Recommended Minimum Performance Limits for Common …

Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Recommended Minimum Performance Limits for Common DFC Drugs and Metabolites in Urine Samples

This is not a complete list of drugs encountered in DFC, just the more common ones. Use your specific case history and demographics to determine the most likely drug(s) in your case. This list was originally compiled by the DFSA Committee as a guidance document for laboratories performing analyses of samples from alleged DFSA victims, as well as for nurses, law enforcement, attorneys, and other users of forensic toxicology services. It was originally published in the December 2005 issue of ToxTalk. The DFC Committee periodically updates this list as new drugs are reported in DFC case work. Another purpose of this list is to improve the consistency in results generated by toxicology laboratories that analyze urine specimens from DFC cases. The detection limits are derived from the literature or are an estimated concentration from the use of a single dose. Further, these detection limits should be achievable using analytical instrumentation considered standard in most laboratories today. This list is designed to encourage laboratories to evaluate their current capabilities, make improvements where necessary and to communicate to their customers if they cannot meet the recommended detection limits. Questions or comments regarding this list can be directed to the Chair of the SOFT DFC Committee, Laureen Marinetti at LJTOXIMP@.

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Selected Trade Names Recommended Min

and Street Names1

Performance Limits

Analgesics

Buprenorphine Fentanyl Codeine

Dihydrocodeine Heroin*

Hydrocodone

Hydromorphone Meperidine

Buprenorphine Norbuprenorphine Fentanyl Norfentanyl Codeine Morphine Dihydrocodeine 6-monoacetylmorphine Morphine Hydrocodone Dihydrocodeine Hydromorphone Norhydrocodone Hydromorphone Meperidine

Buprenex, Suboxone

Actiq, Duragesic, Fentora, Sublimaze Tylenol 3, Tylex

1 ng/mL (ng/mL - nanograms per milliliter)

Paramol, Remedeine Smack, horse, dope

Anexsia, Hycodan, Lorcet, Lortab, Norco, Panacet, Vicodin, Zydone, Vics, Tabs

10 ng/mL

Dilaudid, Palladone Demerol, Mepergan

* Not legally available in the US

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Methadone Morphine

Normeperidine Methadone EDDP Morphine

Oxycodone Oxycodone Noroxycodone Oxymorphone

Oxymorphone Oxymorphone

Propoxyphene*

Tapentadol

Tramadol

Antidepressants

Amitriptyline

Citalopram Escitalopram Desipramine

Doxepin

Fluoxetine

Propoxyphene Norpropoxyphene Tapentadol Desmethyltapentadol Tramadol n-desmethyltramadol o-desmethyltramadol

Amitriptyline Nortriptyline Citalopram

Desipramine Doxepin Nordoxepin Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine

* Not legally available in the US

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Selected Trade Names Recommended Min

and Street Names1

Performance Limits

Dolophine, Methadose

Avinza, Astramorph, Duramorph, Kadian, MSIR, MS Contin, Oramorph, Roxanol Oxycontin, Oxyir, Percocet, Percodan, Percolone, Roxicet, Roxicodone, Tylox, Oxy, Hillbilly heroin Numorphan, Opana, Blues, Oranges Darvon, Darvocet, Wygesic

10 ng/mL

Nucynta, Palexia, Tapal

Ultram, Ultracet

Elavil, Endep

Celexa, Cipramil, Lexapro

Norpramin, Pertofrane Adapin, Prudoxin, Sinequan, Zonalon Prozac, Sarafem

10 ng/mL

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Imipramine Imipramine Despiramine

Nortriptyline Nortriptyline Norvenlafaxine Norvenlafaxine

Paroxetine Paroxetine Sertraline Sertraline

Norsertraline Trazodone Trazodone

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) Venlafaxine Venlafaxine Norvenlafaxine

Antihistamines and cough/cold treatment

Brompheniramine Brompheniramine

Carbinoxamine Carbinoxamine Cetirizine Cetirizine

Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine

Dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan

Selected Trade Names and Street Names1

Tofranil

Aventyl, Pamelor Pristiq Asimia, Paxil Zoloft

Desyrel

Recommended Min Performance Limits

10 ng/mL

Effexor

Alatapp, Bromaline, Bromanate, Bromfed, Bromphen, Dimetane, Dimetapp, Myphetane, Polytine, Puretane Arbinoxa, Palgic Zyrtec Aller Chlor, Chlor-trimeton, Coricidin, Deconamine, Efidac, Kronofed, Teldrin Benylin, Delsym, Romilar

10 ng/mL

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine

Doxylamine Hydroxyzine

Meclizine Promethazine Tetrahydrozoline

Antipsychotics

Chlorpromazine Clozapine

Olanzapine Quetiapine

Thioridazine Ziprasidone

Barbiturates

Amobarbital* Butalbital

Pentobarbital Phenobarbital

Primidone Secobarbital

Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Cetirizine Norchlorcyclizine Meclizine Promethazine Tetrahydrozoline

Chlorpromazine Clozapine Norclozapine Olanzapine Quetiapine Norquetiapine 7-Hydroxyquetiapine Thioridazine Ziprasidone

Amobarbital Butalbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital Primidone, Phenobarbital Secobarbital

Selected Trade Names and Street Names1

Recommended Min Performance Limits

Banophen, Belix, Benadryl, Dermarest, Excedrin PM, Hydramine, Sleepinal, Sleep-Eze 3, Tylenol PM, Unisom Sleep Gels Bendectin, Unisom Atarax, Vistaril

10 ng/mL

Antivert Phenergan, Zipan Murine, Visine

Thorazine Clozaril, Leponex

Zyprexa Seroquel

10 ng/mL

Mellaril Geodon, Zeldox

Amytal Esgic, Fioricet, Fiorinol, Fiorpap Nembutal Luminol, Phenobarbitone Mysoline Seconal, Tuinal

25 ng/mL

* Not legally available in the US

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Selected Trade Names and Street Names1

Recommended Min Performance Limits

Benzodiazepines

Many benzodiazepines are bio-transformed into glucuronide-conjugated metabolites. To improve detection limits and extend detection time, it is recommended that laboratories use instrumental techniques that will detect the glucuronide metabolites or

hydrolyze urine specimens to free the conjugate before extraction.

Clonazepam Clonazepam

Clonapin, Klonopin, Rivotril

7-aminoclonazepam Flunitrazepam* Flunitrazepam

7-aminoflunitrazepam

Rohypnol, Roofies

5 ng/mL

Triazolam Triazolam

Halcion

-hydroxytriazolam

Alprazolam Alprazolam

Niravam, Xanax, Barrs

-hydroxyalprazolam Bromazepam* Bromazepam

Lectopam, Lexillium, Lexotan

-hydroxybromazepam

Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide

Libritabs, Librium

Nordiazepam

Clobazam Clobazam

Onfi, Urbanol

Clorazepate Nordiazepam

Azene, Tranxene, clorazepic acid

Oxazepam Temazepam Clotiazepam* Clotiazepam

Clozan

10 ng/mL

Diazepam Diazepam

Diastat, Dizac, Valium

Nordiazepam

Oxazepam

Temazepam

Estazolam (desmethylalprazolam) Estazolam Etizolam* Etizolam

Flubromazepam* Flubromazepam

Prosom Etilaam Novel psychoactive substance

* Not legally available in the US

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Flurazepam

Loprazolam* Lorazepam

Lormetazepam* (methyl-lorazepam)

Midazolam

Oxazepam Phenazepam*

Flurazepam Desalkylflurazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam

Midazolam -hydroxymidazolam Oxazepam Phenazepam

Prazepam* Prazepam Temazepam Temazepam

Oxazepam Tetrazepam* Tetrazepam

High Dose Sedatives

Ethanol Ethanol

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) GHB

Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) GHB

Selected Trade Names and Street Names1

Dalmane

Recommended Min Performance Limits

Dormonoct, Havlane, Somnovit Ativan Dilamet, Ergocalm, Loramet, Noctamid Versed

10 ng/mL

Serax Fenazepam (used in Russia) available on the internet Centrac, Centrax Normison, Restoril

Clinoxan, Relaxam, Spasmorelax

Alcohol, ethyl alcohol, Booze

Xyrem, Easy, Lay, G, Georgia Home Boy, Grievous Bodily Harm, Liquid E, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid G, Liquid X, Salty Water, Scoop, Soap

Blue Nitro, G3, Gamma G, G.H. Revitalizer, Insom-X, Invigorate, Remforce, Renewtrient, Verve

0.01 gram percent (grams per 100 milliliters)

10,000 ng/mL = 10 mcg/mL (micograms per milliliter)

* Not legally available in the US

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

1, 4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) GHB

Miscellaneous

Carisoprodol

Clonidine

Carisoprodol Meprobamate Clonidine

Cyclobenzaprine Eszopiclone Gabapentin Ketamine

Meprobamate

Cyclobenzaprine Norcyclobenzaprine Zopiclone Zopiclone-n-oxide Gabapentin Ketamine Norketamine Meprobamate

Phencyclidine (PCP)* Phenytoin Pregabalin Suvoxerant

Scopolamine

PCP Phenytoin Pregabalin Suvorexant Scopolamine

Tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) 11-carboxy-THC

Topiramate Topiramate

Selected Trade Names and Street Names1

Enliven, Inner G, Revitalize Plus, Serenity, Somato Pro, Sucol B, Thunder Nectar, Weight Belt Cleaner, White Magic

Recommended Min Performance Limits

10,000 ng/mL = 10 mcg/mL (micograms per milliliter)

Soma

Catapres, Clorpres, Combipres, Duraclon

Flexeril

Lunesta

Neurontin Ketalar, Ketaject, Special K

Equagesic, Equanil, Micrainin, Miltown Sernyl Dilantin, diphenylhydantoin Lyrica Belsomra Isopto Hyoscine, Scopace, Transderm Scop Cannabis sativa, dronabinol, marijuana, Marinol Topamax

50 ng/mL 1 ng/mL

10 ng/mL 10 ng/mL 1000 ng/mL = 1 mcg/mL 10 ng/mL 50 ng/mL 10 ng/mL 25 ng/mL 500 ng/mL 10 ng/mL

20 ng/mL 50 ng/mL

* Not legally available in the US

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Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Drug-Facilitated Crimes Committee (DFC) formerly the DFSA Committee

Parent Drug Target Analyte(s)

Valproic Acid Valproic Acid

Zaleplon Zopiclone

Zolpidem

Stimulants

Amphetamine Cocaine

Methamphetamine

Methylphenidate

Methylenedioxyamphetamine* (MDA)

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine* (MDMA)

Zaleplon Zopiclone Zopiclone-n-oxide Zolpidem Zolpidem-phenyl-4-carboxylic acid

Amphetamine Cocaine Benzoylecgonine Cocaethylene Methylecgonine Methamphetamine Amphetamine Methylphenidate Ritalinic Acid MDA

MDMA MDA

Selected Trade Names and Street Names1

Depacon, Depakene, Depakote, Valproate Sonata, Zerene Lunesta, Zimovane

Recommended Min Performance Limits

5,000 ng/mL = 5mcg/mL

10 ng/mL 10 ng/mL

Ambien

10 ng/mL

Adderall Coke

50 ng/mL

Desoxyn, Crystal Meth, Ice, Speed

Ritalin Ecstasy

50 ng/mL

Ecstasy

1 For a more comprehensive list of slang terms, see also, Drug Slang Code Words, DEA Intelligence Report DEA-HOU-DIR-020-17, published May 2017. Accessed June 7, 2017 at

* Not legally available in the US

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