pet’s head.They are available in a variety of sizes to fit any pet.They prevent pets from reaching injuries with their teeth.They protect facial sores from pawing or scratching toenails.SAFETY RESTRAINT REFLECTION:Appraising the SituationStudents will be able to identify and explain the baseline readings for animals.Students will be able to perform a physical examination on an animal and take their temperature, check their skin and gum color, determine the capillary refill time, perform dehydration test, check the heart rate, check the respiration rate and determine responsiveness.Students will be able to use veterinary tools and equipment safely and correctly.Students will be able to compare and contrast the results based on the animal species.Students will be able to analyze the results and determine if the animal needs to see a veterinarian.Appraising the SituationA pet owner can recognize what is normal and abnormal for their pet by appraising the situation. A range of readings may be normal; however, once you have determined what your animal’s specific ranges are, anything outside the animals “normal” range will alert you to a problem that needs to be addressed.Create a baseline first-aid health chart for the following lab activities: Temperature Color of skin and gums Capillary refill time Dehydration test Heart rate Respiration rate ResponsivenessTemperature:Normal body temperature for the following animals are:Cattle range between 100.4-102.8FGoat range between 101.3-102.5FSheep range between 100.9-103.8FHorse range between 99.1-100.8FSwine range between 101.6-103.6FChicken range between 105-109.4FCats and dogs range between 99-102.5FHow to take an animal’s temperature:Have a helper distract the animal by holding his/her head while using the appropriate safety restraint.Wear glovesUse an alcohol prep pad to clean the rectal thermometer.Place a probe cover on the thermometer.Lubricate the end of a thermometer using a lubricant such as petroleum jelly.Lift the base of the animal’s tail and slowly insert the thermometer into his/her rectum until it is a few centimeters inside.Keep a firm grip on the tail and the thermometer to keep the animal from escaping or sitting down on the thermometer.Keep the thermometer in for 3 minutes or until it beeps. Remove the thermometer, throw away the probe cover, and then clean the thermometer with an alcohol prep pad to avoid spreading any diseases.Wash handsRecord your results.The following chart is used for cats and dogs. TemperatureWhat it MeansCall the Vet?106 ? F or higherEmergency! Cool the petYES, Immediately105 ? FHigh FeverYES, Same Day104 ? FModerate FeverYES103 ? FModerate FeverYES102 ?? FNormal RangeNO101 ? FNormal RangeNO100 ? FNormal RangeNO99 ? FNormal RangeNO99 ? to 95 ? FMild HypothermiaYES, Same DayBelow 95 ? FEmergency! Warm the petYES, ImmediatelySkin and Gum Color:Skin tone can be hard to see on a pet because of all the fur or hair.Anything other than a normal pink color calls for immediate veterinary attention If your animals gums are pigmented (black or brown), try to find a non-pigmented pink spot on another mucous membrane, like the vulva or prepuce (the fold of the skin covering the end of the penis)How to check the skin and gum color:Have a helper distract the animal by holding his/her head while using the appropriate safety restraint.Gently open the animal’s mouth and look at the color of the gums.Gently push back on the animal’s fur/hair to look at the color of the skin.Record your results.Membrane ColorWhat it MeansCall the Vet?PinkNormalNOPale to WhiteAnemia or ShockYES, ImmediatelyBlueSmoke Inhalation or SuffocationYES, ImmediatelyBright Cherry RedCarbon Monoxide Poisoning or HeatstrokeYES, ImmediatelyYellowLiver ProblemsYES, Same DayCapillary Refill Time:Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that lie near the surface of the skin.You can see them above the animal’s teeth.Capillaries give the tissue its normal pink color.How to check the capillary refill time:Have a helper distract the animal by holding his/her head while using the appropriate safety restraint.Lift the animal’s upper lip.Press the flat part of your finger against the non-pigmented, pink gum tissue (This squeezes blood in that spot and blocks the normal flow).Quickly remove the pressure and you will see a white, finger-shaped mark on the gum.Use the second hand on your watch to time how long it takes for the pink color to flood back into the white spot.Record your results.Capillary Refill TimeWhat it MeansCall the Vet?1-2 secondsNormalNO2-4 secondsModerate to Poor; Possible dehydration or shockYESMore than 4 secondsEMERGENCY! Severe problems, dehydration, shockYES, ImmediatelyLess than 1 minuteEMERGENCY! Severe problems, heatstrokeYES, ImmediatelyDehydration Test:The first sign of a problem is loss of the skin’s elasticity.Normally hydrated cats and dogs have extra loose skin at the tops of their heads and the base of their necks (scruff).When the water balance of the body is normal, you can gently pull up the scruff and when you release it, the skin will spring back immediately to the normal position.The skin at the top of the head is more likely to show this effect, so you might want to test there first.The more severe the animal is dehydrated, the slower the skin will retract.In severe cases, where the skin remains standing up in a ridge off the body even after you have released it. Immediate first aid and veterinary care is needed.How to perform a dehydration test:Gently pull up the scruff on the animal’s head while using an appropriate safety restraint.Time how long, in seconds, it takes for the skin to spring back into place.Record your results.Heart Rate:Checking the heart rate will be more difficult if the animal is depressed, dehydrated or has a low blood pressure.A racing heart can point to shock.A stopped heart is a dire emergency and requires CPR.Illness or injury, a slower than normal rate- bradycardia can indicate heart disease or shock.Pulse should be strong and you should feel it at the same time as each heartbeat beats.Check your animals pulse rate to become familiar with how a normal pulse feels.Animals do not have very strong pulses in their “wrists” on the front legs or in the neck.An irregular pulse points to heart problems, while a “pounding” pulse or a very weak pulse can indicate shock, weak heart output or a drop in blood pressure.The best place to find your animals pulse is in the femoral artery, in the crease of the hind leg at the groin.How to check the heart rate:Have a helper put the animal in a relaxed position using an appropriate safety restraint.Place the palm of your hand with a stethoscope over his/her left side directly behind the point of his/her elbow.Listen for the heartbeat and count the pulses in 15-second increments.Multiply this number by 4 to get the beats per minute rate.To ensure an accurate reading, repeat the count two or three times and average them to find your animal’s normal rate.SpeciesNormal Heart Rate (bpm)Small dogs (up to 20 lbs.)70-180Medium and large dogs (more than 20 lbs.)60-140Cats120-240Puppies (up to 6 weeks)Up to 220Kittens (up to 6 weeks)200-300Cattle40-70Goat70-120Sheep60-120Horse25-40Swine55-85Chicken250-300Turkey160-175Respiration:Most dogs breathe 10-30 times a minuteCats breathe 10-40 times a minuteCattle breathe 30 times a minuteGoats breathe 15 times a minuteSheep breathe 19 times a minuteHorses breathe 12 times a minuteSwine breathe 16 times a minuteChicken breathe 12-36 times a minuteTurkeys breathe 28-49 times minuteDogs who are exercising breathe faster and may pant up to 200 breaths a minutePanting and open-mouthed breathing are considered danger signs in cats because they don’t use panting routinely as a means to cool off the way dogs do.If a cat is panting or breathing with its mouth open, call the vet immediately.How to check respiration:Have a helper put the animal in a relaxed position using an appropriate safety restraintListen and count the animal breaths for 1 minute Repeat this procedure one time to ensure an accurate readingDetermine the respiratory signAfter you receive the second reading, take the animal for a run and/or exercise for 10 minutesAfter the animal has exercised, immediately listen to the animal breathe and recordRespiratory SignsWhat it MeansCall the Vet?Effortless breathing: quiet to soundlessNormalNOAbnormally increased respiratory rateFirst sign of breathing problemsYES, Immediately, if condition is worseningExcessive panting or gasping: dogs stand with elbows outward, cats sit crouched with head and neck extendedEMERGENCY! Progression to early respiratory failureYES, ImmediatelyLabored: Open-mouthed breathing and blue gumsEMERGENCY! Pulmonary failure; pet is suffocatingYES, ImmediatelySlowed, shallow, or stopped breathing, unconsciousness imminentEMERGENCY! Respiratory collapse; prepare for artificial respirationYES, ImmediatelyResponsiveness:Healthy animals are bright, alert and responsive to whatever is happening in/around their surroundings.When injured, the behavior is affected in various degrees.The more serious the condition, the less response there will be.How to determine responsiveness:Using one animal at a time, exercise and/or play with animal for 10 minutes each.Determine the level of consciousness and record the results.Level of ConsciousnessWhat it meansCall the Vet?Bright/Alert/Responsive- to owner and outside stimulation: if you call the animal for a treat, it should respondNormalNODepressed- response slow to sight or touch stimulation; may be sleepy or reluctant to moveCommon to many illnessesYES, Next day; if the condition does not resolve with first aidDisoriented- bumps into objects, stares blindly, walks with unsteady gait or in circles, falls over to one sideProbably neurological or inner ear involvementYES, Same dayStupor- can be aroused only by deep pain stimulationSerious neurological or metabolic problem YES, ImmediatelyComatose- unable to wake or having seizuresEMERGENCY! Severe neurological damage or disruption from injury, disease or toxinYES, ImmediatelyTriage:Triage is a tool used to determine which injury or emergency should be handled first.General rule: Internal or whole-body injuries, like shock or poisoning, take precedence over external injuries like cuts or broken bonesTop 10 Triage Priorities:Stopped breathing, no pulseStopped breathing with pulseLoss of consciousnessShock; pale gums; rapid breathing; weak, rapid pulse, cold skinDifficulty breathingChest puncture or gaping woundSevere bleedingAbdominal puncture or gaping woundExtremes of body temperature; too hot or too coldPoisonous stings, toxins, snakebites, etc.Appraising the Situation Lab Objectives: In groups of three (3)correctly take a rectal temperature on a three animal speciesidentify visually whether the animals have a normal skin and gum coloridentify whether or not the animals have normal capillariesjudge the condition of the animal’s blood circulationconclude if the animals are dehydratedlocate the heart on each animaldemonstrate how to measure an animal’s normal heart rateconclude whether the animals have a normal heart ratemeasure the respiratory ratedetermine which respiratory sign the animals are exhibitingdetermine the level of consciousness the animals are exhibitingMaterials:Digital thermometerProbe coverLubricationGauzeAlcohol prep padsVariety of animalsComb or brushStethoscopeGlovesInstructions:In groups of three (3) and using your Appraising the Situation packet, perform the following lab activities and record your results.Temperature-SpeciesTemperatureNeed a Vet?Skin and Gum Color-SpeciesSkin ColorGum ColorNeed a Vet?Capillary Refill Time-SpeciesHow many secondsNeed a Vet?Dehydration Test-SpeciesHow many secondsNeed a Vet?Heart Rate-SpeciesHeart Rate (1)Heart Rate (2)Heart Rate (3)Need a Vet?Respiration-SpeciesNumber of Breaths (1)Number of Breaths (2)Number of breaths after exercisingRespiratory SignNeed a Vet?Responsiveness-SpeciesLevel of ConsciousnessWhat does this mean?Need a Vet?APPRAISING THE SITUATION REFLECTION:Rescue Breathing, CPR, Abdominal Thr ustsStudents will be able to determine when an animal requires rescue breathing, CPR and/or abdominal thrusts.Students will be able to perform rescue breathing, CPR and abdominal thrusts on a CPR dog and cat.Students will be able to describe the ABC’s of CPR.Students will be able to compare and contrast how to perform rescue breathing, CPR and abdominal thrusts on small animals versus larger animals.Rescue Breathing, CPR & Abdominal Thrusts“Your pet’s cardiopulmonary system works like a super-efficient cargo train that circles the body and never stops”.The lungs dump the cargo-oxygen into the bloodstream, while the heart serves as the engine that moves the blood.Once the blood completes a full circuit around the body and returns to the lungs, the oxygen has been off-loaded.Anything that interrupts your pets breathing or heartbeat stops them dead in their tracks.They may lose consciousness and failure to receive oxygen can cause brain damage.Rescue Breathing:Pets usually go into respiratory arrest first.The heart may continue to beat for a short while even after a pet stops breathing.You must begin artificial respiration within minutes to save your pets life.It is not unusual for a cat or dog to be saved after an owner breathes for them for ? hour or more.A pet that is very cold may breathe much more slowly than normal. Be sure that the animal has stopped breathing.If he/she is not breathing, his/her gums will turn blue from a lack of oxygen.First, check to see if the airway is clear.Open your pet’s mouth and look inside for any foreign objects.If the animal is not breathing and does not have a blocked airway, but has a pulse begin rescue breathing.Lay a large pet on his/her side (you can cradle a small pet in your lap) and straighten his/her neck by lifting the chin so that his/her throat offers a straight shot into his/her lungs.Mouth-to-mouth breathing will not work because you cannot seal your pet’s lips with your mouth and too much air escapes. Instead, close your pet’s mouth with one or both hands to seal it.Put your mouth completely over his/her nose (with a small pet, your mouth will cover both his/her nose and mouth) and blow with two quick breaths, watching to see if his/her lungs expand. Air will go directly through the nose and into the lungs when the mouth is sealed correctly.Blow just hard enough to move his/her sides. For a very large dog, you will need to blow pretty hard, but blow gently for cats and tiny dogs, or you could rupture their lungs. Between breaths, let the air naturally escape out of the lungs before giving the next breath. Give 15 to 20 breaths per minute until he/she begins breathing on his/her own or your reach the veterinarian.After each breath, check for breathing (look, listen, and feel for air)Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)CPR combines artificial respiration with external heart compressions, which help move blood through the body when the heart has stopped beating.CPR’s ABC’s are airway, breathing and circulation (cardiac compressions).A = AirwayDoes the animal have an open airway?Check the throat to see if it is clear of foreign objects.If the answer is YES, go to rescue breathing. If the answer is NO, you need to open the airway.Do not place your fingers inside the mouth of a conscious animal or you may be bitten.B = BreathingIs the animal breathing?If the answer is YES, allow the animal to assume the body position most comfortable for them. Then, move to cardiac compressions.C = Cardiac CompressionsIs there a heartbeat or a pulse?If the answer is NO, perform chest compressions.To determine if your pet’s heart has stopped, place your palm flat against his/her lower chest directly behind the left front elbow to feel for the heartbeat, or place your ear against the spot and listen.You can also check the pulse in the femoral artery located close to the surface on the inside of the thigh at the groin.Place three fingers flat against this area and press firmly.Pets with stopped hearts won’t respond to anything, so pinch your pet firmly between his/her toes or tap his/her eyelid. If the animal does not respond, immediately being CPR.Signs of cardiac arrestNo spontaneous breathingNo heart beat or pulseGrey-colored mucous membranesDilated pupils not responsive to lightIf there is NO Pulse, administer CPR immediately.CPR for a small dog or cat (under 30 pounds)Lay the animal on its left side and kneel next to the pet with the animal’s chest facing you.Extend the head back to create an airwayCup your hands around the muzzle so the nostrils are clear. Blow air into the nostrils with five or six quick breaths. Cats and small dogs require short and shallow breaths.Place palm of one hand over the ribs at the point where the elbow touches the chest.Place the other hand beneath the right side of the body; compress the chest ? - 1 inch.Perform chest compressions for two minutes at a ratio of 12 compressions followed by 2 breaths. Perform a compression to mouth-to-snout ventilation. Stop and check for a pulse.Continue CPR for 15-20 minutes or until the animal breathes or you reach the vet.CPR for a medium to giant dog (30 to 150 pounds)Lay the dog on its right side and kneel with the animals back to you.Using both hands, compress the chest 1-3 inches at the point where the left elbow of the front leg lies when pulled back to the chest.Larger dogs need longer and deeper breaths.Perform chest compressions. Perform a compression to mouth-to-snout ventilation ratio of 12 compressions followed by 2 breaths. Continue the quick breaths at a rate of one breath every three seconds or 20 breaths per minute.For dogs with deep, narrow chests (greyhounds), push down closer to the dog’s armpit, directly over the heartFor dogs with barrel-chests (bulldog), lay the dog on its back and compress on the sternumStop and check for a pulse.Continue CPR for 15-20 minutes or until the animal breathes or you reach the vet.Abdominal ThrustsPets tend to put all kinds of objects in their mouths and when something goes down the wrong way, it can block their breathing. The Abdominal Thrust may save your pets life.Repeat the maneuver two or three times in succession, then check to see if the object has come loose in your pet’s mouth.If it hasn’t, you can continue the maneuver in the car while someone drives you and the pet to the veterinary hospital.For a cat or small dog follow these instructions:1. Hold his/her back against your stomach with his/her head up and his/her feet hanging down2. Put your fist underneath the rib cage3. You can feel the soft, hollow place and push inward toward your belly and upward toward your chin at the same time4. Use a strong thrusting action to help dislodge the objectFor a large dog follow these instructions:1. Lay the animal on his/her side on the floor2. Kneel behind the animal so that his/her head points to your left and your knees are touching his/her back3. Lean over him/her4. Fit your right fist below his/her rib cage5. Press sharply upward and inward toward his/her headRepeat the maneuver two or three times in successionCheck to see if the object has come loose Rescue Breathing LabObjectives: In groups of three (3)1. Determine if an animal needs rescue breathing2. Demonstrate how to perform rescue breathingMaterials:Stuffed AnimalRescue Breathing Cat and DogInstructions:In groups of three (3) and using your Rescue Breathing packet, perform the following lab activity.Place your stuffed animal on the tableFor a large animal, lay the animal on his/her sideA small animal can be cradled in your lapStraighten his/her neck by lifting the chin so that his/her throat offers a shot into his/her lungsClose your pets mouth with one or both hands to seal itPut your mouth completely over his/her noseBlow with two quick breathsWatch to see if his/her lungs expandBetween breaths, let the air naturally escape out before giving the next breathGive between 15 to 20 breaths per minute until he/she begins breathing againAfter each breath, check for breathing (look, listen and feel)You never want to practice on a live animal!Reflection:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation LabObjectives: In groups of three (3)Determine if your pets heart has stoppedLocate the femoral artery and heartDemonstrate how to perform CPRMaterials:Stuffed AnimalCPR DogInstructions:In groups of three (3) and using your CPR packet, perform the following lab activity.Determine if your pets heart has stopped by placing your palm flat against his/her lower chest directly behind the left from elbow to feel the heartbeat or place your ear against the spot to listen.Check the pulse in the femoral artery.Place three fingers flat against the femoral artery and press firmly.Pinch the animal to see if they move.Extend their head back to create an airway.For cats and small dogs (less than 30 pounds) follow these instructions:Use the cardiac pump technique- it calls for compressions directly over the heartPlace your pet on his/her right side on a flat, firm surfaceKneel next to the pet with the animals chest facing youPlace palm of one hand over the ribs at the point where the elbow touches the chestPlace the other hand beneath the right side of the body, compress the chest ? - 1 inchPerform 12 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths during each cycle. For medium to giant dogs (30-150 pounds)Use the thoracic pump method- places compressions at the highest part of the chestKneel with the animals back to youUsing both hands, compress the chest 1-3 inches at the point where the left elbow of the front leg lies when pulled back to the chestPerform 12 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths during each cycle. Perform CPR in 2-minute cycles checking to see if breathing as resumed.Continue CPR until your pet revives or you reach the veterinarianYou never want to practice on a live animal!Reflection:Abdominal Thrusts LabObjectives: In groups of three (3)Determine if the animal is chokingPerform Abdominal ThrustsMaterials:Stuffed AnimalInstructions:In groups of three (3) and using your Abdominal Thrusts packet, perform the following lab activity. 1.Check to see if the animal is chokingFor a cat or small dog follow these instructions:Hold his/her back against your stomach with his/her head up and his/her feet hanging downPut your fist underneath the rib cageYou can feel the soft, hollow place and push inward toward your belly and upward toward your chin at the same timeUse a strong thrusting action to help dislodge the objectFor a large dog follow these instructions:Lay the animal on his/her side on the floorKneel behind the animal so that his/her head points to your left and your knees are touching his/her backLean over him/herFit your right fist below his/her rib cagePress sharply upward and inward toward his/her headRepeat the maneuver two or three times in successionCheck to see if the object has come looseIf it hasn’t, continue the maneuver in the carYou do not want to practice on live animal!** It is more important to get air in than to get the object out**Reflection:BandagingStudents will be able to identify the 5 types of wounds.Students will be able to identify and use the appropriate supplies to bandage a wound.Students will be able to demonstrate bandaging for controlling bleeding, splinting, ear flap injury, impaled object and a tourniquet.Types of WoundsAbrasions: Scrape in the skinBruise: Bleeding under skin, inside of tissueLaceration: Cut or tear in skin and soft tissuePuncture: Splinters, thorns, sticks, etc.Impaled Object: Stick, arrow, knife, etc.Controlling Bleeding and BandagingClean the wound- Saline solution, contact lens solutionPut gauze on the woundUse a gauze roll to wrap the wound Use an ace bandage or vet wrap to secure the gauze SplintingSplint only if you must and can do so without causing further pain and injury to the pet.Not all injuries require gauze and many times the splint is needed because a bone is broken. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Ear Flap InjuryClean the woundApply gauze on the woundWrap 2x to 3x of gauze roll or ace bandage and wrap around the ear and neck.Impaled ObjectDo not attempt to remove the embedded object!Put muzzle on dog/catMay need to put animal on a board to prevent spinal injuryClean the woundApply gauze to the woundWrap ace bandage around the object to keep it in placeTourniquetLast resort to control bleeding! Lose a limb, save a life.Tie the tourniquet several inches above the wound on the side closer to the heartUse a non-stretchy material, such as a terry cloth and fold it lengthwise until it’s between 1 and 2 inches wide and use a square knot to secure itUse any object strong enough to twist the tourniquet as a windlass and twist to increase the pressure until the bleeding stops Ear Flap Injury Impaled Object TourniquetPhysical Exams & Medical RecordsStudents will be able to perform a physical examination on an animal patient.Students will be able to complete a medical chart on an animal patient.Students will be able to interpret an animal medical record.LEDYARD ANIMAL SCIENCEOwner:__________________________________________ Pet’s Name: _______________________Species: ___________ Breed: _______________Color: __________ DOB: ________ Sex: ___________DATEPROGRESS NOTESVAX TX/MEDSSOAPDiseases & Veterinary TestsStudents will be able to research an animal disease and create a factsheet on the disease.Students will be able to describe the purpose and use of each veterinary test.Students will be able to evaluate a cat and dog medical record and veterinary tests and diagnose the disease.Veterinary TestsComplete Blood CountDetermines the number and types of blood cells presentBlood is made up of a liquid portion plus all the various blood cellsEvaluates the red blood cell count as well as the size of the red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin is measured and plateletsIt can provide a more complete evaluation of an anemic patientAlso measures the total white blood count and provides a breakdown of the types of cells presentWhite blood counts aid in evaluating infectious and inflammatory diseasesAn example of a white blood count change occurs in a bacterial infection which increases rapidlyNormal Ranges:Red Blood Cell: Canine- 5.5-8.5 Feline- 5.5-10.0White Blood Cell: Canine- 6,000-17,000 Feline- 5,500-19,500Packed Cell VolumeA rapid test that provides the percent of the blood composed of red blood cellsBlood is placed in a small capillary tube and spun in a centrifugeRed blood cells settle to the bottom of the tube and plasma rises to the topA simple measurement then allows the packed cell volume to be establishedThe plasma from the tube can be placed on a refractometer to measure the proteinHelps monitor patients for changes and can be completed in minutesNormal Ranges:Packed Cell Volume:Canine- 37.0-55.0% Feline- 24.0-45.0%Chemistry ProfileEvaluates blood sugar, electrolytes, protein, liver and pancreatic enzymes, bilirubin, and nitrogen-containing wastesBlood sugar evaluates the endocrine function of the pancreas but can be altered with diet and stressElectrolytes evaluate the hydration status of the animal and also evaluates the hormones that regulate these levelsProtein level in the blood may also be elevated when an animal is dehydratedBilirubin is produced as red blood cells are destroyed. An elevation of bilirubin can result when the liver is not functioning properly or in cases where red blood cells are being destroyed too quickly.Normal Ranges for dogs:Glucose:70-138 mg/dLUrea nitrogen:6-24 mg/dLCreatinine:0.5-1.6 mg/dLBilirubin:0.1-0.3 mg/dLTotal protein:5-7.4 gm/dLUrinalysisUsed to evaluate urineUrinalysis can provide many clues about the overall health of the animalVisual urine can be judged by color and appearance as it is typically yellow and should be clearThe darkness of the yellow can vary with the concentration of the urine, but the urine should always be clearCloudy urine can be an indication of a urinary tract infectionThe presence of blood, protein, or both in the urine is a very common sign of a bladder infection; however, a positive test does not localize the source of the bladder. The blood could be a result of kidney disease or a clotting disorder in the circulationA small number of crystals can be a normal occurrence in urine. Excessive numbers of crystals can indicate that bladder stones are much more likely to form.Normal Ranges:Color: Canine- YellowFeline- YellowTransparency:Canine- ClearFeline- ClearSpecific gravity:Canine- 1.015-1.045Feline- 1.035-1.060Volume:Canine- 20-40Feline- 20-30Glucose:Canine- NegativeFeline- NegativeKetones:Canine- NegativeFeline- NegativeBilirubin:Canine- Negative Feline- NegativeProtein:Canine- NegativeFeline- NegativeBlood: Canine- NegativeFeline- NegativepH:Canine- 5.0-7.5Feline- 5.0-7.5RadiographsUsed as a means to look within the bodyEvaluating bones often provides the clearest examples of how beneficial a radiograph can beX-rays penetrate tissues of different densities at different levelsThe five densities found in animals include air, fat, soft tissues, bone and mineralOn a radiograph, these would range from dark to lightA chest radiograph includes the vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The air-filled lung tissue appears dark. Radiographs show clues that must be combined with the results from other tests.Radiographs can be used to rule out certain problems such as intestinal foreign bodies.Ultrasound (sonogram)Non-invasive procedure used to evaluate the internal organs to examine the abdominal organs, heart, eyes and reproductive organsIt shows the size, shape and position of the abdominal contents, and the ultrasound allows the veterinarian to see inside the organs.Also used to evaluate pets with abdominal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, straining to urinate or urinating blood. This test can also be helpful in cases of reproductive abnormalities, unexplained fever, loss of appetite or weight lossBarium SeriesA liquid contrast media that appears solid white on radiographsBarium is given alone or with food and can increase the diagnostic accuracy of radiographs by outlining objects and structures that do not show up on plain radiographsIt takes at least 4-6 hours to see where the barium goes. It can only go through the digestive tract.It is an x-ray test used to examine the upper digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, and small intestine)The barium temporarily coats the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine, making the outline of these organs visible on the x-ray pictureThe test is useful for diagnosing cancers, ulcers, foreign bodies, problems that cause narrowing of the esophagus, some causes of inflammation in the intestine, and some swallowing problemsBacterial and Fungal CulturingFluid from infected regions or swabs of infected tissue may provide the organism that allows for its identificationThese samples can be taken from a living animal or during an necropsyIn the living animal, the fluid may be milk, urine, blood, swabs from mucous membranes, or fluids aspired from diseased regions.A positive result shows that the animal has been exposed to the organism but does not prove that it was the cause of the diseaseA negative result can occur if the test is taken before the animal has the opportunity to increase antibodies to a detectable levelPolymerase Chain Reaction TestIt is used to detect HIV in animals, hereditary diseases, and infectious diseasesIt is a common method of creating copies of specific fragments of DNAScientific test based on naturally occurring DNA replication within living organismsDexamethasone Suppression TestBlood is taken to establish a baseline blood level for cortisolDexamethasone-an injectable corticosteroid is administeredThe cortisol levels are sampled 4 to 8 hours laterIn normal animals, the dexamethasone is detected by the animal, which causes a decrease in the secretion of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)Low levels of cortisol shows as lethargy, weakness and weight lossOften many gastrointestinal signs are evident, including poor appetite, vomiting, and diarrheaELISA Test- Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay TestBiochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample to detect past or present infectionIt is useful to determine Feline Leukemia Virus, Lyme or FIV as well as food allergens and heartwormA normal test would show that there were no foreign antibodies in the animals systemCan help detect allergiesDetects primary and secondary stages of Feline Leukemia virusTest can sometimes be performed at the veterinary officePlatelet CountPlatelet help blood to clot by forming layers in the blood vesselsWhen?low blood?platelet count is?present, this layering thins and tiny drops of blood can leak through the blood vessels causing red dots on the skin called petechiaeNormal platelet counts 150,000-200,000 cells. Platelets per microliter (mcL)When low blood platelet count present a pet is at an increased risk of bleedingRisk of bleeding is based on the platelet count100,000-149,000little to no risk of bleeding50,000-99,000increased risk of bleeding with injury20,000-49,000risk of bleeding increased without injury10,000-19,000risk of bleeding greatly increasedless than 10,000spontaneous bleeding likelyAdrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) Stimulation TestUsed to evaluate adrenal functionACTH is a hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland in the brainThis test helps indicate the causes of hormone irregularitiesAbnormal values mean: Addison’s Disease, Cushing’s Disease, Ectopic tumorImmunofluorescent Antibody (IFA) TestChemically links antibodies to a fluorescent dye- the colored antibodies will combine with any antigen present from a virus or bacteria and fluoresce/show colorCan be used to detect Feline Leukemia VirusMajority of animals that show a positive IFA test remain infected for lifeOnly detects the secondary stages of Feline Leukemia VirusTest must be sent out to a diagnostic labExploratory SurgeryExploratory surgery can be used for any procedure on any part of the bodyIt is very risky and very expensiveNot the best idea without having any other tests performedAnimal Diseases“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”Treating a disease is much more expensive than preventing a disease. When caring for man’s best friend, there are many different medical complications that can threaten the health and prosperity of your canine or feline. Dog and cat diseases occur in the family pet just as frequent as their owners have to deal with specific health concerns. Just as humans receive shots and vaccinations to prevent the development of common diseases and conditions, dogs and cats should also be given a regular set of immunizations to help prevent the heartache that comes with sickness, especially when preventable. Vaccinations work by stimulating the dog’s and cat’s immune system to produce specific antibodies to fight a subsequent attack by the disease.Each student will be given a disease to research. Your information cannot exceed 2 pages typed. Font being Arial 12 font, 1” margins. On the top of the first page centered is to be the common name and underneath the scientific name of the disease italicized. You must include a detailed description of the disease, type of disease, causes of disease, prevention, vaccinations to prevent disease, signs/symptoms, how it is spread, diagnosis, where it is found in the animal body, and a picture of the disease.The diseases for research are:Canine BordetellaFeline Viral RhinotracheitisRabiesCalicivirusCanine Lyme Feline PanleukopeniaCanine CoronaFeline ChlamydiaCanine DistemperToxoplasmosisCanine HepatitisFeline Infectious PeritonitisLeptospirosisFeline Leukemia VirusCanine ParainfluenzaParvovirusDemodectic mangeSarcoptic mangeEhrlichiosisGiardiaHeartworm DiseaseCoccidiaRingwormTapewormBibliographyDogHeirs Team. "CPR for Dogs (cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) ? DogHeirs | Where Dogs Are Family ? Keywords: CPR, Emergency, Cardiac Massage, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation." CPR for Dogs (cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) ? DogHeirs | Where Dogs Are Family ? Keywords: CPR, Emergency, Cardiac Massage, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. DogHeirs, n.d. Web. 27 July 2013. <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson. Romich. Delmar's Veterinary Technician Dictionary. Albany, NY: Delmar Thomson Learning, 2000. Joseph, Nikole, and Dr. Amy Crockett. "Veterinary Science I Workbook Review." Interview. 2013.Kahn, Cynthia M. The Merck Manual / Merial Manual for Pet Health. Whithouse Station, NJ: Merck, 2007. Mammato, Bobbie. Pet First Aid: Cats and Dogs. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1997.Pattengale, Paula. Tasks for the Veterinary Assistant. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Pinney, Chris C. The Complete Home Veterinary Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Shojai, Amy. The First+aid Companion for Dogs & Cats. [Emmaus. Pa.]: Rodale, 2001. All photographs were taken from google images. ................
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