Chapter One Handout: Introduction/Methods



Chapter Nine Handout: EC/Cog

From the PowerPoint Presentation:

Piaget and Vygotsky

I. Basic Premise of each theory

A. Piaget

*when the child is biologically ready, cognitive development occurs as the child actively learns from the environment. Development moves the child into a qualitatively new stage of thinking because the old has become inadequate.

B. Vygotsky

*when the child is ready, cognitive development occurs because the child and environment are mutually interacting. Development is smooth and continuous, building on what has been learned previously.

II. Major Tenets of Each Theory: Piaget

*stage theory (qualitative change)

*based on schemes (mental organizations) that start as motor activities

*use of assimilation and accommodation

Piaget: Preoperational Thought (2-7 yrs)

•use of symbolic thinking, less dependence on sensorimotor activity

•no OPERATIONS: thought is not organized or logical

1.Increases in language and make-believe play may aid thought

2.Egocentrism: kids don’t understand that others’ viewpoints differ from their own.

-animistic thinking

3. Centration: kids focus on only 1 aspect of a stimulus (often appearance) , ignoring others (# in cookies, raccoon animal studies, gender determinations)

4. Irreversibility: don’t understand that things go through intermediate states from a beginning to an end state.

5. Lack of Conservation: understanding that irrelevant changes to an object do not change its number, mass, length, area, weight or volume

Problems:

-egocentrism/animism not displayed in familiar situations

-conservation is sometimes earlier & can be trained

-progression is gradual rather than abrupt

III. Major Tenets of Each Theory: Vygotsky

*Cog. Development is a result of working with others socially to solve problems.

*How kids interact with others (school etc) is determined by a culture.

The ZPD (zone of proximal development) is where ability increases

*scaffolding (assistance provided by others) helps.

*cultural tools (language, math, religion, paper, calculators) and the tasks a culture emphasizes may influence this process.

*individual differences may influence this process

IV. Commonalities

*Both believe that the child is active in cognitive development.

*Both agree that cognitive conflict may initiate development

*Both believe that language is important, although they differ on their views of egocentric speech.

V. Major Conflicts: Culture

*Whereas Piaget believed that all children should pass through these stages in a culturally invariant order, Vygotsky believed that culture impacts cognitive development more seriously.

Cross Cultural research:

1.cognitive advances may happen at different times

2.training can influence performance on Piagetian tasks

3.Testing for cognitive development may need to be redesigned to be culturally appropriate (monopoly..)

V. Major Conflicts: Egocentric Speech

*Piaget believed that private speech dies out and is replaced by social speech. Piaget thought that thought and language start with the individual and become social.

*Vygotsky believed that private speech is an important step between social speech and inner speech and that language starts out as social and becomes individual.

V. Massive Conflict: Direction of development

*Piaget believed that learning begins in the child and moves outward, and that cognitive development occurs before learning. (because my memory improved I am able to learn)

*Vygotsky believed that learning begins in the world and is brought to the child and that learning causes cognitive development. (because I have learned, my memory has improved)

VI. Implications for Teaching

*According to Piaget, learning will be directed by the child at the appropriate age. The teacher’s role is to provide appropriate experiences at the appropriate age.

*According to Vygotsky, learning will be an interactive process leading to cognitive development. You must teach within the ZPD.

-focus on active, participative learning

-group work and reciprocal teaching are consistent with this approach

Piaget & Vygotsky explain Monopoly

| |Birth-2 |2-6years |6-12 years |12 and over |

|Child’s Skill |Can play with pieces |Can move along the board, |Can play, can’t plan ahead |May play better than you |

| | |does not understand rules | | |

|Piaget |Sensorimotor Stage |Preoperational Stage |Concrete Operational Stage |Formal Operational Stage |

|Vygotsky |The child becomes better at the game by working with others whose skill levels exceed their own. Acquisition of these |

| |skills will depend on the culture the child is learning in and the readiness of the particular child. |

|Result of Game |Money damp; boot missing, |Child gets bored quickly, you|Your cunning acquisition of |Humiliating defeat |

| |presumed lost |win by default |all 4 railroads leads you to | |

| | | |victory! | |

|Better Game to Play |Legos |Candlyland |Battleship | |

|Eliciting Accurate Recollections From Children |

|PLAY DUMB |ASK FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS |

|Interviewer: Now that I know you a little better, tell me why you are here |Child: Bob touched my private. |

|today. |Interviewer: Tell me everything about that |

|ENCOURAGE CHILDREN TO DESCRIBE EVENTS |AVOID SUGGESTING THAT INERVIEWERS EXPECTS DESCRIPTIONS OF PARTICULAR KINDS |

|Interviewer: Tell me everything that happened at Bob’s house. |OF EVENTS |

|AVOID OFFERING REWARDS OR EXPRESSING DISAPPROVAL |(Poole & Lamb, 1998) |

|Term |Matching |

|A. Animistic Thinking |In the three-mountains problem, Natalie is asked to pick the picture that shows“what the doll sees,” but |

| |Natalie picks the picture that shows her own perspective |

|B. Egocentrism |Bernard cannot believe that the delicious chocolate cake that he is enjoying was once some eggs and some |

| |powdery stuff from a box, even though he watched his dad make the cake. |

|C. Inability to Conserve |Johannes is shown two packages of yellow playdough. One package is rolled into a banana shape. Johannes |

| |insists that the banana shaped playdough has less than the can shaped playdough. |

|D. Centration |Keisha fails to understand that a cat with a white line painted down its back is still a cat, and not a skunk|

| |because she is fixated on what it looks like. |

|E. Irreversibility |Three-year-old Timmy says, “The fire is mean. It hurt me.” |

Identify the following as consistent with the theory of PIAGET, VYGOTSKY or INFORMATION PROCESSING (P, V, or I)

Adults adjust the support they offer to children to fit the child’s current level of performance

Young children are not capable of operations (mental actions that obey logical rules).

Preschoolers cannot use memory strategies such as rehearsal or categorization because such strategies tax a young child’s limited working memories.

Young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events.

There is an abrupt change toward logical reasoning at around age 6 or 7

Stresses the social context of cognitive development

A classroom based on this approach relies upon assisted discovery and peer collaboration

Around age 4, children realize that false beliefs – ones that do not represent reality accurately – can guide people’s actions

Focuses on the mental strategies that child use to transform the stimuli following their mental systems

Children’s private speech is the foundation for all higher cognitive processes

Preschoolers rely on scripts to remember familiar, repeated events

In a classroom in this tradition, children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment

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