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TopicKey issuesCoveredFunctionalist, strain and subcultural theories Durkheim- The inevitably of crime and its positive functions (boundary maintenance and adaptation & change). Other functions of crime e.g Davis- positive aspects of prostitutionMerton’s strain theory based on the American dream- approved social goals and legitimate means of achieving themAK Cohen (subcultural theorist)- status frustration Cloward and Ohlin (subcultural theorists)- three subculturesLabelling theoryHow crime is socially constructed according to interactionists e.g Becker. Cicourel’s work on why the working class and ethnic minorities are most likely to be labelled as criminal or deviantLemert’s theory of primary and secondary devianceS Cohen’s study ‘Folk Devils and Moral Panics’ showing deviance amplification Mental Illness and Suicide – Work of Douglas, Atkinson for suicide and looking at mental illness, paranoia and institutionalisation Marxist theories Traditional Marxism including criminogenic capitalism, the state & law making and the ideological functions of crime and law.Neo-Marxism- The work of Taylor et al known as The new criminology (also known as critical criminology) who claim that crime is a conscious meaningful choice as a rebellion against capitalism. The need for a complete theory of deviance consisting of 6 aspects.Realist theories Wilson- Right realism- the idea that crime is a real problem caused by biological factors, a lack of socialisation, and rational choices made by criminals. Offenders should be deterred through harsher punishment and zero tolerance policingYoung- Left realism- the idea that crime is a real problem and vulnerable groups such as old people are most at risk of becoming victims. Crime is caused by relative deprivation, subcultures and marginalisation and should be tackled through increased public involvement and tackling the structural causes early. Gender crime and justice Gender patterns of offendingMen commit more crime. How can these patterns be criticised? E.g. crimes that females commit are less likely to be reported and chivalry thesis Feminist view of bias against women in the criminal justice system e.g Heidensohn- court treatment of females Reasons why women commit less crime than men e.g Functionalist sex role theory, Heidensohn’s theory of patriarchal controlAdler- Liberation thesis- the idea that as society becomes less patriarchal women will offend moreClass differences in offending patterns of women. Reasons why working class women are more likely than middle class women to offend e.g as a way of achieving a better standard of livingReasons why men commit more crime than women with particular reference to Messerschmidt’s theory of masculinity and Winlow’s study of Postmodernity, masculinity and crimeEthnicity, crime and justice Ethnic patterns of offending High proportion of black and Asian people involved in the criminal justice system according to official statisticsVictim surveys and Self-report studies (including criticism) Explaining why ethnic minorities offend more including Left realism- Lea and Young- blacks commit more crime due to relative deprivation and social exclusion Neo Marxism- Gilroy- Ethnic minorities appear in greater numbers in official statistics due to racist stereotypes Neo Marxism- Hall et al- Moral of black muggers in the 1970’s created to divert attention from the capitalist crisis Reasons why ethnic minorities are more likely to be stopped and searched e.g. police racism, ethnic differences in offending and demographic factors Statistics and reasons why people from ethnic backgrounds are more likely to be victims of crimePrevention strategies adopted by ethnic minorities to combat crime Crime and the media Media representations of crime and how the media gives a distorted image of crime including the social construction of news based on ‘news values’The different ways that the media can be seen to cause crime e.g. showing deviant role models, Lea and Young’s idea of the media increasing relative deprivation and studies by Cohen and Hall showing how the media can create a moral panicMoral Panics - Mods and Rockers, Deviance amplification spiral Cyber Crime – Wall’s four categories of cyber crime. Globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crimesAn understanding of globalisation and how it contributes to an increase in crime e.g. Hobbs and Dunningham work on ‘glocal’ criminal organisationsThe way that globalisation creates increased fearDifferent views on green crime coming from both traditional and green criminology.Carrabine et al’s distinction between primary and secondary green crimesHow to define state crime and why it is so serious State crime and the denial of responsibility through the spiral of denial and neutralisation theory Herman and Schwendinger’s view of crime as the violation of human rightsControl punishment and victims Clarke’s theory of situational crime prevention, reducing opportunities for crimeWilson and Kelly’s theory of environmental crime prevention (broken windows policing) Social and community crime prevention- The Perry pre-school project Surveillance – including Foucault: birth of prison, the dispersial of discipline and surveillance thoeries since Foucault: Punishment as a means of control and its two main justifications- reduction and retribution Theories of punishment- Functionalist and Marxist views Imprisonment as a form of punishment including Foucault’s theory of imprisonment in today’s societyDefinitions of a victim including the social construction of victimsPositivist victimology (the work of Miers, Von Hentig and Wolfgang) Critical victimology with its emphasis on structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty and the state’s power to applyPatterns of victimisation across class, age, gender, ethnicity and repeat victimisation The impact of victimisation ................
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