Cambridge University Press



Supplementary materialsList of TablesTable S1: Breakdown of gender identity of participants (n=3077)Table S2: Breakdown of participants by region of UK (n=3077)Table S3: Recent suicidal history, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms by age group and gender Table S4: Recent suicidal history and depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms cut-off scores by ethnicity (White vs BAME) Table S5: Recent suicidal history, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms cut-off scores by socio-economic group (SEG) Table S6: Recent suicidal history and depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms cut-off scores by presence any mental health (MH) problems Table S7: Means and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] of variables by grouping variable over waves (n=3077)MethodsFull details of measuresBreakdown of pre-existing mental health problemsDifferences between participants who completed all waves compared to those who did not on wave 1 measuresTable S1: Breakdown of gender identity of participants (n=3077)Gender identityAge group, years18-29, % [95% CI]30-59, % [95% CI]60+, % [95% CI]Total, % [95% CI]Not weightedWeightedNot weightedWeightedNot weightedWeightedNot weightedWeightedFemale72 [67.0-75.0]68.4 [65.3-71.5]52 [49.6-54.4]47 [44.5-49.5]37.7 [33.8-41.6]34.2 [30.4-38.0]54.8 [53.0-56.6]50.7 [48.9-52.5]Male27.4 [24.4-30.4]31 [27.9-34.1]47.9 [45.5-50.3]52.9 [50.4-55.4]62.3 [58.4-66.2]65.8 [62.0-69.6]45 [43.2-46.8]49.1 [47.3-50.9]TG female1 [0.3-1.7]0.1 [-0.6-0.8]0.1 [-0.4-0.6]0.1 [-0.4-0.6]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0.1 [-0.3-0.5]0.1 [-0.3-0.5]TG male1 [0.3-1.7]0.1 [-0.6-0.8]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0.1 [-0.3-0.5]0.1 [-0.3-0.5]Gender variant3 [1.9-4.2]0.3 [-0.4-1.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0 [0.0-0.0]0.1 [-0.3-0.5]0.1 [-0.3-0.5]Note: TG=transgenderTable S2: Breakdown of participants by region of UK (n=3077)Age group, years18-29, % [95% CI]30-59, % [95% CI]60+, % [95% CI]Total, % [95% CI]Not weightedWeightedNot weightedWeightedNot weightedWeightedNot weightedWeightedUK RegionSouth West7.9 [6.1-9.7]8.5 [6.7-10.4]7.1 [5.9-8.3]7.9 [6.6-9.3]10.6 [8.1-13.1]12 [9.4-14.6]8 [7.0-9.0]8.9 [7.9-9.9]South East17.9 [15.3-20.5]15.4 [13.0-17.8]16 [14.2-17.8]13.9 [12.2-15.6]16.3 [13.3-19.3]14.6 [11.8-17.4]16.6 [15.3-17.9]14.5 [13.2-15.8]East Anglia6.5 [4.8-8.2]4 [2.7-5.3]6.9 [5.7-8.1]4.4 [3.4-5.4]5.6 [3.8-7.5]3.5 [2.0-5.0]6.5 [5.6-7.4]4.1 [3.4-4.8]West Midlands8.4 [6.5-10.3]10.9 [8.8-13.0]5.7 [4.6-6.8]7.3 [6-8.6]8.6 [6.4-10.9]11.6 [9.0-14.2]7 [6.1-7.9]9.2 [8.2-10.2]East Midlands6.6 [4.9-8.3]8.5 [6.7-10.4]5.3 [4.2-6.4]6.8 [5.5-8.1]7.2 [5.1-9.3]10 [7.6-12.4]6 [5.2-6.8]7.9 [6.9-8.9]Yorkshire /Humbershire10.4 [8.3-12.5]9.2 [7.3-11.1]9.5 [8.1-10.9]8.5 [7.1-9.9]8.9 [6.6-11.2]8 [5.8-10.2]9.6 [8.6-10.6]8.6 [7.6-9.6]North West12.8 [10.6-15.1]11.1 [9.0-13.2]13.8 [12.1-15.5]12.5 [10.8-14.2]11.1 [8.6-13.6]10.5 [8.1-13.0]13 [11.8-14.2]11.7 [10.6-12.9]North East5.7 [4.1-7.3]5.1 [3.6-6.6]4.6 [3.6-5.6]3.8 [2.8-4.8]4.5 [2.8-6.2]4 [2.4-5.6]4.9 [4.1-5.7]4.2 [3.5-4.9]Scotland6.6 [4.9-8.3]5.1 [3.6-6.6]11.6 [10.1-13.2]8.8 [7.4-10.2]17.7 [14.6-20.8]13.6 [10.9-16.3]11.4 [10.3-12.5]8.7 [7.7-9.7]Wales4.8 [3.4-6.2]5.4 [3.9-6.9]4.4 [3.4-5.4]5 [3.9-6.1]3.9 [2.3-5.5]4.5 [2.8-6.2]4.4 [3.7-5.1]5 [4.2-5.8]Northern Ireland1.4 [0.6-2.2]2.2 [1.2-3.2]2.9 [2.1-3.7]4.4 [3.4-5.443]0.3 [-0.5-1.1]0.7 [-0.1-1.5]2 [1.5-2.5]3 [2.4-3.6]Greater London11 [8.9-13.1]14.6 [12.3-17.0]12.4 [10.8-14.0]16.8 [14.943-18.7]5.2 [3.4-7.0]7 [5.0-9.0]10.6 [9.5-11.7]14.2 [13.0-15.5]Table S3. Recent suicidal history, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms by age group and gender Wave 1 (n=3077)Wave 2 (n=2742)Wave 3 (n=2604)18- 29 yrs 30- 59 yrs60+ yrsTotal18- 29 yrs30- 59 yrs60+ yrsTotal18- 29 yrs30- 59 yrs60+ yrsTotal% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]MenSuicidal ideation last week12.3[11.1 – 13.5]8.8[7.8- 9.8]2.5 [1.9- 3.1]7.7 [6.8- 8.6]14.6 [13.3- 15.9]9.5 [8.4- 10.6]4.1 [3.4- 4.8]8.7 [7.7- 9.8]14.1 [12.8- 15.4]11.4 [10.2- 12.6]3.2 [2.5- 3.9]9.4 [8.3- 10.5]Suicide attempt last week0 [0- 0]0.1 [-0.3 – 0.5]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.1 [-0.3 – 0.5]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.8 [0.4- 1.2]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.5 [0.1- 0.9]0 [0.0- 0.0]1.0 [0.6- 1.4]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.6 [0.2- 1.0]Self- harm last week0.5 [0.2- 0.9]0.4 [0.1- 0.8]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.3 [-0.1 – 0.7]2.9 [2.3- 3.5]1.5 [1.1 – 2.0]0.3 [-0.1 – 0.7]1.4 [1.0- 1.8]1.8 [1.3- 2.3]1.3 [0.9- 1.7]0 [0.0- 0.0]1.0 [0.6- 1.4]PHQ9 (% ≥ 10)a25.2[19.6-30.8]20.3[17.1-23.5]7[4.4-9.6]17.6[15.6-19.6]25[18.6-31.4]20.2[17.3-23.1]9.5[6.4-12.6]17.9[15.8-20.0]22.8[16.4-29.2]20.5[17.5-23.5]6.9[4.2-9.6]16.9[14.8-19.0]GAD7 (% ≥ 10)b18.3[13.3-23.3]15.3[12.5-18.1]4.6[2.5-6.7]13[11.2-14.8]17[11.5-22.6]13.8[11.3-16.3]6.3[3.8-8.9]12.2[10.4-14.0]14.4[9.1-19.7]12.7[10.2-15.2]4.6[2.4-6.8]10.6[8.9-12.3]WomenSuicidal ideation last week12.5 [11.3- 13.7]7.9 [7.0 – 8.9]0.9 [0.6- 1.3]8.6 [7.6- 9.6]14.2 [12.9- 15.5]9.4 [8.3- 10.5]0 [0.0- 0.0]9.6 [8.5- 10.7]14.5 [13.2- 15.9]9.9 [8.8- 11.1]1.9 [1.4- 2.4]10.1 [8.9- 11.3]Suicide attempt last week0.2 [-0.2- 0.6]0.2 [-0.2- 0.6]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.2 [-0.2- 0.6]2.0 [1.5- 2.5]0.8 [0.4- 1.2]0 [0.0- 0.0]1.1 [0.7- 1.5]1.4 [1.0.- 1.9]0.6 [0.2- 1.0]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.7 [0.3- 1.1]Self- harm last week1.3 [0.9- 1.7]1.2 [0.8 – 1.6]0 [0.0- 0.0]1.1 [0.7- 1.5]3.8 [3.1- 4.5]1.5 [1.1 – 2.0]0.9 [0.5- 1.3]2.2 [1.7- 2.8]3.0 [2.3- 3.7]1.2 [0.8- 1.6]0.5 [0.1- 0.9]1.7 [1.2- 2.2]PHQ-9 (% ≥ 10)43.8[39.9-47.7]31.3[28.2-34.4]10.2[6.3-14.2]33[30.8-35.2]39.8[35.6-44.0]27.6[24.4-30.8]12.7[8.2-17.2]29.7[27.4-32.0]38.2[33.7-42.7]29.9[26.5-33.3]10[5.9-14.1]29.6[27.2-32.0]GAD-7 (% ≥ 10)34.6[30.8-38.4]27.1[24.1-30.1]9.3[5.5-13.1]27.5[25.4-29.6]28.8[24.9-32.7]24.1[21.1-27.1]10.8[6.6-15.0]23.9[21.7-26.1]29.3[25.1-33.5]22.1[19.0-25.2]6.7[3.3-10.1]22.1[19.9-24.3]All adultsSuicidal ideation last week12.5 [11.3- 13.7]8.4 [7.4- 9.4]1.9 [1.4- 2.4]8.2 [7.2- 9.2]14.3 [13.0- 15.6]9.5 [8.4- 10.6]2.5 [1.9- 3.1]9.2 [8.1- 10.3]14.4 [13.1- 15.8]10.6 [9.5- 11.9]2.7 [2.1- 3.3]9.8 [8.7- 10.9]Suicide attempt last week0.1 [-0.3 – 0.5]0.2 [-0.2- 0.6]0.0 [0- 0]0.1 [-0.3 – 0.5]1.5 [1.1- 2.0]0.8 [0.4- 1.2]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.8 [0.4- 1.2]1.0 [0.6- 1.4]0.8 [0.4- 1.2]0 [0.0- 0.0]0.7 [0.3- 1.1]Self- harm last week1.1 [0.7- 1.5]0.8 [0.5- 1.2]0.0 [0- 0]0.7 [0.4- 1.1]3.6 [2.9- 4.3]1.5 [1.1 – 2.0]0.5 [0.1- 0.9]1.8 [1.3- 2.3]2.7 [2.1- 3.3]1.3 [0.9- 1.7]0.2 [-0.2- 0.6]1.4 [1.0- 1.9]PHQ-9 (% ≥ 10)38.8[35.5-42.1]26[23.9-28.1]8.2[6.0-10.4]26.1[24.6-27.7]36.1[32.5-39.7]24[21.8-26.2]10.7[8.1-13.3]24.3[22.7-25.9]34[30.3-37.7]25.3[23.1-27.6]8.1[5.8-10.4]23.7[22.1-25.3]GAD-7 (% ≥ 10)30.1[27.0-33.2]21.5[19.1-23.5]6.4[4.4-8.4]21[19.6-22.4]25.8[22.5-29.1]19.1[17.1-21.1]8.0[5.8-10.3]18.6[17.1-20.1]25.3[21.9-28.7]17.5[15.5-19.5]5.4[3.5-7.3]16.8[15.4-18.2]Table S4: Recent suicidal history and depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms cut-off scores by ethnicity (White vs Black Asian and Minority Ethnic, BAME)VariableWave 1 (n=3069)Wave 2 (2735)Wave 3 (2598)White (n=2777)BAME (n=292)White (n= 2499)BAME (236)White (2385)BAME (213)Last week% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]Suicidal ideation8.1 [7.8- 8.4]9.5 [6.3-12.7]8.9 [8.6-9.2]13.8 [9.4-18.2]9.3 [9.0- 9.6]15.5 [10.8-20.2]Suicide attempt 0.1 [-0.01-0.2]0 [0.0- 0.0] 0.8 [0.7-0.9]0.9 [-0.3-2.1]0.6 [0.5-0.7]1.4 [-0.1-2.9]Self- harm 0.8 [0.7-0.9]0 [0.0-0.0]1.9 [1.7-2.1]0.4 [-0.8-1.6]1.3 [1.2-1.4]1.9 [0.1-3.7]Last 2 weeksPHQ-9 (% ≥ 10)25.8 [25.3-26.3]29.1 [24.1- 34.1]24.1 [23.6-25.6]26.7 [21.3-32.1]23.6 [23.1-24.1]23.9 [18.4-29.4]GAD-7 (% ≥ 10)20.8 [20.3-21.3]21.9 [17.4-26.4]18.7 [18.3-19.2]16.5 [12.0-21.0]16.8 [16.4-17.2]16.4 [11.6-21.2]PHQ-9 = Patient health questionnaire (depressive symptoms) cut-off score ≥ 10 indicates major depression, GAD-7 = Generalised anxiety disorder 7-item cut-off score ≥10 indicates moderate anxietyTable S5: Recent suicidal history, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms cut-off scores by socio-economic group (SEG)VariableWave 1 (3077)Wave 2 (2742)Wave 3 (2604)High SEG (n=1758)Low SEG (n=1319)High SEG (1571)Low SEG (1171)High SEG (1489)Low SEG (1115)Last week% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]Suicidal ideation6.6 [5.8-7.4]10.3 [9.0-11.6]8.3 [7.4- 9.2]10.6 [8.0-12.0]8.9 [8.0-9.9]11.0 [9.6-12.4]Suicide attempt0.1 [-0.2-0.7]0.2 [-0.2-0.6]0.6 [0.3-.9]1.0 [0.6- 1.4]0.8 [0.5-1.1]0.5 [0.1- 1.0]Self- harm0.4 [-0.1-0.7]1.3 [0.8-1.8]1.6 [1.2-2.0]2.1 [1.5-2.7]1.5 [1.1-1.9]1.2 [0.7-1.7]Last 2 weeksPHQ-9 (% ≥ 10)22.9 [21.6-24.2]30.4 [28.5-32.3]21.6 [20.3-22.9]28.1 [26.2 -30.1]20.8 [19.5-22.2]27.5 [25.5- 29.5]GAD-7 (% ≥ 10)18.0 [16.8-19.2]24.9 [23.1-26.7]16.9 [15.7-18.1]20.8 [19.0 –22.6]14.4 [13.2-15.6]19.8 [18.0- 21.6]PHQ-9 = Patient health questionnaire (depressive symptoms) cut-off score ≥ 10 indicates major depression, GAD-7 = Generalised anxiety disorder 7-item cut-off score ≥10 indicates moderate anxiety Table S6: Recent suicidal history and depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms cut-off scores by presence any mental health (MH) problemsVariableWave 1 (3077)Wave 2 (2742)Wave 3 (2604)No MH (n=2225)MH (n= 852)No MH (2002)MH (740)No MH (1906)MH (698)Last week% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]% [95% CI]Suicidal ideation4.1 [3.7-4.5]19.3 [17.0-21.6]5.8 [5.3-6.3]19.0 [16.5-21.5]6.0 [5.5-6.6]20.4 [17.8- 23.0]Suicide attempt 0.1 [-0.1- 0.3]0.2 [-0.4-0.8]0.7 [0.5-0.9]1.1 [0.5-1.8]0.6 [0.4-0.8]0.7 [0.1-1.3]Self- harm 0.3 [0.1-0.5]2.0 [1.2-2.8]1.0 [0.8-1.2]4.0 [2.7-5.2]0.9 [0.7-1.1]2.7 [1.7-3.8]Last 2 weeksPHQ-9 (% ≥ 10)15.3 [14.5-16.1] 54.2 [51.4-57.1]15.4 [14.6-16.2]48.6 [45.5-51.7]15.3 [14.5-16.1]46.7 [43.5-49.9]GAD-7 (% ≥ 10)11.9 [11.2-12.6]44.6 [41.8-47.4]11.2 [10.5-11.9]38.4 [35.4-41.4]9.9 [9.2-10.6]35.4 [32.4- 38.4]PHQ-9 = Patient health questionnaire (depressive symptoms) cut-off score ≥ 10 indicates major depression, GAD-7 = Generalised anxiety disorder 7-item cut-off score ≥10 indicates moderate anxietyTable S7. Means and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] of variables by age over waves (n=3077)VariableWave 1Wave 2 Wave 3 18-29 yrs (n=847)30-59 yrs (n=1636)60+ yrs (n=594) 18-29 yrs (n=694)30-59 yrs (n=1488)60+ yrs(n=560)18-29 yrs (n=618)30-59 yrs (n=1431)60+ yrs (n=555)Defeat5.27 [4.99-5.55]4.38 [4.19-4.57]2.45 [2.21-2.69] 4.98 [4.67-5.29]4.19 [3.99-4.39]2.39 [2.16-2.62]4.85 [4.53-5.17]4.14 [3.93-4.35]2.33 [2.09-2.57]Entrapment5.07 [4.76-5.38]4.10 [3.89-4.31]1.93 [1.74-2.22]4.79 [4.45-5.13]3.93 [3.71-4.15]2.11 [1.86-2.36]4.60 [4.25-4.95]3.83 [3.60-4.05]1.90 [4.23-4.51]Loneliness5.87[5.75-6.00]5.25 [5.16-5.34]4.31 [4.17-4.45]5.70 [5.57-5.83]5.23 [5.13-5.33]4.42 [4.28-4.56]5.66 [5.51-5.81]5.23 [5.13-5.33]4.37 [4.23-4.51]Wellbeing20.28 [19.87-20.69]22.01 [21.72-22.30]26.01[25.37-26.25]20.70 [20.26-21.14]22.38 [22.07-22.69]25.73 [25.29-26.17]21.06 [20.56-21.56]22.51 [22.19-22.83]26.07 [25.63 to 26.51]Table S8: Means and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] of variables by grouping variable over waves (n=3077)?Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 ?Female (n=1692)Male (n=1171)Female (n=1491)Male (n=1247)Female (n= 1389)Male (n=1212)Defeat4.93 [4.74-5.11]3.41 [3.21-3.61]4.67 [4.47-4.87]3.24 [3.04-3.44]4.47 [4.26-4.68]3.28 [3.07-3.49]Entrapment4.62 [4.40-4.83]3.14 [2.93-3.35]4.40 [4.26-4.66]3.03 [2.81-3.25]4.16 [3.93-4.39]2.95 [2.81-3.11]Loneliness5.52 [5.43-5.61]4.89 [4.79-4.99]5.46 [5.36-5.56]4.85 [4.75-4.95]5.42 [5.32-5.52]4.83 [4.72-4.94]Wellbeing21.45 [21.16-21.74]23.29 [22.96-23.62]22.93 [21.62-22.23]23.51 [23.17-23.85]22.28 [21.95-22.61]23.68 [23.30-24.06]white (n=2777)BAME (n= 292)white (n= 2499)BAME (n=236)white (n=2385)BAME (n=213)Defeat4.27 [4.12-4.41]4.02 [3.60-4.45]4.01 [3.86-4.16]4.17 [3.67-4.66]3.93 [3.77-4.09]3.88 [3.34-4.42]Entrapment3.96 [3.80-4.12]3.88 [3.39-4.37]3.77 [3.60-3.93]3.86 [3.34-4.38]3.61 [3.44-3.78]3.61 [3.06-4.16]Loneliness5.23 [5.16-5.30]5.36 [5.15-5.57]5.16 [5.09-5.23]5.40 [5.16- 5.64]5.14 [5.06-5.22]5.24 [4.99-5.49]Wellbeing22.35 [22.12-22.58]21.52 [20.81-22.22]22.75 [22.51-22.99]21.52 [20.69-22.35]23.00 [22.74-23.24]22.25 [21.25-23.05]High SEG (n=1758)Low SEG (n=1319)High SEG (n=1571)Low SEG (n=1171)High SEG (n=1489)Low SEG (n=1115)Defeat3.83 [3.66-4.00]4.81 [4.61-5.01]3.64 [3.46–3.81]4.53 [4.29–4.77]3.60 [3.41-3.79]4.35 [4.10-4.60]Entrapment3.57 [3.38-3.76]4.47 [4.25-4.69]3.42 [3.22–3.61]4.25 [3.99–4.51]3.30 [3.09-3.51]4.01 [3.74-4.28]Loneliness5.12 [5.03-5.21]5.39 [5.30-5.48]5.06 [4.96-5.15]5.35 [5.24–5.46]5.05 [4.96-5.14]5.29 [5.16-5.40]Wellbeing22.66 [22.38-22.94]21.75 [21.45-22.05]23.01 [22.91-23.10]22.13 [21.76-22.50]23.22 [22.91-23.53]22.55 [22.17-22.93]?Νο ΜΗ (n=2225)ΜΗ (n=852)Νο ΜΗ (n=2002)ΜΗ (n=740)No MH (n=1906)MH (n=698)Defeat3.17 [3.03–3.30]7.06 [6.78–7.33]3.05 [2.90-3.20]6.65 [6.35-6.95]2.97 [2.82-3.12]6.53 [6.22-6.84]Entrapment2.79 [2.64-2.94]7.00 [6.68–7.32]2.69 [2.54-2.84]6.72 [6.37-7.07]2.59 [2.43-2.75]6.37 [6.01-6.73]Loneliness4.84 [4.77-4.91]6.28 [6.15-6.40]4.83 [4.75-4.91]6.15 [6.01-6.29]4.83 [4.75-4.91]6.02 [5.87-6.17]Wellbeing23.66 [23.42-23.90]18.64 [18.26-19.02]24.01 [23.76-24.26]18.94 [18.54-19.35]24.18 [23.92-24.44]19.50 [19.05-19.95]BAME=Black, Asian and minority ethnic, High SEG=ABC1, Low SEG=C2DE, MH=Pre-existing mental health problems1. Full details of measuresMethodsSuicidal history was assessed via the following two items adapted from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McManus</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">20</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1494414334">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McManus, S., Hassiotis, A., Jenkins, R., Dennis, M., Aznar, C., Appleby, L.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., brugha, T. (Eds)</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Chapter 12: suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts and self-harm</title><secondary-title>Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Leeds</pub-location><publisher>NHS Digital </publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>20 ‘Have you ever made an attempt to take your life, e.g. by taking an overdose of tablets or in some other way?’ (Yes/No) (suicide attempt history) and ‘Have you ever deliberately harmed yourself in any way but not with the intention of killing yourself?’(Yes/No) (self-harm history). If respondents answered yes to the suicide attempt or the self-harm history questions, they were asked “when was the last time you deliberately harmed yourself?” (past week, past month, past 6 months, more than 6 months, more than 12 months). We report self-harm and suicide attempts in the past week. Suicidal ideation in the last week was assessed by the question ‘How often have you thought about taking your life in the last week? (one day, several days, more than half the days, nearly everyday, never, I would rather not answer)’. Any non-zero response was re-coded as yes to suicidal ideation in the past week. Depression was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>L?we</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1062</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">21</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1062</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1591638020">1062</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>L?we, B., Kroenke, K., Herzog, W., Gr?fe, K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)</title><secondary-title>Journal of Affective Disorders</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Affect Disord</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of affective disorders</abbr-1></periodical><pages>61-66</pages><volume>81</volume><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>21). The GAD-7 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Spitzer</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1063</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">22</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1063</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1591638215">1063</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B., &amp; Lowe, B. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7</title><secondary-title>Archives of Internal Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Internal Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1092-1097</pages><volume>166</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>22, a 7-item screening tool, was used to assess generalized anxiety disorder. Both measures ask how often symptoms are bothering the respondents in the last 2 weeks. Scores of 10 and above on both measures are thought to indicate a moderate levels of depression and anxiety and are used as cutoffs here ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kroenke</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1171</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">22,23</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1171</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1592859337">1171</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kroenke, K., &amp; Spitzer, R.L. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic ans severity measure</title><secondary-title>Psychiatric Annals</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychiatric Annals</full-title></periodical><pages>509-515</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Spitzer</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1063</RecNum><record><rec-number>1063</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1591638215">1063</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B., &amp; Lowe, B. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7</title><secondary-title>Archives of Internal Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Internal Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1092-1097</pages><volume>166</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>22,23. Feelings of defeat (perceived failed struggle and loss of rank) were assessed using four items from Griffiths’ short-form scale ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Griffiths</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>489</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">24</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>489</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1498722637">489</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Griffiths, Alys W.</author><author>Wood, Alex M.</author><author>Maltby, John</author><author>Taylor, Peter J.</author><author>Panagioti, Maria</author><author>Tai, Sara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Development of the Short Defeat and Entrapment Scale (SDES)</title><secondary-title>Psychological Assessment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Assess</full-title><abbr-1>Psychological assessment</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1182-1194</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1040-3590</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000366820900007</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://WOS:000366820900007</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1037/gas0000110</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>24. The Entrapment Scale Short-form ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>De Beurs</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>1166</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">25</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1166</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1592485127">1166</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>De Beurs, Derek</author><author>Cleare, Seonaid</author><author>Wetherall, Karen</author><author>Eschle-Byrne, Sarah</author><author>Ferguson, Eamonn</author><author>O&apos;Connor, Daryl B.</author><author>O&apos;Connor, Rory C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Entrapment and suicide risk: The development of the 4-item Entrapment Scale Short-Form (E-SF)</title><secondary-title>Psychiatry Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychiatry Research</full-title></periodical><volume>284</volume><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0165-1781</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000517664400020</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://WOS:000517664400020</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>112765</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112765</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>25 was used to explore perceptions of entrapment (feeling trapped by thoughts and feelings or situation). Mental wellbeing was assessed via the 7-item Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (SWEMWBS) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fat</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1167</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">26</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1592486999">1167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fat, Linda Ng</author><author>Scholes, Shaun</author><author>Boniface, Sadie</author><author>Mindell, Jennifer</author><author>Stewart-Brown, Sarah</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluating and establishing national norms for mental wellbeing using the short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS): findings from the Health Survey for England</title><secondary-title>Quality of Life Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Quality of Life Research</full-title></periodical><pages>1129-1144</pages><volume>26</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0962-9343</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000399009900004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://WOS:000399009900004</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s11136-016-1454-8</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>26. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 28) were included to assess the availability of social support. The National Readership Survey social grade ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NRS</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1170</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">17</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1170</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2atxepv5exspf8ed5zbpxz06aapvtws0fpev" timestamp="1592856468">1170</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NRS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>National Readership Survey. Social Grade. </title></titles><volume>2020</volume><number>22nd June 2020</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>, derived from the occupation of the main income earner in the household, was used as an indicator of socioeconomic group (SEG): high (A+B+C1) versus low (C2+D+E). To assess pre-existing mental health conditions, participants?were first asked if they had any long-standing physical or mental impairment, illness or disability. ?Participants were then asked to select their mental or physical impairment?from a list of options, which included mental health conditions, neuro-divergent?disorders and alcohol and drug problems, and these responses were used to create a dichotomous variable for presence or absence of a pre-existing mental health condition.? Details of those invited to take part in the study: the panel has approximately 300,000 registered adult members. In total, 7,471 panel members were invited to take part, 3077 were included in the final sample (target sample was n=3,000) and 4394 did not take part in the survey. The majority was screened out as a particular quota was full (n=3527) and the remainder dropped out (n=867; see supplementary material). 90% of the 4394 of panel members who were invited to participate but did not take part in the survey provided details of their age and gender: 65.6% identified as female and 34.3% as male. The age distribution was as follows: 18-29 years = 19%, 30-59 years = 62.9% and 60+ years =18.1%.”2. Breakdown of pre-existing mental health condition (n=3077)Mental health condition or impairment% (n)Depression18.0 (555)Anxiety21.5 (661)Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)1.8 (56)Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)2.1 (64)Autism or Asperger’s1.4 (44)Alcohol or drug problems2.2 (68)Other(68)3. Differences between participants who completed all waves compared to those who did not on wave 1 measuresVariableCompletes all waves (n=2518)% (n)Not-complete all waves (n=559) % (n)Chi-square (X2, df=1)pSuicidal ideation past week7.5 (185)11.3 (60)7.9920.007PHQ-9 cut-off23.9 (602)36.0 (201)34.435<0.0001GAD-7 cut-off18.8 (473)30.6 (171)38.525<0.0001M (SD)M (SD)t (df=3075)pDefeat4.11 (3.88)4.89 (4.10)-4.26 <0.0001Entrapment3.80 (4.33)4.65 (4.46)-4.17 <0.0001Loneliness5.15 (1.91)5.65 (1.97)-5.60<0.0001Wellbeing22.56 (6.20)20.95 (6.03)5.57<0.0001 ................
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