Anatomy Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton - Weebly



Anatomy Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton

Skeletal System

* The bones of the _______________ form an internal ______________________________to support soft _______________, protect vital organs, bear the body’s weight, and help us ________.

* Typically, there are _______________bones in an adult skeleton, although this number varies in some ______________________________.

* A larger number of bones are present at _______________, but the total number decreases with _______________and _______________as some separate bones _______________.

* The axial skeleton is composed of the bones along the _________________________ of the body,

* the _______________

* the ______________________________column

* the ______________________________cage

* The ______________________________skeleton consists of the bones of the _______________

* upper and lower _______________

* the bones that hold the _______________to the trunk of the _______________.

The Skull

* _______________bones form the rounded _______________, which completely surrounds and encloses the _______________.

* _______________bones form the bones of the face.

* They also protect the entrances to the _______________and _______________systems as well as

provide ______________________________sites for facial _______________

The Mandible

* The lower jaw is formed by the _______________.

* The prominent “_______________” of the mandible is called the mental __________________.

Cavities of The Skull

* The largest cavity is the _______________cavity, which encloses, _______________, and supports the _______________.

* The skull also has several smaller _______________, including the _______________ (eye sockets), the _______________cavity (mouth), the _______________cavity, and the _______________sinuses.

Markings of the Skull

Numerous bone markings

* _______________

* _______________

* foramina

* ______________________________for blood vessels and _______________

Sutures of the Skull

* _______________are immovable fibrous _______________that form the boundaries between the _______________bones.

* _______________regular connective tissue seals cranial bones firmly together at a ___________.

* Allow the cranium to _______________and _______________during ____________________.

* In adulthood, when cranial growth has _______________, the sutures fuse and are ___________.

Sinuses

* Have a _______________lining that helps to _______________and warm inhaled air.

* Cause these skull bones to be _______________.

* Provide resonance to the _______________.

Auditory Ossicles

Three tiny ear bones called auditory ossicles are housed within the petrous region of each temporal bone.

* the _______________the _______________the _______________

Hyoid Bone

* Slender, curved bone located _______________to the skull between the _______________and the larynx (______________________________).

* Does not ______________________________with any other bone in the _______________.

* Serves as sites for _________________________for tongue and larynx muscles and __________.

Fontanels

* The regions between the _______________bones are ______________________________, fibrous ______________________________remnants that are not yet _______________.

* Sometimes referred to as the “_______________spots” on a baby’s _______________.

* They close by _______________months of age.

* When a baby travels through the _______________canal, the cranial bones _______________at these fontanels, in order to ease the baby’s _______________.

* Newborns frequently have a “_______________-shaped” head due to this temporary __________.

The Vertebral Column

* Composed of _______________bones, including

* 24 individual ______________________________and the fused vertebrae that form both the _______________and the _______________

* The vertebral column has several functions:

* providing vertical _______________for the body

* supporting the weight of the _______________

* helping to maintain _______________body _______________

* helping to transfer _______________skeletal _______________to the appendicular skeleton of the _______________limbs

* housing and ______________________________the delicate spinal cord and providing a ______________________________for spinal nerves connecting to the spinal _________

Three Main Spinal Curvature Deformities

* ______________________________is an exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed posteriorly, producing a “______________________________” look.

* ______________________________is an exaggerated lumbar curvature, often called “___________________________,” that is observed as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttocks.

* ___________________is an abnormal lateral curvature that sometimes results during ______________________________when both the vertebral arch and body fail to _______________, or form incompletely, on one side of a _______________.

* scoliosis is the most common _______________curvature _______________.

Thoracic Cage

* Consists of the thoracic vertebrae ______________________________, the ribs laterally, and the sternum ______________________________.

* Acts as a ______________________________cage around vital organs, such as the _______________, lungs, trachea, and _______________.

* Provides ______________________________points for many _______________supporting the pectoral girdles, the _______________, the neck, the shoulders, the back, and the muscles involved in ______________________________.

Ribs

* Both males and females have _______________pairs

* Ribs 1–7 are called _______________ribs. At the anterior body wall, the true ribs connect individually to the _______________by separate cartilaginous extensions called ______________________________.

* Ribs 8–12 are called _______________ribs because their costal cartilages do not attach _______________to the sternum. The costal cartilages of ribs 8–10 fuse to the costal cartilage of rib 7 and thus ______________________________articulate with the sternum.

* The last two pairs of false ribs (ribs 11 and 12) are called floating ribs because they have no ______________________________with the sternum.

Review Questions

1. What bones comprise the appendicular skeleton?

2. Which of the following bones would not be part of the appendicular skeleton?

3. The appendicular skeleton is only those bones that would be part of the arms or legs; True (A) or False (B)

4. What is the term that means all of the bones of the head, but missing the mandible?

5. The maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal and vomer would all be considered bones of the;

6. The ribs and sternum together form the;

7. What bones surround and enclose the brain?

8. What bones form the bones of the face?

9. Which of the following is not one of the functions of the facial bones;

10. What is a slender, curved bone in the throat region that does not directly articulate with any other bones?

11. Where would you find the bones of the axial skeleton?

12. The lower jaw is known as the;

13. What spinal deformation is due to an exaggerated lumbar curvature?

14. Why would there be more individual bones in the skeleton of a very young child?

15. The prominent chin of the mandible is called the;

16. Which of the following is not one of the functions of the bones of the skeleton;

17. The end of the chin is a region of the mandible called the; _____________area (from lab)

18. In your work in lab so far, where would you find bones that do not have specific names?

19. The last two pairs of ribs (11 and 12) are called;

20. Which of the cavities of the brain is the largest?

21. What are the functions of the cranium?

22. The cranium completely surrounds and encloses the brain; True (A) or False (B)

23. Which of the following is not a bone found in the axial skeleton:

24. The orbits are more commonly called the;

25. The orbits of the skull are also considered to be cavities of the skull; True (A) or False (B)

26. What spinal deformation is commonly called “swayback”?

27. What are the fibrous membranes between the cranial bones of newborns?

28. The mouth is more scientifically known as the;

29. As is held by popular myth, men have one fewer pairs of ribs than do women; True (A) or False (B)

30. Which of the following is not one of the cavities of the skull;

31. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are the same structure; True (A) or False (B)

32. What type of tissue holds cranial bones together in a suture?

33. A tubular passageway through a thick bone is known as a;

34. Which of the following is not a cranial bone;

35. What are the functions of sutures in newborn babies?

36. When someone says that they know someone who has broken their back (or spine), what they really meant to say was that they fractured one of the bones of their;

37. A long, crack-like hole in a bone is known as a;

38. Typically, there are how many bones in an adult skeleton?

39. What is the main function of the hyoid bone?

40. What do fontanels eventually turn into?

41. What is the term for a passageway for blood vessels and nerves through a thin layer of bone?

42. There are always the same number of bones from one individual to another; True (A) or False (B)

43. The joints between cranial bones (in adults) are known as;

44. The thoracic cage bones are vital in the process of breathing; True (A) or False (B)

45. At what age (approximately) do fontanels close?

46. What type of joint makes up a suture?

47. What is a condition characterized by an exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed posteriorly?

48. Sutures form the boundaries between what bones?

49. What type of bones would be found in a suture (from lab)?

50. In adults, the sutures are very flexible and allow for a large amount of independent movement of the cranial bones: True (A) or False (B)

51. In children, what are the functions of sutures?

52. What happens to sutures in older adults?

53. A generic term for most holes through bones is;

54. An example of a fissure would be found in the;

55. What is the main function of sinuses?

56. What causes the number of bones in an adult to decrease from that of a child?

57. What effect does the presence of sinuses have on the weight of the skull bones that posses them?

58. What is the generic term for the tiny ear bones of the inner ear?

59. Which of the following is not one of the ossicles?

60. What is the scientific term for the soft spots on a babies head?

61. What are air-filled chambers in the skull that have a mucus lining?

62. In what regions of the body would you observe protrusions due to lordosis?

63. What is the function of fontanels?

64. Ribs 1 through 7 are called:

65. Sutures are visible in all skulls, of all ages; they never disappear; True (A) or False (B)

66. What shape does a baby’s head often take on at birth and why?

67. The cone shape of a baby’s head at birth is a permanent deformity; True (A) or False (B)

68. In what region and in what bone would you find the ossicles?

69. How many bones comprise the vertebral column (normally)?

70. If a rib has no connection to the sternum it is called;

71. Besides the individual vertebrae, what other bones make up the vertebral column?

72. The sacrum is made up of several fused vertebral elements: True (A) or False (B)

73. Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column

74. Ribs 8 through 12 are called:

75. The vertebral column transfers weight from the ____________ to the__________

76. Ribs are called false because;

77. How do sinuses effect the sound of your voice?

78. How many ribs do both men and women posses?

79. What structures does the vertebral column protect?

80. What spinal deformation is more commonly called “hunchback”

81. What is an abnormal curvature of the spine when viewed from the posterior aspect?

82. What is/are the cause(s) of scoliosis?

83. Which type of spinal deformation is the most common?

84. What structure is composed of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum?

85. Which of the following is not a component of the thoracic cage?

86. The thoracic cage protects which vital organs?

87. Besides, protection, what is a major function of the thoracic cage?

88. The vestigial “tail-bone” at the base of the vertebral column is called the

89. What defines a true rib?

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