SI Prefixes:
CHEMISTRY REFERENCE PACKET
SI Prefixes: English-Metric Conversions:
|Prefix |Symbol |Multiplication Factor |
|giga |G |109 |
| | |108 |
| | |107 |
|mega |M |106 |
| | |105 |
| | |104 |
|kilo |k |103 |
|hecto |h |102 |
|deca |da |101 |
|GRAM LITER METER |
|deci |d |10-1 |
|centi |c |10-2 |
|milli |m |10-3 |
| | |10-4 |
| | |10-5 |
|micro |μ |10-6 |
| | |10-7 |
| | |10-8 |
|nano |n |10-9 |
| | |10-10 |
| | |10-11 |
|pico |p |10-12 |
VOLUME:
1 LITER = 1.06 QUARTS
1 GALLON = 4 QUARTS
1 QUART = 32 FLUID OUNCES
1 QUART = 2 PINTS
1 QUART = 4 CUPS
1 CUP = 8 FLUID OUNCES
WEIGHT:
1 KILOGRAM = 2.20 POUNDS
1 POUND = 454 GRAMS
1 POUND = 16 OUNCES
1 TON = 2000 POUNDS
1 METRIC TON = 1000 KILOGRAMS
LENGTH:
1 INCH = 2.54 CENTIMETERS
1 FOOT = 12 INCHES
1 YARD = 36 INCHES
1 METER = 39.37 INCHES
1 MILE = 1.609 KILOMETERS
1 MILE = 5280 FEET
1 MILE = 1760 YARDS
SI Base Units:
|Quantity |Unit |Symbol |
|Length |meter |m |
|Mass |kilogram |kg |
|Time |second |s |
|Electric current |ampere |A |
|Thermodynamic temperature |kelvin |K |
|Amount of substance |mole |mol |
|Luminous intensity |candela |cd |
Some Special Relationships:
1 mL = 1 cm3
1 mL of H2O has a mass of approximately 1 g
1 L of H2O has a mass of approximately 1 kg
1 m3 of H2O has a mass of approximately 1 metric ton
Significant Figures
The Rules
Rule 1: All non-zero digits are counted as significant.
Rule 2: A zero between any two non-zero digits is also significant.
Rule 3: Zeros used to locate the decimal point within a number are not considered significant.
Rule 4: Zeros to the right of a decimal point, at the end of a number, are considered significant.
|EXAMPLE |# OF SIG FIGS |COMMENT |
|453 kg |3 |All non-zero digits are always significant. |
|5057 L |4 |Zeros between 2 sig figs are significant. |
|5.00 |3 |Additional zeros to the right of decimal and a sig fig are significant. |
|0.007 |1 |Placeholders are not significant. |
Calculations
1. Addition & Subtraction:
The answer is rounded to match the number with the least precision in the addition or subtraction problem.
6.2456 + 6.2 = 12.4456 is rounded to 12.4 (6.2 is precise to the tenths)
250 + 14.75 = 264.75 rounded to 260 (the zero on 250 is not significant; therefore 250 is precise to the tens place)
2. Multiplication & Division:
The answer is rounded to match the number with the least number of significant figures in the multiplication or division problem.
2.51 x 2.30 = 5.773 rounded to 5.77
2.4 x 0.000673 = 0.0016152 rounded to 0.0016
3200 x 1.555 = 4976 rounded to 5Ō00 or 5.0x103
6.165 / 4.11= 1.5 changed to 1.50 to reflect fewest sig figs
|Charges or oxidation numbers of simple monatomic ions |
|1+ |2+ |3+ |4+ |
|cesium, Cs1+ |barium, Ba2+ magnesium, Mg2+ |aluminum, Al3+ |germanium(IV), Ge4+ |
|copper(I), Cu1+ |cadmium, Cd2+ manganese(II), Mn2+ |bismuth(III), Bi3+ |lead(IV), Pb4+ |
|hydrogen, H1+ |calcium, Ca2+ mercury(II), Hg2+ |cerium(III), Ce3+ |silicon(IV), Si4+ |
|lithium, Li1+ |cobalt(II), Co2+ nickel(II), Ni2+ |chromium(III), Cr3+ |thorium, Th4+ |
|potassium, K1+ |copper(II), Cu2+ strontium, Sr2+ |gallium(III), Ga3+ |tin(IV), Sn4+ |
|rubidium, Rb1+ |iron(II), Fe2+ tin(II), Sn2+ |iron(III), Fe3+ |titanium(IV), Ti4+ |
|silver, Ag1+ |lead(II), Pb2+ zinc, Zn2+ |titanium(III), Ti3+ |zirconium(IV), Zr4+ |
|sodium, Na1+ | | | |
|thallium(I), Tl1+ | | | |
|1- |2- |3- |4- |
|bromide, Br1- |oxide, O2- |arsenide, As3- |carbide, C4- |
|chloride, Cl1- |selenide, Se2- |nitride, N3- | |
|fluoride, F1- |sulfide, S2- |phosphide, P3- | |
|hydride, H1- |telluride, Te2- | | |
|iodide, I1- | | | |
|charges or oxidation states of polyatomic ions |
|1+ | | | |
|*ammonium, NH41+ | | | |
|1- |2- |3- |4- |
|*acetate, C2H3O21- |*carbonate, CO32- |*arsenate, AsO43- |ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64- |
|azide, N31- |*chromate, CrO42- |arsenite, AsO33- |pyrophosphate, P4O74- |
|bromate, BrO31- |*dichromate, Cr2O72- |borate, BO33- | |
|*bicarbonate, HCO31- |molybdate, MoO42- |ferricyanide, Fe(CN)63- | |
|or hydrogen carbonate |monohydrogen phosphate, |*phosphate, PO43- | |
|*bisulfate, HSO41- |HPO42- |*phosphite PO33- | |
|or hydrogen sulfate |oxalate, C2O42- | | |
|*chlorate, ClO31- |*peroxide, O22- | | |
|*chlorite, ClO21- |phthalate, C8H4O42- | | |
|cyanate, OCN1- |selenate, SeO42- | | |
|*cyanide, CN1- |silicate, SiO32- | | |
|dihydrogen phosphate, |*sulfate, SO42- | | |
|H2PO41- |*sulfite, SO32- | | |
|formate, CHO21- |tartarate, C4H4O62- | | |
|*hydroxide, OH1- |tetraborate, B4O72- | | |
|*hypochlorite, ClO1- |thiosulfate, S2O32- | | |
|iodate, IO31- | | | |
|*nitrate, NO31- | | | |
|*nitrite, NO21- | | | |
|*perchlorate, ClO41- | | | |
|periodate, IO41- | | | |
|*permanganate, MnO41- | | | |
|thiocyanate, SCN1- | | | |
COMMON ION TABLE
[pic]
MOLE ROAD MAP
[pic]
[pic]
GAS LAWS
|Gas Law Formulas |
|P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 |Combined Gas Law |
|OR | |
|P1V1 = P2V2 | |
|T1 T2 | |
|PV = nRT |Ideal Gas Law |
|R = 8.31 L·kPa/mol·K OR R= 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K |
|Standard Pressure: |
|1atm = 760torr = 760 mmHg = 101.3kPa = 14.7 psi |
|Standard Temperature: |
|273 K = 0 °C or °C + 273 = K |
STOICHIOMETRY ROAD MAP
[pic]
* theoretical yield
-----------------------
BIG
small
m
D
V
DENSITY
s-2e
p-6e
d-10e
f-14e
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
VOLUME
22.4 L
ATOMS
MOLECULE
IONS
MOLE
MASS
(grams)
6.02 x 1023
molar mass
Use the periodic table
NUMBER
OF
UNITS
(atoms, molecules, ions)
MASS
(grams)
MOLES OF SUBSTANCE
GIVEN
VOLUME
AT S.T.P.
MOLES OF SUBSTANCE SOUGHT
MASS
(grams)
VOLUME
AT S.T.P.
NUMBER
OF
UNITS
(atoms, molecules, ions)
COEFFICIENT STEP *OR*
MOLE RATIO from BALANCED EQUATION
6.02 X 1023
6.02 X 1023
22.4 L
molar mass
22.4 L
molar mass
................
................
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