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Name: Date:Biology – Block Scientific Method Regents Review #1The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In your answer, be sure to:state one hypothesis the experiment would test describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group identify the dependent variable in the experiment state one reason why many setups should be used in both the experimental and control groups state one reason why several different kinds of seedlings were not tested in this experiment Page Left Intentionally BlankName: Date: Biology – Block Scientific Method Regents Review #2 1. Which activity would be an appropriate first step when designing an experiment?reporting a conclusion based on multiple experimental trialsresearching the problem, using information from a variety of sourcescreating a data table to organize experimental observationsrepeating the experiment with a different hypothesis 2. Students noticed that some of their classmates have a hard time concentrating during class. They thought it may have some connection with the fact that these students consume energy drinks just before class. An experiment was proposed to find out if there is a connection between energy drinks and the lack of ability to concentrate in class. A properly designed experiment to determine this would include havingthe whole class drink energy drinks and no water at all, for the entire time of the experimentthe whole class drink water and no energy drinks at all, for the entire time of the experimentthe students drink both water and an energy drink just before classhalf the students drink water and the other half drink an energy drink just before classBase your answer to questions 3-5 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks. 3. Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment?Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?Will the amount of water alter the heights of the radish plants?The temperature of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants.The pH of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants. 4. Which activity might help to increase the validity of this experiment?repeating the experiment several timesusing two different types of radish seeds in each groupusing the same pH for both groups of plantsplacing one set of plants in sunlight and one in darkness 5. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?heights of the plants3. pH of the watertemperature of the water4. type of soil6. Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment that could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your experimental design, be sure to:state a hypothesis to be tested describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group identify the independent variable in the experiment identify the type of data that will be collected State one way to increase the validity of the experiment Name: Date: Biology – Block Life Processes and the Cell Regents Review QuestionsPart 1. Life Processes 1. Organisms undergo constant chemical changes as they maintain an internal balance known asinterdependence 2. homeostasis 3. synthesis4. recombination 2. Which term includes all the activities required to keep an organism alive?growth 2. excretion 3. metabolism 4. nutrition 3. The activity of a single-celled organism is represented in the diagram below.Which concept is best illustrated by this diagram?The life functions performed by single-celled organisms are different from the life functions performed by complex organisms.Single-celled organisms carry out life functions that are essential for survival.Since single-celled organisms lack organs, they can survive only in moist environments.Single-celled organisms contain one organelle that performs all the life functions.Part 2. Cell Organelles 4. Which sequence represents structures organized from most complex to least complex?chloroplast → guard cell → leaf → oak treeguard cell → chloroplast → leaf → oak treeoak tree → guard cell → leaf → chloroplastoak tree → leaf → guard cell → chloroplast 5. Single-celled organisms are able to maintain internal stability because theyhave multiple organ systemswork with other cellscontain structures that perform life functionscarry out photosynthesis to produce food 6. Which statement best describes the organelles in a cell?All organelles are involved directly with communication between anelles must work together and their activities must be anelles function only when there is a disruption in homeostasis.Each organelle must function independently of the others in order to maintain homeostasis. 7. The diagram below represents two cells viewed using the same magnification with the same microscope.One possible conclusion that can be drawn about the activity of these two cells is thatmore active transport occurs in cell?B?than in cell?Amore active transport occurs in cell?A?than in cell?Bcell?B?uses some of the extra mitochondria to make foodcell?A?is a plant cell since it has a cell wall 8. Which cell structures are correctly paired with their functions?The mitochondria produce enzymes, and ribosomes transport them.The ribosomes make proteins, and the nucleus stores genetic information.The cell membrane makes enzymes, and cytoplasm transports them.The vacuole stores genetic information, and chloroplasts make proteins. 9. Structures in an animal cell are represented in the diagram below. Which row in the chart correctly identifies the functions of structures?A,?B, and?C? 10. An ameba, a one-celled organism, can move, ingest, and transport materials within the cell, because it hasorgans2. organelles3. tissues4. systemsPart 3. Cell Transport 11. Which substance can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested?1. water2. protein3. starch4. fat 12. A function of cell membranes in humans is thesynthesis of the amino acids3. production of energyreplication of genetic material4. recognition of certain chemicals 13. A substance is most likely to diffuse into a cell when it is a large organic food molecule such as protein or starchit is enclosed in an organelle such as a vacuolethe concentration of the substance is greater outside the cell than insidethe pH of the substance is greater than the pH of the cell 14. The diagram below represents a cell and some molecules in its environment.Which molecule would require the use of energy in order to be brought into the cell?1234 15. The diagram below represents what occurred when an onion cell and a red blood cell were placed in distilled water. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET The best explanation for why the onion cells do not burst, while red blood cells often do, is thatthe red blood cells have only a cell membrane, which does not protect them from burstingthe onion cells do not have a cell wall that could protect them from burstingthe onion cells have a cell membrane, which can protect them from burstingthe red blood cells have a cell wall, which does not protect them from burstingPage Left Intentionally BlankName: Date: Biology – Block Biochemistry Regents Review 1. One effect of uncontrolled diabetes is that the blood might develop an acidic pH. As a result, cells may not be able to regulate their internal pH. Within these cells, this could cause a disruption of the function of biological catalysts known asenzymes2. toxins3. antibodies4. antigens 2. In order to enter cells and be useful to the body, starch must beabsorbed through the skin3. broken down into fats and waterdigested into simple sugars4. converted to carbon dioxide and ATP 3. The function of a specific enzyme is most directly influenced by itsmolecular size2. physical shape3. carrying capacity4. stored energy 4. Which statement explains the importance of maintaining a constant internal environment to ensure proper enzyme functioning?Changes in pH and temperature will cause the enzyme reaction rate to be too fast.Temperature and pH determine amino acid sequences in enzymes.Changes in pH will change the genetic instructions of enzymes.Increasing the temperature and pH can alter the specific shape of enzymes. 5. Which group consists entirely of organic molecules?protein, oxygen, fat3. protein, starch, fatwater, carbon dioxide, oxygen4. water, starch, protein 6. Organisms living in a bog environment must be able to tolerate nitrogen-poor, acidic conditions. Bog plants such as the Venus flytrap and sundew are able to obtain their nitrogen by attracting and consuming insects. These plants produce chemicals that break down the insects into usable compounds.Which compounds present in insects are composed of the amino acids that provide the Venus flytrap and sundew with much of their nitrogen?proteins2. sugars3. carbohydrates4. fats 7. All chemical breakdown processes in cells directly involvereactions that are controlled by catalystsenzymes that are stored in mitochondriathe production of catalysts in vacuolesenzymes that have the same genetic base sequenceBase your answers to questions 8-9 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET 8. The energy in this molecule is storedin the bonds between atomsin the oxygen found in the moleculewhen the carbon atoms break offwhen water breaks this molecule apart 9.The building blocks for this molecule areamino acids2. simple sugars3. Fats4. molecular bases 10. A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged in a complex three-dimensional shape. This shape determines thespecific type of molecule it interacts with during a reactionrate at which the enzyme breaks down during a reaction it regulatespH of all body systemstemperature of the products of the reaction it regulatesBase your answer to questions 11-12 on the diagram below, which represents a metabolic process, and on your knowledge of biology. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET 11. The letter X in the process representsan antibody2. a hormone3. a receptor4. an enzyme 12.This process best representsthe bonding of amino acids to form a starch moleculethe digestion of amino acids to form a starch moleculethe bonding of simple sugars to form a starch moleculethe digestion of simple sugars to form a starch moleculeName: Date: Biology – Block Photosynthesis - Respiration Regents Review 1. The equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X represents a molecule produced from process 1.Process 1: oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + XProcess 2: carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucoseWhich process occurs in the cells of a green plant leaf?process 1, only3. neither process 1 nor process 2process 2, only4. both process 1 and process 2 2. Which two processes are responsible for keeping the percentage of atmospheric oxygen at relatively constant levels?circulation and coordination3. respiration and coordinationrespiration and photosynthesis4. photosynthesis and circulation 3. The diagram to the right represents specialized cells in the surface of the leaf of a green plant.The main function of these cells is tochange the size of the stomate to regulate water lossclose the stomate to keep dust and dirt out of the leafdirectly provide leaf cells with the water involved in photosynthesisallow newly formed glucose to be released from the leaf 4. The energy used to obtain, transfer, and transport materials within an organism comes directly fromATP2. DNA3. Sunlightstarch 5. Some sea slugs store chloroplasts obtained from algae they have ingested. The chloroplasts continue to carry out photosynthesis within the slugs. What advantage would this activity be to these sea slugs?The slugs with chloroplasts can synthesize some of their own food.The slugs with chloroplasts no longer need to carry out respiration.The chloroplasts provide the slugs with camouflage that protects them from UV radiation.The chloroplasts contain enzymes that allow the slugs to digest starch. 6. More energy can be released from a fat molecule than from a glucose molecule because the fat molecule contains moreGenes2. organic compounds3. chemical bonds4. mitochondria 7. During the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is converted intochemical energy in the bonds of inorganic moleculeschemical energy in the bonds of organic moleculesenzymes used to produce inorganic moleculesenzymes used to produce organic molecules 8. Plant cells can synthesize energy-rich organic molecules, and later break them down to extract that energy for performing life processes. These activities require direct interaction between the chloroplasts and vacuoles3. cell walls and ribosomeschloroplasts and mitochondria4. ribosomes and mitochondria 9. A biological process that occurs in plants is represented below.Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process?RowABCDenzymesoxygencarbon dioxideglucosecarbon dioxideglucoseoxygenenzymesglucoseenzymesoxygencarbon dioxideoxygenglucosecarbon dioxideenzymes 10. A cell in the leaf of a corn plant contains more chloroplasts than a cell in the stem of a corn plant. Based on this observation, it can be inferred that, when compared to the cell in the stem, the cell in the leafsynthesizes more sugarhas a higher chromosome countproduces fewer proteinsuses less carbon dioxide 11. As it grows from a seed to a mature plant, a plant will grow taller and thicker. Which are abiotic factors most responsible for the increase in the mass of the plant?water, minerals, bacteriasunlight, oxygen, plant receptorsminerals, water, plant enzymeswater, sunlight, carbon dioxide 12. Which process is most closely associated with the regulation of water loss from the leaves of trees?digestion of water within the cytoplasm in the leaf cells of the treessynthesis of protein by the chloroplasts in the leaf cells of the treesmovement of water through leaf openings controlled by the guard cellsabsorption of nitrogen through leaf openings controlled by the guard cells 13. The buildup of waste products in muscle cells that are active might causedigestioncellular respirationincreased fatiguedecreased heart rate 14. The diagram below represents a cell structure involved in converting energy stored in organic molecules into a form used by animal cells. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET The arrows represent the movement of which substances?carbon dioxide and sugaroxygen and ATPATP and carbon dioxideoxygen and sugar 15. Photosynthesis and respiration are alike in that they bothrequire the Sun as a direct source of energyresult in the production of glucose moleculesrequire specific catalystsoccur within mitochondriaPage Left Intentionally BlankName: Date: Biology – Block Human Body Regents Review Questions 1. An allergic reaction to certain types of natural, unprocessed foods, such as peanuts, is caused bya lack of digestive enzymes3. a response to specific antigensmicroorganisms living within the food4. high levels of carbon dioxide in the air2. When getting a vaccination, which substance is injected into the body?bacteria to combat a pathogen3. white blood cells to engulf a pathogena weakened form of a virus4. antibiotics to kill a virus3. Pneumocystis is an organism normally found in the human lungs that can cause pneumonia. It seldom causes problems in individuals with healthy immune systems. However, people with AIDS sometimes become seriously ill with pneumonia. This is most likely due to the fact that individuals with AIDS haveinherited a tendency to contract pneumonia3. difficulty fighting off infectionsan allergy to this organism4. hormones that strengthen the infection4. The diagram below represents the region between two nerve cells. Cell A releases a chemical that travels to and binds with structure X on cell B.Structure X most likely representsa receptor moleculean inorganic substancea ribosomean antibody5. The action of insulin on sugar levels in the blood helps tointerfere with homeostasis3. maintain dynamic equilibriumcoordinate enzyme production4. regulate digestion of protein6. A substance directly involved in cellular communication within the human body isan antibody2. an antibiotic3. a hormone4. a starch7. An increase in the level of hormone A causes an increase in the level of hormone B. The increase in the level of hormone B then causes a decrease in the level of hormone A. This process is an example ofa failure to maintain homeostasisthe breakdown of chemicalsa disruption in cellular coordinationa feedback mechanism8. An infection in the body might result in a suddendecrease in the activity of antigens produced by the mitochondriadecrease in the amount of DNA present in the nuclei of cellsincrease in the activity of white blood cellsincrease in the number of red blood cells9. The nucleus of a cell coordinates processes and activities that take place in the cell. Which two systems perform a similar function in the human body?nervous and endocrine3. digestive and reproductivecirculatory and respiratory4. skeletal and muscular10. An activity that occurs in the human body is shown below.This activity helps toprovide protection against pathogensproduce antibiotics to control diseaseeliminate harmful gene alterationsregulate production of ATP by the cell11. Which statement best explains why some cells in the reproductive system only respond to certain hormones?These cells have different DNA than the cells in other body systems.These cells have specific types of receptors on their membranes.Reproductive system cells could be harmed if they made contact with hormones from other body systems.Cells associated with the female reproductive system only respond to the hormone testosterone12. The maintenance of homeostasis in the body is most directly related tocellular communication3. cycling of energyaging of the organism4. recombination of chromosomes13. Like humans, animals including dogs and cats get goose bumps. On a cold day, these goose bumps cause their coats to expand creating a layer of insulation. If the animal is scared, the coat will also expand making the animal look larger to predators. These responses serve as examples ofallergic reactions3. learned behaviorsdetection and response to stimuli4. reproductive and feeding success14. Every time a child visited a cousin who has two cats, the child’s eyes turned red, itched, and began to water. Then, the child began to have trouble breathing. It is most likely that the child reacted this way becausenormally harmless cat antigens stimulated the immune systemit is difficult for the respiratory system to filter cat antigens out of the inhaled aircat antigens are a health hazard, since they always cause diseasecat antigens stop the immune system from making antibodies, so bacteria cause these responses15. The diagram below represents levels of glucose and insulin found within the bloodstream of a healthy person throughout the course of the day. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET The increase in insulin levels following an increase in glucose levels in the blood can best be explained byinsulin being released into the blood to digest glucosea feedback mechanism that regulates blood glucose levelsan excess of glucose-stimulating guard cellsa response of the immune system to lower excess blood glucose levels16. The two reactions illustrated in the diagrams below often occur when a foreign substance enters the body. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET The cells labeled A and B are examples of cells known asguard cellsreproductive cellswhite blood cellsspecialized skin cellsPage Left Intentionally BlankName: Date: Biology – Block Reproduction Regents Review 1. The diagram represents events that occur during embryonic development. Letters A through E represent structures.Between which two letters does mitosis occur?A and B2. B and C3. A and C4. C and DBase your answers to questions 2-5 on the diagram below. The diagram represents the reproductive systems of the human female and male. 2. In which structure would both mitosis and differentiation of an embryo occur?G2. B3. E4. D 3. Within which structure does the placenta normally develop?A 2. B 3. C4. D4. Which structure(s) produces cells that have the potential to become gametes?A and H2. B and E3. C and G4. D and H5. Which structure produces chemicals that regulate the reproductive cycle?A2. B3. C4. D6. A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. A frog sperm cell contains 12 chromosomes. Which pair of numbers shows the chromosome number of a normal gamete from each of these species?human 46; frog 123. human 46; frog 24human 23; frog 244. human 23; frog 127. Which expression correctly represents a reproductive process that usually occurs in humans where 2n is equal to the number of chromosomes in each body cell?n + n → n3. n + n → 2nn + 2n → 2n4. 2n + 2n → 4n8. Which processes lead to the greatest variety of genetic combinations?asexual reproduction and cloning3. meiosis and fertilizationmeiosis and mitosis4. cloning and mitosis9. Which structure is correctly paired with its function?ovary — provides milk for newborns3. testis — development of spermplacenta — storage of released eggs4. uterus — produces estrogen10. Which factor would cause two specialized tissues that contain identical chromosomes to function differently?Specific sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated.All of the sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated.Specific sections of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.All of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.11. Which sequence best represents sexual reproduction?mitosis → gametes → zygote → fertilizationgametes → meiosis → mitosis → fertilizationfertilization → gametes → meiosis → zygotemeiosis → gametes → fertilization → zygote12. The major function of the placenta is tocushion the fetus so it won’t be hurt when the mother movesexchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetusstore food for the fetussupport the egg for the process of fertilization13. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that each containgenetic information from one parentgenetic information from two parentsless genetic information than either parenta unique combination of genetic information14. The diagram below represents a form of cellular reproduction. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET As a result of this process, offspring 1 and offspring 2 will havethe same number of genes but different traitsa different number of genes but the same traitsthe same number of genes and the same traitsa different number of genes and different traits15. A human cell that contains all of the information necessary for the growth and development of a complete organism isa sperm cella gametea zygotean egg cell16. After a zygote is formed, specialization of cells occurs. Through which process do the cells of a zygote become specialized?sexual reproductionmeiosisfertilizationdifferentiationPage Left Blank IntentionallyName: Date: Biology – Block Genetics and Biotechnology ReviewPart 1. Genetics – Heredity and Protein Synthesis 1. The basic building blocks of a protein areglucose molecules2. amino acids3. Hormones4. fats2. In a cell, protein synthesis is the primary function ofribosomes2. Mitochondria3. Chloroplasts4. vacuoles3. Which statement is correct concerning hereditary information?A chromosome is composed of many genes.A gene is composed of many chromosomes.Each chromosome carries the same information.Each gene carries the same information.4. The diagram to the right represents a portion of a molecule found in cells of the human body.Sequences represented by the letters in this molecule enable human cells toalter the method of absorption of materialcarry out asexual reproduction by meiosissynthesize enzymes from organic moleculesmodify genetic recombination during mitosis5. In the summer, the arctic fox appears brown because its cells produce a dark pigment. However, in the winter, the arctic fox appears white because the dark pigment is not produced. The color change is most likely due to the effect ofdifferent genes produced in the different seasonsincreased pollution on genetic mutationsenvironmental conditions on gene expressionpoor nutrition on cell growth and development6. A DNA segment removed from neurospora (a pink mold) contained the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T-G-C-A. A similar segment of DNA removed from neurospora that had been exposed to radiation for several hours had the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T. This change in the base sequence is an example ofa deletion2. an insertion3. a substitution4. a replication7. A man is exposed to large amounts of ultraviolet radiation while sunbathing at the beach. This exposure causes a genetic change in the DNA of a skin cell. In the future, this change can be passed on tohis male and female children3. his male children, onlyall cells in his body4. his skin cells, only8. The diagram below represents a process that occurs in living cells. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET The process shown in the diagram iscellular respiration3. cellular reorganizationgene recombination4. protein synthesisPart 2. Biotechnology9. The Old English Bulldog is extinct. To produce a new English Bulldog, dogs having the desired physical features, but not the aggressive nature of the old bulldogs, were mated. The result was a bulldog that was similar in appearance to the extinct bulldog, but without its fierce nature. Which technique was most likely used to develop this new variety of dog?Cloning2. inducing mutations3. genetic engineering4. selective breeding10. Caretakers at a zoo are trying to determine which of two male tigers?fathered the newest cub. They obtained DNA from the tiger cub, the mother tiger, and the two male tigers. The DNA was analyzed. The results of the analysis are shown below.The technique used to separate the DNA for analysis isgenetic engineeringelectrophoresischromatographyprotein synthesis11. The diagram below shows some of the DNA in a bacterium into which a human gene, X, has been successfully inserted.The bacteria that result from reproduction of this cell will most likely have the ability toreplicate all of the genetic instructions found in humansproduce vaccines to be used to immunize humansproduce a human blood cell according to instructions in gene Xproduce the human protein coded for by gene X12. A technique used to alter cells is represented in the diagram below.The genetic material contained in the nucleus of each of the new cells is most likelyidentical to that in the original body cellidentical to that in the original egg cell50% the same as the original egg cell and 50% the same as the original body cell25% the same as the original egg cell and 75% the same as the original body cell13. The diagram represents a process used to modify bacterial cells. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET In the diagram, arrows labeled X and Y represent the use ofclonesreceptorsgenesenzymesPage Left Intentionally BlankName: Date: Biology – Block Evolution Regents Review Questions1. Male turkeys are birds that naturally strut and display their large tail feathers, which attracts female turkeys. This display is an example ofa behavioral adaptation3. selective breedingasexual reproduction4. a learned behavior2. Medical professionals are concerned with the increase in the number of bacterial species that are resistant to antibiotics. Once resistance appears in a bacterial population, it spreads rapidly. This is most likely becausepopulations of resistant bacteria are smallexposure to antibiotics increases the rate of reproduction in bacteriaresistant bacteria are small when compared to non-resistant bacteria.resistant bacteria survive in greater numbers and pass the trait to their offspring3. Evolution of a species could occur as a result of changes in theDNA in muscle cells3. base sequences in liver cellsgenes in an egg cell4. number of chromosomes in a fetal bone cell4. The differences seen in the beaks of the four species of finches are most likely the result ofgene expression and asexual reproduction3. variation and natural selectionmigration and the need to adapt4. heredity and a diet of seeds5. Which organic compounds would be the best to analyze in order to determine if two species are closely related?Fats2. Starches3. Sugars4. proteinsBase your answer to the questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents evolutionary relationships among some primates.6. A line representing an organism that is closely related to leaf monkeys and that evolved at about the same time as the gibbons would be drawn beginning at pointA2. B3. C4. D7. Which statement best describes a relationship between the common ancestor and the other organisms in the diagram?The common ancestor most likely has segments of its DNA that will match each of the other organisms’.The common ancestor is more closely related to macaques than to gibbons.Orangutans and gorillas have exactly the same DNA as the common ancestor.Chimps and baboons were the first organisms to evolve from the common ancestor.8. One possible explanation for the fact that some simple, one-celled organisms did not evolve into complex, multicellular organisms is thatenergy flow in an ecosystem requires simple autotrophic organismsthe reproductive rate of single-celled organisms is too fast for change to occurthese organisms possessed traits that enabled them to survive in a changing environmentstability within an ecosystem requires the presence of a variety of different species9. The variations that exist in a population of wild giraffes are usually a result of events that occur duringmitotic division3. genetic engineeringasexual reproduction4. sexual reproductionName: Date: Biology – Block Ecology – Human Impact Regents Review Questions1. A food web is represented to the right.Which organism would receive the?least?amount of transferred solar energy?grassesowlsfrogsfield mice2. Which statement best describes the role of decomposers?They convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose.They break down organic compounds into products used by other organisms.They release oxygen to the atmosphere.They provide energy for the synthesis of proteins.3. A fundamental concept of ecology is that living organismsare independent and do not interact with each other or with the physical environmentdo not interact with other living organisms, but do interact with the physical environmentinteract with each other, but do not interact with the physical environmentinteract with other living organisms and interact with the physical environment4. Rabbits produce large numbers of offspring during each reproductive season, yet the number of rabbits within a given population changes very little from year to year. The stability of the population size is most likely the result ofthe development of mutations in young rabbitsenvironmental factors that keep the population in checkrabbits continuing to reproduce when the population is largethe survival of more female rabbits than male rabbits5. The graph shows the size of a population over time.Which term best identifies line?B?in the graph?niche of the species in the environmentbiodiversity in the environmentcarrying capacity of the environmentnumber of populations in the environment6. The diagram below represents different feeding levels in an energy pyramid. INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET The most likely explanation for showing fewer organisms at each feeding level going up the pyramid is thatsome energy is lost to the environment as heatthe larger the organism, the less energy it requiressome energy is recycled within each level and remains theredecomposers convert most of the energy into inorganic compounds7. A variety of pear tree, known as Bradford, was originally introduced into the eastern United States in the 1960s. Today, this tree is crowding out other plants in these states. This situation best illustratesan unintentional negative effect of altering an ecosystemhow a foreign species is controlled in the eastern United Statesthat the introduction of a foreign species does not affect food websthat serious environmental consequences can be avoided by importing a foreign species8. The increased use of wind turbines and solar collectors to generate electric power willnegatively affect ecosystems by increasing biodiversitynegatively alter the chemical composition of soil and waterreduce the amount of pollution that comes from the burning of fossil fuelsincrease oil consumption for business and industry9. In the spring of 2010, there was a catastrophic explosion on an ocean oil drilling rig, causing millions of gallons of oil to be released into the Gulf of Mexico. Many organisms died due to the thick sludge in their habitat. However, in some organisms, such as shellfish, the oil stuck to tissues inside their shells. Which statement expresses a major concern of environmentalists about the accumulation of the oil in certain organisms in the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem?Larger organisms eat the shellfish and more chemicals will build up in their tissues.The shellfish will prevent other organisms from obtaining oil.Smaller organisms will be unaffected by the chemicals.Larger organisms will be less affected by the oil, because they can eat other organisms.10. Palm oil, produced from palm trees, is not only a biofuel, but is also used in food additives, cosmetics, and lubricants. Palm tree plantations are now cultivated in areas that were formerly natural forests. One ecological concern raised by this expansion is thatthe natural forest ecosystem may harm the palm treesthe use of the land for agriculture will increase the biodiversity of the areahumans are changing the basic processes of the palm treesplanting large expanses of one crop reduces the biodiversity of the area11. The Nature Conservancy is an organization that protects a variety of habitats around the world. A project this organization would probably support is one thatuses endangered animals for medical researchprotects the biodiversity of areas for future generationsalters habitats for industry and housingprevents animal species from migrating to other habitats ................
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