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Medical Terminology, Chapter 8 Terms, The Digestive System

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1. abdominal computed tomography (CT)

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

2. abdominal ultrasound

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves

3. absorption

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

4. acid reducers

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

5. acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)

caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

6. aerophagia

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

7. amebic dysentery

an intestinal disorder caused by a parasite

8. anabolism

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

9. anal fissure

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that cau cause severe pain during a bowel movement

10. anastomosis

a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

11. anorexia

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

12. anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance

13. anoscoopy

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

14. antacids

neutralize the acids in the stomach

15. antiemetic

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

16. anus

the lower opening of the digestive tract

17. aphthous ulcers

grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers

18. ascending colon travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

19. ascites

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

20. bariatric surgery

performed to treat morbid obesity to restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

21. bariatrics

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

22. bile

a digestive juice secreted by the liver

23. biliary tree

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

24. bilirubin

the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin

25. body mass index a number that shows body weight

(BMI)

adjusted for height

26. bolus

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

27. borborygmus

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

28. botulism

food poisoning characterized by paralysis and often death; caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

29. bowel incontinence

the inability to control the excretion of feces

30. bruxism

the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

31. bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting

32. cachexia

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

33. capsule endoscopy

a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

34. catabolism

the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

35. cecum

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

36. cheilosis

a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

37. cholangiography a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

38. cholangitis

an acute infection of the bile duct

39. cholecystalgia

pain in the gallbladder

40. cholecystectomy

the surgical removal of the gallbladder

41. cholecystic

pertaining to the gallbladder

42. cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones

43. choledocholithotomy an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones

44. cholelithiasis

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

45. cholera

severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera

46. chyme

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

47. cirrhosis

a progressive degenerative disease of the liver

48. cleft lip

a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

49. cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

50. colectomy

the surgical removal of all, or part of, the colon

51. colon

the longest portion of the large intestine

52. colonoscopy

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum

53. colorectal carcinoma colon cancer

54. colostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

55. constipation

having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week

56. Crohn's disease

a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

57. defecation

the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

58. dehydration

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance

59. dental calculus

dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth

60. dental caries

an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth; also known as tooth decay or a cavity

61. dental plaque

forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

62. dental prophylaxis

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

63. dentist

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

64. dentition

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

65. descending colon

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

66. diarrhea

an abnormal frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration

67. digestion

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

68. diverticulectomy the surgical removal of a diverticulum

69. diverticulitis

the inflammation of one or more diverticula in the colon

70. diverticulosis

the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon

71. duodenum

the first portion of the small intestine; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum

72. dyspepsia

pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion

73. dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

74. edentulous

without teeth

75. emesis

the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth; also known as vomiting

76. endoscope

an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures

77. enema

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

78. enteritis

an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens

79. epiglottis

a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

80. eructation

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

81. esophageal varices

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

82. esophagogastroduodenoscopy

an endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum

83. esophagus

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

84. feces

solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus

85. flatulence

the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

86. gallbladder

a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver

87. gallstone

a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

88. gastrectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

89. gastritis

a common inflammation of the stomach lining

90. gastroduodenostomy

the removal of the pylorus of the stomach and the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

91. gastroenteritis

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

92. gastroenterologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

93. gastroesophageal reflux disease

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

94. gastrointestinal tract

the structures of the digestive system

95. gastrorrhea

the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucous in the stomach

96. gastrostomy tube

a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach

97. gingiva

the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines the cheeks; also known as the gums

98. gingivectomy

the surgical removal or diseased gingival tissue

99. gingivitis

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums

100. halitosis

an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders; also known as bad breath

101. hard palate

the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane

102. hematemesis

vomiting blood

103. hemoccult test

a lab test for hidden blood in the stools

104. hemorrhoidectomy the surgical removal of hemorrhoids

105. hemorrhoids

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

106. hepatectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the liver

107. hepatitis

an inflammation of the liver

108. hepatomegaly

the abnormal enlargement of the liver

109. hepatorrhaphy

surgical suturing of the liver

110. herpes labialis

blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); also known as cold sores or fever blisters

111. hiatal hernia

a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

112. hyperemesis

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

113. ileectomy

the surgical removal of the ileum

114. ileocecal sphincter

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

115. ileostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

116. ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine; extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

117. ileus

the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine

118. inflammatory bowel disease

the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines

119. inguinal hernia

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

120. internist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

121. intestinal obstruction

the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intesting caused by a physical obstruction

122. intussusceptions

the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

123. irritable bowel syndrome

a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea

124. jaundice

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes

125. jejunum

the middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum

126. large intestine

extends from the small end of the small intestine to the anus

127. laxatives

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

128. lips

form the opening to the oral cavity

129. liver

a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen

130. liver transplant

an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer

131. lower esophageal a muscular ring that controls the flow

sphincter

between the esophagus and stomach

132. malabsorption

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

133. malnutrition

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

134. malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

135. mastication

chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

136. maxillofacial surgery

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

137. melena

the passage of black, tarry, and foulsmelling stools

138. metabolism

includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients

139. morbid obesity

the condition of weighing two to three times, or more, than the ideal weight; also known as clinically severe obesity

140. nasogastric intubation

the placementof a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

141. nausea

the urge to vomit

142. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

describes a range of conditions characterized by an accumulation of fat within the liver that affect people who drink little or no alcohol

143. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

consists of fatty accumulations plus liverdamaging inflammation

144. obesity

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

145. occlusion

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

146. oral cavity

contains the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium

147. oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea

148. oral thrush

develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control

149. orthodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

150. ostomy

a surgical procedure to create an articial opening between an organ and the body surface

151. palate

forms the roof of the mouth

152. palatoplasty surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate

153. pancreas

a soft, 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach

154. papillae

small bumps found on the upper surface of the tongue

155. peptic ulcers

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

156. periodontal disease

an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

157. periodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

158. periodontium consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth

159. peristalsis

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction

160. permanent dentition

consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime

161. pharynx

the common passageway for both respiration and digestion

162. pica

an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month

163. primary dentition

consists of 20 teeth that are normally lost during childhood and are replaced by the permanent teeth

164. proctectomy the surgical removal of the rectum

165. proctologist

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

166. proctopexy

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

167. proctoplasty the surgical repair of the rectum

168. pyloric sphincter

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

169. pylorus

the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

170. pyrosis

the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus; also known as heartburn

171. rectum

the widest division of the large intestine

172. regurgitation the return of swallowed food into the mouth

173. rugae

the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach

174. saliva

a colorless liquid that moistens the mouth, begins the digestive process, and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing

175. salivary glands

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

176. salmonellosis

an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces

177. sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

178. sigmoidoscopy

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

179. small intestine

a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine

180. soft palate

the flexible posterior portion of the palate

181. steatosis

characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage

182. stomach

a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum

183. stomatomycosis

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

184. stomatoplasty

the surgical repair of the mouth

185. stomatorrhagia

bleeding from any part of the mouth

186. stool samples

specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics

187. strangulated hernia

occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off

188. temporomandibular disorder

part of the group of complex symptoms that include pain, headache, or difficulty in chewing athat are related to the functioning of the temporomandibular joint

189. temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

190. total parenteral nutrition

administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating

191. transverse colon

passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

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