DRAFT February 20, 2005 - UBC SCARP

The first was the long transition from Tang cities, which I would call the “city of wards” and Heng Chye Kiang (1999) calls cities of aristocrats, to the cities of the Northern Song (960-1127AD), symbolized respectively by the militarized fortress city of Chang’an and the open, bureaucratic city of Keifeng. ................
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