City University of New York

 Digestive system is a very important system in an organism. Digestive system consists of various organs: Esophagus, Stomach, Gallbladder, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum and Anus. It takes food into your organ and makes it part of you, nutrients and energy. The residue, or leftover is carried on and disposed of through the anus. In the following, I’m going to explain step by step on how food goes through the digestive system, and successfully makes it out, or stays as nutrients.Digestive system starts through the mouth. When an individual chews food, it facilitates food to be digested easily by the use of Amylase. Tongue has glands known as salivary glands which get active when eating, and that’s how an individual can taste the food. After an individual chews the food, it breaks down to a form where it can be absorbed by the body and used in the system. As food goes down through the throat, passes through into an individual esophagus.Esophagus is located in an individual throat near the trachea. It permits food from the mouth as it goes down through the throat. Food crosses through the small pointy and platform over the trachea, and it deviates an individual from getting choked with the food. There also is a variety of contractions of muscles between the esophagus which is called the peristalsis. The peristalsis makes sure the food gets into the stomach.There also is a small round muscular at below the esophagus of an individual has to be in its relaxation mode in order for food to be crossed successfully.After the esophagus it goes through the stomach. The stomach is a deep organ which maintains the food while is mixed with the abdomen enzymes. The abdomen enzymes go through a process which breaks big portions of food into smaller portions until it is used by the same body. One of the enzymes is called pepsin. There are also cells in the lining of the abdomen that help to break down the process with the secretion of a strong acid and powerful enzymes such as pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids. After the food is processed in the abdomen, then residue goes through the small intestine.The small intestine is divided into three sections: duodenum, jejunu, and ileum. The small intestine is a twenty -two foot long muscle long tube where the food disintegrates and uses enzymes which are released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. One of the enzymes of the pancrea is called lipase which is used to break apart fats. Peristalsis, lining of the small intestine, works by transferring food and mixing it with other digestive liquids in the pancreas and liver.The primary segment of the small intestine is called the duodenum. It's largely responsible for the continued disintegration process. The other two after, are known as the jejunum and ileum lower are responsible of the take up of nutrients and transferring it to the blood. Contents of the small intestine begin a bit solid and end up liquid after passing through it. The texture of the liquid changes because of the condiments that contribute to it which is the water, bile, enzymes, mucus, etc. After all this process, the residue of the food continues through the large intestine called the colon. The Large colon is a six foot long muscle tube which connects the small intestine to the rectum. Stool or waste left over from the digestive process is passed through the colon, while water is removed. Stool is stored is the sigmoid colon until a contraction empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes thirty-six hours for stool to get through the color. The stool itself is primarily food that contains debris and bacteria. Finally in the rectum, when the sphincters relax the rectum contracts disposing its content through the anus.Some diseases can occur in the digestive system. Such as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Gallstones, Celiac disease, or Crohn's disease which can lead to destructive damage to the digestive system if not taken under medical care.The digestive system includes various methods of enzymes that convert food depending on its type to different other chemicals when mixed with other enzymes. Enzymes are located everywhere in the digestive system wherever food passes to disintegrate it.Amylase breaks down carbohydrate, starch, to a maltose, a disaccharide. As digestion proceeds starch eventually be broken to maltose and sometimes do not leave or leaves a little starch. Peptides is another enzyme that breaks down peptides, chain of amino acids to a single amino acid. In the following paragraphs, I’m going to explain experiment data results of enzymes combined with different types of reagents and results in potassium or benedict's. Benedict's solution is used to test for reducing sugars like glucose, and color varies from yellow to brick red and potassium becomes positive this means the test for starch which results in a color change of each tube, and for reducing sugar six drops of benedict's reagent was added and when boil color changes for recorded data. Experiment data shows seven different tubes of reagent of a Ph level of 7.0 buffer which is used to test the enzyme amylase on different substances which are glucose, cellulose, and starch. In tube 1 and 5 scratch is mixed with the enzyme amylase in the first tube and the fourth tube is mixed with the peptidase. The starch with enzyme amylase for sixty min in a thirty-seven celsius potassium (K) is negative and benedict’s is positive. So, the starch with enzyme amylase effect broke down into sugar(glucose). The tube number 5 of starch with peptidase is positive for potassium and Benedict’s is negative meaning that peptidase enzyme converts scratch to potassium. In tube 2, shows a reagent of ph seven buffer with a second reagent of cellulose and enzyme (amylase) for a timing of sixty mins and temperature of thirty-seven degree celsius; it results in potassium K becoming negative and glucose positive. This means the enzyme of course kept it and didn’t change it. In tube 3, 4, 6, contain a ph 7.0 buffer with each same cellulose and different enzymes reactor. Tube 3, cellulose is mixed with amylase on a sixty min time and at temperature of thirty-seven degree celsius. This result to become negative on both potassium and benedicts. Then for tube 4, the cellulose is mixed with a regular deionized water and it also becomes negative for both potassium and benedicts. For tube 6, cellulose is combined with bacteria and it results in negative of potassium and positive to benedict’s test.Overall, the experiment results demonstrated amylase is unable to breakdown cellulose, sugar which is glucose or others composition of sugar because results of cellulose, and glucose after an amylase reaction stay as positive for benedict’s test. On the other hand, starch had different results. When combined with amylase , it decomposes to sugar which one example could be maltose. This is how amylase in the digestive system can decompose substances through it..WORK CITED“Digestive System (Anatomy): How It Works.” WebMD, WebMD, 21 June 2020, heartburn-gerd/your-digestive-system. ................
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