“THE MONGOL HORDES” (pp



“THE MONGOL HORDES” (pp. 8—31)

Mongol Conquests: TimeFrame AD 1200—1300

1—4. Name four cities destroyed by the Mongols in the first half of the thirteenth century. ______________, _____________, __________________, ___________________.

5. These Christian warriors forcibly pushed into the pagan Balkans and carved out a military state in the lands of Prussia, Livonia, and Estonia. _______________________

6. Born Temujin in the 1160s, entering the world according to legend gripping a clot of blood in is fist, he would ultimately change his name to this, literally “Lord Of the Earth.” _____________________________

7. This 1,500-mile barrier separated the Mongols from China. ___________________

8. The ruler of an individual Mongol tribe. ______________

9. This thirteenth-century chronicle is the only native source of information about Temujin. ___________________________________________

10. The Mongol nomadic home, it was a circular home. _________________

11. This Mongol defeat in Egypt in 1260 halted the advance towards the Mediterranean. ____________________________

12. In 1279, he completed the Mongol conquest of China. _____________________

13. Arriving for the first time at the Mongol court in 1275, this Venetian merchant spent 14 years as a special envoy to Kublai Khan, an experience which formed the basis for his Description Of the World. _____________________

15. The second and last of the unsuccessful naval expeditions against this island nation was launched in 1283. ________________

16. The Mongols of Russia merged with Turks, Slavs, and Finns to create this new Turkish-speaking race. ___________________

TRUE OR FALSE

17. The Mongols created the largest empire seen by the world to that point. _________

18. One could be executed, according to the Mongol creed, for urinating into a stream. _____________

19. Mongol troops were sometimes required to bring back sacks containing a designated number of ears from conquered cities to prove that they had fulfilled their quota of kills.

“RISE OF THE SHOGUNS” (pp. 33—57)

Mongol Conquests: TimeFrame AD 1200—1300

1. One of the most legendary of Japanese battles, this naval encounter of 1185 A.D. ended with the emperor’s grandmother grabbing both the boy emperor and the Sacred Sword and then plunging into the sea rather than surrender to the conquering Minamoto clan. ______________________

2—4. The three large southern Japanese islands that served as home to the bulk of the population. _______________, ________________, ____________________.

5. This religion had come to Japan via China in the eighth century. ________________

6. A religion native to Japan, it involved the worship of innumerable deities, including those representing mountains, valleys, localities, and forces of nature. _______________

7. Literally “those who serve,” these leaders of provincial warrior clans were often descendants of the imperial house who had lost their noble status but who continued to live by a code of discipline, self-sacrifice, and courage. __________________

8—9. This Minamoto leader transformed the coastal town of Kamakura into an administrative center after his defeat of his brother Yoshitsune, the hero of Dannoura. __________________ Literally “tent headquarters,” this was the system he had developed to govern his vassals at Kamakura — it would long survive him. _____________________

10. In the intricate political structure of Kamakura Japan, the emperor’s duties were largely ceremonial, while this figure presided over the military establishment. ________________

11. According to the adherents of this Buddhist sect, formed in 1175, salvation did not require a lifetime of self-denial, meditation, or retreat from the world, but was attainable by anyone who daily repeated the name of Amida Buddha, the Lord of Boundless Light. __________________________

12. The warrior class, perhaps because of its tradition of self-discipline, was particularly drawn to this form of Buddhism, which emphasized a simple monastic life of meditation and hard physical labor, and enlightenment attained in sudden, ecstatic flashes of light. ____________

13. This monk founded the Lotus sect, which preached that salvation was open to those who repeated the salutation to the Lotus Sutra. _________________

14. The typhoon, or “divine wind,” that helped protect Japan from Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century. ________________

TRUE OR FALSE

15. The defeat of the Taira by the Minamoto signalled the ascendancy of the provincial warriors over unchallenged imperial rule. ___________

CHAPTER 3: “SLAVE SULTANS OF EGYPT” (pp. 59-87)

MONGOL CONQUESTS: TIMEFRAME AD 1200-1300

2. The Egyptian defeat of the Mongols in this 1260 battle marked the limit of Mongol expansion in the Middle East. ________________ The Turkish slave-warriors who gained control of Egypt and Syria at this time. ________________

4. The three Middle Eastern states that Christians still held at the beginning of the thirteenth century. ______________, _________________, ___________________.

4. The group of Shiite extremists who terrorized Christians and Muslims alike in Syria, their name became an eponym for cold-blooded politically-inspired killers. ____________________

5. Based in Russia, this grouping of Mongols had inherited the northwestern quarter of Ghengis’s empire. _______________________

6. This symbol, emblem of both the French royalty and the Virgin Mary, was also adopted by Muslim warriors who opposed the Crusaders. ________________

7. They were imported by North Africans or captured in campaigns against Nubia to the south and sold in Egyptian markets. __________________

8. The capture of this fortress town by the Mamluks in 1291 effectively marked the end of the Crusades. _____________

9. This rival Muslim power from Asia Minor would ultimately overthrow the Mamluks in the early sixteenth century. __________________

12-14. Name three towns where universities were founded in thirteenth-century Europe. _________________, _______________________, ______________________.

CHAPTER 4: “THE WEST’S EMBATTLED EMPIRE” (pp. 89-107)

MONGOL CONQUESTS: TIMEFRAME AD 1200-1300

3. Grandson of Frederick Barbarossa, he once had a condemned man sealed into a wine barrel and slowly drowned while he watched carefully for evidence of an escaping soul and also sent a group of infant orphans to an uninhabited island to see what the natural language was. ___________________ What was the position of this individual? ______________________ With whom was he most likely to clash, as indeed had previous individuals of his title? ________________________

1. This Mediterranean island had been conquered by the Normans in the eleventh; in the twelfth it remained under Norman rule but was a cosmopolitan place in which Muslims and Christians intermingled. _________________

2. The university founded by Frederick II in this Italian city in 1224 was the first in Europe to be completely free of clerical or monastic control. _________________

3. Twice excommunicating Frederick II, he allied himself with the northern Italian Lombard League in an ongoing power struggle against the emperor. _____________

4. This Middle Eastern city was captured by Arabs from Christians in 1244. ___________________

5. The long-lost political works of this Greek philosopher returned to Europe via the scholars of the Arab world and began to have renewed impact in the 1200s. _____________________

6. Real power in this future nation passed into the hands of various territorial leaders such as dukes, counts, and archbishops after the death of Frederick II; it would be 600 years before national unity could be accomplished. _________________

CHAPTER 5: “THE BALTIC CRUSADES” (pp. 109-137)

MONGOL CONQUESTS: TIMEFRAME AD 1200-1300

1. What is the present-day name of Livonia? ________________________

2. From their base at Riga, these knights conquered Livonia and Estonia. _________________________

3. These knights struggled to forcibly convert the natives of Prussia. ____________________

4. It offered longer resistance than Livonia or Estonia, remaining pagan until the late fourteenth century. ___________________

5. This Russian principality had by the twelfth century brought several of the Baltic tribes under its control. __________________

6. The Russians, though Christian, owed their loyalty to this church, based in Constantinople. ___________________

7. Who was the Russian leader who led his outnumbered forces to victory against Swedish invaders in 1240? _______________________

8. The sale of Baltic herring helped propel the rise to wealth of this league of trading cities; by the fourteenth century it minted its own coins, devised its own laws, and even had considerable military might. _________________

9. The first order of wandering, begging monks, they were established in 1216 to evangelize amongst the heretic Cathars of southern France. _________________

10. The young Italian nobleman who became a mendicant friar and founded the Franciscan order. _________________________

11. Despite the fact that the defeat of Muslim forces by Christian crusaders at Las Navas de Tollosa in 12112 marked a turning point in the struggle for the control of Sapin, it was not until what year that Granada and thus the entire Iberian peninsula was wrested from the Arabs? ________________

12. “Who fights us, fights _________________,” proclaimed one vow of the Teutonic Knights.

13. True Or False: No Jews were allowed to settle on land controlled by the Teutonic Knights. _____

14. Defeat at this 1410 battle at the hands of a Polish and Lithuanian army marked the decline of the Teutonic Knights. _____________________

17. This name for the new style of the 13th-century art and architecture was a later invention of Renaissance writers who identified it with medieval barbarism. _________ This technical innovation of an external stone brace that supported church walls allowed the cathedrals of the 13th century to soar to new heights. _________________ These types of windows were most associated with the new style. ____________________

CHAPTER 6: “EUROPE’S NEW MONARCHIES” (pp. 139-167)

MONGOL CONQUESTS: TIMEFRAME AD 1200-1300

1. This Gothic cathedral was built in London during the reign of Henry III. ____________________________

3. These two rivals became the most powerful states in Europe during the thirteenth century. ________________, ____________________.

4. The king of this nation controlled Normandy, Anjou and Aquitane at the start of the thirteenth century, today all part of mainland France. _______________

4. The sacred banner of France, its usual home was in the abbey of Saint Denis Cathedral near Paris. _________________

5. This medieval heresy, centered in the Languedoc region of southern France, believed that while God ruled the spiritual realm of heaven, Satan held power in the physical world on Earth – it was a heresy that the 13th-century Catholic Church struggled to subdue by force. _______________________

6. This French king led a crusade to the Middle East in 1248 that, despite being the best-prepared and most-expensive ever, still proved unsuccessful. ___________

7. These Medieval manuscripts combined texts and pictures about different animals and often drew parallels between animal conduct and the correct moral behavior of mankind. ___________________

8. Pagan leftovers, these figures often appeared in the stonework and woodwork of Gothic churches, symbolizing the natural world, renewal, and resurrection. _______________________

9. This English charter of 1215 emerged from the specific grievances of wealthy barons against the monarch; that it stressed the rule of law over the arbitrary power of the king has led to it being highlighted as one of the central documents in the history of the development of democracy. ___________________

10. This Scottish baron led an early fourteenth-century uprising in response to English armies of invasion; he decisively defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. _______________________

11. True or False: Coming out of the changes of the thirteenth century, the English monarch was much more powerful and authoritarian than the French monarch. _____

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