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FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION (EEPCO)
Ethiopia- Additional Financing for Energy Access Project
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
Power System Planning
February 2010
List of Acronyms
|% | Percent |
|BP |Bank Policy |
|MoFED |Ministry of Finance and Economic Development |
|MoME |Ministry of Mines and Energy |
|CBE |Commercial Bank of Ethiopia |
|CFL |Compact Florescent Lamp |
|CSA |Central Statistical Authority |
|dB |decibel |
|EEPCo |Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation |
|EHS |Environmental Health and Safety |
|EIA |Environmental Impact assessment |
|EPA |Environmental Protection Authority |
|EMP |Environmental Management Plan |
|ESMF |Environmental and Social Management Framework |
|EA |Environmental Assessment |
|E.C. |Ethiopian Calendar |
|EWNHS. |Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society |
|EARO |Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization |
|EHS-MP |Environmental Health and Safety Management Plan |
|EHS |Environmental Health and Safety |
|EAP |Energy Access Project |
|FDRE |The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |
|GM /CEO |General Manager /Chief Executive Officer |
|GO |Government Organization |
|HH |House Hold |
|HIV/AIDS |Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
|ha |Hectare |
|ICS |Inter-connected System |
|IPDP |Indigenous Peoples Development Plan |
|IBCR |Institute for Biodiversity Conservation Research |
|km2 |Square kilometers |
|km |Kilometer |
|MNREP |Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection |
|m |Meter |
|mts |Meters |
|m.a.s.l |Meters above sea level |
|m.b.s.l. |Meters below sea level |
|MHP |Mini Hydro power |
|mm |Millimeter |
|MW |Megawatt |
|No. |Number |
|NGOs |Non-governmental Organization |
|OP |Operational Policy |
|OD |Operational Directive |
|oC |Degrees Celsius |
|Proc. |Proclamation |
|PAPs |Project affected Peoples |
|PCB |Polychlorinated Biphenyl |
|POPs |Persistent Organic Pollutants |
|PSP |Power System Planning |
|RAP |Resettlement Action Plan |
|RR |Rural Road |
|SCS |Self-contained Systems |
|STDs |Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
|SE |Supervising Engineer |
|T.B. |Tuberculosis |
|TVET |Technical Vocational Education Training |
|USEPA |United States Environmental Protection Agency |
|vol. |Volume |
|WB |World Bank |
Table of Contents
List of Acronyms
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction………………………………………….................................................1
1. The Need for Rehabilitating the distribution system and Drilling of
Four Deep Geothermal wells at Aluto Langano …...….................................. . 3
1 Background and General……………………………………………… ……..5
1.3 Objective of the ESMF…………………………………………............. ....... 5
1.4 . Project Components …………………………………………… …….6
1.5. Scope of Project and the Assessment ………………………………… ……..7
1.6. Environmental and Social Planning…………………………………………..8
2. Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks ………………............10
2.1. National Environmental Requirements………………………………………10
2.1.1. National Legal Requirements …………………………………………..10
2.1.2. National Legislation on Expropriation of Land and Compensation… … 11
2.1.3 Research and Conservation of Ethiopian Cultural heritage ……………… 11
2.1.4. Ethiopia’s Environmental Policy ………………… ………… ……… 12
2.1.5. National EIA Procedural Guidelines……………………… … ……12
2.1.6. EEPCo’s Environmental Guidelines for the Power sector……… … ...13
1 Institutional Framework …………………………… . …………...13
2.2. The World Bank’s Requirements…… ……………… ……………………17
2.2.1. The Bank’s Safeguard Policies………………………………… ……17
2.2.2 OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment……………… …………………17
2.2.3 OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources ……………… …… …. 18
2.2.4 OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement………………………………. 19
2.2.5 Forestry (OP/BP 4.36)……………………… ……………… …..19
2.2.6 OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International waterways ……………… .. 20
2.2.7 Bank’s Policy on Disclosure………………… ………… ………….20
3. Description of the Proposed Project ………………………………………….20
3.1 Project Description…………………………………………… …………..20
3.1.1 Distribution Rehabilitation Project …………………… …………. 20
3.1.2. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)…… …22
3.1.3. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns… …… 22
3.1.4. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano… … 23
4. Description of Baseline Environmental Conditions……………………..... 26
4.1 The Afar Regional State………………………………… ……… ……...26
4.2 Tigray Regional State ………………………………… …………………..33
4.3 Amhara Regional State………………………… ……………………… .35 4.4 The Oromia Regional State …………………… ……. . . ……… ..39
4.5 Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State……………………………………….41
4.6 Gambela Regional State……………………………………………………44
4.7 Somali Regional State ……………………………………………………..49
4.8 The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Administration……… 58
5. Distribution Rehabilitation Project 7 Cities Baseline Information……… ..55
5.1. Bahir Dar City ……………………………………………………… ...55
5.2. Mekele City…………………………………………………………….58
5.3. Jima City ……………………………………………………………… 59
5.4. Awassa City ………………………………………………………… ...61
5.5. Dessie City ………………………………………………………… …64
5.6. Nazareth City ………………………………………………………….68
5.7. Dire Dawa City ……………………………………………………… 69
6. Baseline information for Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal
Wells at Aluto Langano …………………………………………………….72
7. Analysis of Alternatives………………………………………………………75
7.1. Rehabilitating the Distribution System)……………………………...75
7.1.1 No Development …………………………………………….75
7.1.2 Alternative Energy Source……………………………………….. 75
7.2. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano………....75
8. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts ……………………………76
8.1 Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures………………………… 76
8.2 Positive Impacts (Rehabilitating the Distribution System)…………....78
8.3 Positive Impacts (Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal
Wells at Aluto Langano ………………………………………… … .78
8.4 Negative Impacts (Rehabilitating the Distribution System) ………….78
8.5 Negative Impacts (Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal
Wells at Aluto Langano ……………………………………………….79
8.6 Impacts of PCB Chemicals …………………………………………...80
8.7 Socioeconomic and Cultural …………………………………...80
8.8 Impacts on Cultural Heritage ………………………………………. 81
8.9 Bird and Power Line Interactions. ……………………………… …...81
8.10 Potential Water Related Impacts ……………………………… ….82
9. Mitigation Measures …………………………………………… … ...85
9.1 Rehabilitating the Distribution System …………………………… …85
9.2. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano ……… ..85
10. Environmental Management Plan for
Energy Access Project Implementation……………………………………89
11. General Mitigation Issues and EEPCo Commitments……………………94
12. Institutional Arrangements…………………………………………………95
13. ESMF Implementation and Management …………………………………96
14. Environmental and Social Monitoring and Management……………… 97
14.1 Mitigation Principles and Clauses ……………………………… .97
14.2. Work place HIV/AIDS Program………………………………… 97
14.3. Air Quality Management ………………………………………… 98
14.4. Soil Quality Management ………………………………………… 98
14.5. Water Resource Management …………………………………… 98
14.6. Noise Abatement ………………………………………………... 99
14.7. Health and Safety………………………………………………... 99
14.8. Application of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines… 99
15. Roles & Responsibilities of Major Actor.………………………… 100
15.1. Major Actors…………………………………………………… 100
15.2. Energy Access Project ………………………………………… .100
15.3. Power System Planning………………………………………… 100
15.4. The Contractors………………………………………………… 101
15.5. Supervision Engineer /SE/.…………………………………… 101
15.6. The Community ……………………………………………… 101
15.7 Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural
Heritage (ARCCH) …………………………………………. 102
15.8. Ministry of Mines and Energy ……………… 102
15.9. Local NGOs …………………………………………………… 102
16. Implementation of Compensation ……………………………….. 102
17. Environmental Monitoring ………………………………………. 102
18. Reporting Procedure……………………………………………… 103
19. Estimated Environmental Mitigation Costs ……………………. 104
20. Submission / clearance of ESMF ………………………………… 105
Bibliography and Reference ……………………….…………….. 106
Annex,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 108
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The purpose of the ESMF is to clarify the policies, principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts induced by the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project.
It is found useful to have a policy document establishing principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts induced by the
Energy Access Project operations, to share with various stakeholders in the power sector.
The project components under the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project are:
1. Urban Distribution Rehabilitation (seven cities)
2. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)
3. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns
4. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
The Urban Distribution Rehabilitation is not expected to induce significant environmental and social impacts because the rehabilitation activities will all take place within the existing distribution system.
The second component, Substation Upgrading and Rehabilitation, will also be carried out on existing substations and hence negative environmental and social impacts are not anticipated in this component.
The purpose of the third component, Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns, is to increase electricity penetration to more households. However, this project component is not expected to induce significant environmental and social impacts since connections will be made from the existing low voltage lines.
Where medium and low voltage lines construction are required the construction will take place on existing road structure thus environmental and social impacts considered minimum.
The main purpose of the fourth component, Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano, is to increase the capacity of the existing Aluto Geothermal Power Plant.
Energy Access Project will only support exploratory drilling to carry out the feasibility of geothermal resource in the Aluto Volcanic complex. No capital investment to build power plants and transmission lines will be supported under this project.
Since the specific location for the proposed geothermal exploration is unknown the ESMF study would suffice for now as the appropriate environmental and social safeguard instrument. The ESMF highlights broadly key environmental, safety and social issues that need to be sufficiently considered during exploration work. In addition, the ESMF spells out in clear terms that in the event that exploration turns out to suggest viability of the drilling pads and EEPCO decides finally to initiate actual drilling for geothermal energy, EEPCO obliges to conduct an exhaustive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study (including other safeguard policies such as RAP) prior to commencement of any commercial harnessing and operation of a geothermal-based facility.
The rationale for preparing this ESMF is that:
a) The Project components are not expected to have significant environmental and social impacts. However, since one cannot be sure whether environmental impacts will or will not occur in all the project components, it is proposed that precautionary measures be taken to ensure that planned activities do not impose environmental impacts or negatively affect livelihoods of the surrounding population.
b) EEPCo found it useful to have a policy document establishing principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts induced by the Project operation to share with various stake holders in the power sector, and
c) Ensure that investments are carried out in an environmentally and socially friendly and sustainable manner.
Thus, this ESMF will be used for the Project components under the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project.
The safeguard category of the project is B since there are no significant and/or irreversible adverse environmental and social issues in components financed under the project. The project upgrades the existing distribution network in selected cities and rehabilitates existing substations which have saturated their capacity to supply additional load. The Geothermal Development Component of the project will appraise and explore the capacity of geothermal resources, which will require drilling exploration wells to study and understand the capacity of the resource.
The Implementing Agency
EEPCo is the implementing agency under the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MoME).
Legal and Institutional Framework
There is sufficient legal and administrative ground considered, in this Framework document, for environmental and social management in the process of implementation of development projects.
The Framework considers both the Ethiopian and the World Bank (WB) legal documents and guidelines. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has adequate provisions on environmental and compensation aspects. Based on the Constitution, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Proclamations on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Pollution Control, Land Expropriation and Compensation and
others have been issued to strengthen the sporadic efforts of environmental protection in a coordinated and standardized manner. In addition, sectoral Environmental Guidelines and Manuals have started to be produced in different sectors and the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) is part of this endeavor.
The WB’s Policies, specifically the Safeguard Policies, have been made use of for the preparation of this Framework document. The Policies include those on Environmental Assessment (EA), Forestry, Involuntary Resettlement, and Physical Cultural Resources.
Concerning the institutional arrangement, the Government of the FDRE has established the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) along with Regional Environmental Bureaus and it is under process to realize the establishment of Environmental Units within sectoral Ministries and Organizations. Ministry of Mines and Energy has established Environmental Monitoring Unit and EEPCo’s Power System Planning comprises Environmental and Social Experts to address Environmental and Social issues in its activities.
Project Description
The Energy Access Project would have four major Components:
I. Urban Distribution Rehabilitation (seven cities)
II. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)
III. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns
IV. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
i. The Urban Distribution Rehabilitation focus on rehabilitating the distribution system of seven major cities of the country with the following major interventions:
• Replacement existing wooden poles with Concrete Poles,
• Replacement existing bare conductors with area bundled cable (ABC) insulated conductors
• Replacement existing bare overhead conductor system with underground insulated wire, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
ii. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation aims at rehabilitating and upgrading of existing 19 substations to enhance reliability of the distribution system and the capacity of the substations to new connections.
iii. The purpose of the Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns is to increase the level of electricity penetration to more households in already connected towns. The main works in this project will be connecting customers from existing distribution system. Medium and low voltage distribution line construction will also be the other major intervention.
iv. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells will be carried out in the existing Aluto Langano Geothermal Power plant with the following major activities.
• Drilling 2500 m deep wells
• Maintenance of existing access road (about 14 km)
• Drill wells site preparation (near existing wells an area of 170m X 75m
Baseline Environment
Ethiopia is sub-divided into nine Regional Administrations and two Metropolitan City Administrations under the Federal Government. However, the Regions do not have the same environment. The country has topographic and altitudinal diversity, different climate, vegetation, wildlife, geology, human settlement and occupation in different parts.
The target cities, towns and sites where the project components are planned to take place have different topography and climate.
Analysis of Alternatives
Do Nothing Option
Rehabilitating the Distribution System
Under the “do nothing” option increasing degradation of the distribution system will lead to consumers opting for additional or alternative energy sources. For businesses, this would lead to the installation of diesel generators at a direct cost to the economy and increasing the reliance on fossil fuels.
At the household level, many of the smaller households still rely on wood fuel for cooking and heating. Any further degradation in services will escalate this demand, putting ever greater pressure on the woodlots and natural forest supplying the major urban centers.
Alternative Energy Sources
The rehabilitation of the existing system does not preclude the introduction of alternative or supplementary energy sources or energy saving technology. However, at present there are no widely or economically available systems that can entirely replace the existing system at household level or industrial level.
Drilling of Four Deep Wells at Aluto Langano
• The power shortage prevents the development of the local economy thus inhibiting the improvement in the residents’ living.
• If the Drilling of four deep wells carried out in an area other than the existing Aluto Langano geothermal site, it will impose a greater impact on the environment.
Strategic Environmental Impact
The project components are formulated to provide to the communities in the country with reliable electric supply at low cost.
Positive Impacts
Rehabilitating the Distribution System
The Energy Access Project is a development project designed for the benefit of the population in the project area, and is likely to have the following overall positive impacts
• Relieve pressure on biomass resource of the country and thereby reduce the loss of the biodiversity by providing alternative and reliable source of energy.
• Improve access to social services (education, health, water supply, etc…)
• Stimulate economic development.
• Provide job opportunities thereby creating income generation means for the respective communities in the project areas.
Drilling of Four Deep Wells at Aluto Langano
• Social infrastructure can be expected to improve with the construction and improvement of access roads in the construction period.
• Increase in employment opportunity, local procurement of construction materials and equipment, and local purchase of food for workers are expected to bring about positive effects on the local economy and residents’ livelihood
Negative Impacts
Rehabilitating the Distribution System
As a result of the planned construction activities, potential negative environmental impacts are likely to occur and the impacts may include initiation and aggravation of soil erosion, loss of vegetation, air, and water and soil pollution. These are however preventable, manageable and reversible.
During the construction works, dust emission may be produced. Similarly, noise pollution arising from construction works may disturb the neighboring communities and local fauna temporarily.
The major negative impacts anticipated in this regard include expropriation of land along the distribution line routes. That is, the farmers and urban dwellers may lose their crops, houses, and other properties temporarily or permanently.
Although it is proposed that they would follow as much as possible, the existing road network, the distribution lines may traverse, in some cases looking for shorter distances, which affect culturally sensitive sites like graveyards, archaeological sites, etc.
The existence of PCB chemicals in transformers and capacitors, as one of the environmental impacts is also anticipated during the project life. Disposal of old transformers containing PCB will be handled in accordance with national and international guidelines.
Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
• Drilling wells will use surface water/ground water which may affect river flow or /ground water level.
• During drilling deep wells, excavation sludge, construction waste, muddy water and debris will be generated.
• Vehicles transporting equipment and materials will raise dirt and dust clouds
• There will be noise emitted from geothermal fluid escaping from the drilled wells and working noise and vibration.
• Civil engineering work will generate waste soil
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Rehabilitating the Distribution System
To mitigate impacts arising as a result of projects and sub-projects, the Energy Access Project will take the following measures:
• Influence the adaptation of a distribution line route with minimum effect on the bio-physical as well as the socio economic and cultural environment;
• Ensure the safe disposal of chemically treated poles at its storage facilities;
• Safe disposal of transformers that may contain PCBs
• Employ and deploy manual labor to maintain the access roads and right-of-ways, as appropriate;
• Regularly monitor the process of upgrading and rehabilitation works of substations to avoid any oil or waste water leakages;
• Include Environmental Clauses for Contractors (Annex) in the contract documents and monitor their implementation.
• The compensation for land and properties will be implemented as per Proc. 455/2005,
• Project affected people will be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the Project, and
• PCB-free transformers and capacitors will be ordered and the import process be followed strictly prior to project implementation.
• Route alignment to avoid cultural sensitive areas during surveying and inform the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural heritage (ARRCH) upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works.
Drilling of Four Deep Wells at Aluto Langano
• Drilling wells at Aluto Langano geothermal will use circulating surface water not to affect surface or ground water level.
• Prepare appropriate dumping site for the excavated rock cuttings, excavation sludge, construction waste and debris.
• Use of environmental clauses for dirt and dust clouds arising from vehicles transporting equipment and materials.
• Use of environmental clauses for noise emitted from the drilling of wells.
• Prepare appropriate dumping site for waste soil during civil engineering works.
• Inform the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural heritage (ARRCH) upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works.
Environmental Cost Estimate
The cost estimate for compensation is based on the cost of the initial Energy Access Project February 2002. Therefore, updating that cost with an inflation rate of 18.9%, and adding proportional cost for the fourth project component, the total estimated cost for meeting the estimated compensation and for management of environmental activities is about USD 1,189,000.00 (Birr 16,157,083.20)
On the other hand, the estimated cost for environmental monitoring, escalating and updating from 2002 cost, is about USD 23,072.20 (Birr 313,523.51) and this is assumed to enable the Environmental and Social experts of EEPCo to conduct periodic monitoring works on project sites.
Therefore, the total estimated environmental cost is USD 1,212,072.00 (Birr 16,470,606.71)
Introduction
The purpose of the ESMF is to clarify the policies, principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project.
It is found useful to have a policy document establishing principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the Energy Access Project operations, to share with various stakeholders in the power sector.
The project components under the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project are:
1. Urban Distribution Rehabilitation (seven cities)
2. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)
3. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns, and
4. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
The ESIA study of Urban Distribution Rehabilitation has indicated that significant environmental and social impacts are not expected because the rehabilitation activities will all take place within the existing distribution system.
The second project component, Substation Upgrading and Rehabilitation works will be carried out on existing substations and hence significant negative environmental and social impacts are not anticipated in this project component.
The purpose of the third project component, Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns, is to increase electricity distribution to more households. Under this project, medium and low voltage lines will be constructed. However, this project component may potentially cause environmental and social impacts during the construction phase.
The fourth Project component, Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano, is one part of the Aluto Langano Geothermal Power Plant Project. The first phase of the project, Surface Geothermal Investigation and data Collection, is already completed.
The second phase of the Project component, drilling of four deep Geothermal Wells, is intended to be financed by the additional financing for the Energy Access Project. This project will only assess the capacity of the geothermal resource available in Aluto Langano.
Energy Access Project will only support exploratory drilling to carry out the feasibility of geothermal resource in the Aluto Volcanic complex. No capital investment to build power plants and transmission lines will be supported under this project.
Since the specific location for the proposed geothermal exploration is unknown the ESMF study would suffice for now as the appropriate environmental and social safeguard instrument. The ESMF has highlighted key environmental, safety and social issues that need to be sufficiently considered during exploration work. In addition, the ESMF spelt out in clear terms that in the event that exploration turns out to suggest viability of the drilling pads and EEPCO decides finally to initiate actual drilling for geothermal energy, EEPCO will be required to conduct an exhaustive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study to assess the triggering of Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 and Natural Cultural Resources OP 4.11, prior to commencement of any commercial harnessing and operation of a geothermal-based facility.
The rationale for preparing this ESMF is that:
a) The Project components are not expected to have significant environmental and social impacts. However, since one cannot be sure whether environmental & social impacts will or will not occur in all the project components, it is proposed that precautionary mitigation instrument is in place to ensure that planned activities do not cause negative environmental and social impacts..
b) EEPCo found it useful to have a policy document establishing principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the Project operation to share with various stake holders in the power sector, and
c) Ensure that investments are carried out in an environmental and socially sustainable manner.
This ESMF will be used for the project components under the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project.
The safeguard category of the project is B since there are no significant and/or irreversible adverse environmental and social issues in components financed under the project. The project upgrades the existing distribution network in selected cities and rehabilitates existing substations which have saturated their capacity to supply additional load. The Geothermal Development Component of the project will appraise and explore the capacity of geothermal resources, which will require drilling exploration wells to enhance the capacity of the resource.
1. The Need for Rehabilitating the Distribution System and Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
a) The Need for Rehabilitating the Distribution Lines
In general, the 15 kV distribution networks are overloaded and in poor state of repair.
The problems are characterized by frequent interruption of electric power, high energy loss that is estimated at 21.9% of the generation capacity, and overloading of lines and distribution transformers.
The following are the main causes of the problem:
• The existing feeder line loading capacity limitation
• Deteriorated old wooden pole and switching equipment
• Clashing of bare conductors
This is not only a power problem but also a risk to the urban population due to collapse of old wooden pole, bare conductors touching trees, houses and other objects.
The Urban Distribution Rehabilitation focuses on rehabilitating existing distribution systems with the following interventions:
• Replacement of existing wooden poles with Concrete Poles, reducing risk of collapse
• Replacement of existing bare conductors with area bundled cable (ABC) insulated conductors
• Replacement of existing bare overhead conductor system with underground insulated wire, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
b) Upgrading and Rehabilitation of Substations
EEPCo has identified 19 Substations that have to be renovated to increase reliability and supply capacity. The main objective of upgrading and rehabilitating the Substations is to enhance reliability of the distribution system and enhance the capacity of the substations to new connections.
c) Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns
Distribution rate of connecting consumers of towns that had been electrified several years ago by IDA financed two projects (Energy access and Rural Expansion Project I and II) has been very low. The rate of consumer penetration ranges from 10% to 30% only. The Government of Ethiopia has now decided to increase the level of electricity distribution to more households in connected towns. Under this additional financing project, in addition to support extension of low voltage and medium voltage lines, EEPCO will be supported to connect about 350,000 customers each year.
d) Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
It is recognized that energy mix is an important part of the generation scheme. According to EEPCo the priority of geothermal energy development is second to hydropower.
Generation source of EEPCO is dominantly hydropower. About 90% of the energy comes from the hydropower plants and other power plants under construction are predominantly hydro based with only one wind based power plant of 120 MW in the pipeline. Thus Ethiopia’s energy generation capacity is likely to be affected by climatic changes and variability. Droughts can significantly reduce EEPCo’s electricity generation capacity. During FY 2008-09 EEPCo faced severe generation shortages as a result of drought and had to rent thermal power plants at high cost to meet its electricity demand.
While installing thermal standby generators could help EEPCo mitigate its hydropower generation risk, given the high operating cost of thermal plants, the Government is interested to utilize available geothermal resources to diversify its overall generation resource mix and maintain an affordable level of electricity generation cost. In addition, unlike diesel, geothermal energy is a clean and renewable resource. This will further help Ethiopia to reduce its green house gas emissions. GOE has requested IDA support to develop geothermal renewable energy resource by financing required number of exploration and appraisal wells. Different studies at different stages have been carried out since 1969 revealing a total potential for power generation of geothermal from 700 to 1,000 MW. It is now planned to accelerate and to promote geothermal power generation and Aluto Langano is one candidate geothermal project.
The pilot plant at Aluto Langano is located at 200 km south of Addis Ababa and started to operate in 1998. Two generation units supply 7.3 MW in total, about 3.5 each. The Aluto Langano pilot plant was out of operation in February 2009. The major reason is assumed to be maintenance.
Implementing Agency
EEPCo is the implementing agency under the Ministry of Mines and Energy.
1.2 Background and General
Endowed with abundant water resources, Ethiopia is said to have a potential to generate a maximum of 30,000 MW of hydro electric power. Nevertheless, the percentage of the population with connection to electricity is yet extremely low. The low level of access to electricity is a major barrier to economic development and to the provision of social services in rural and urban areas.
EEPCo uses two systems of power generation, i.e., interconnected system (ICS) and self contained system (SCS). The ICS consists of eight hydro powers, one geothermal and 15 diesel power plants with capacity of 662.6, 7.3, and 172.3 MW, respectively. Recently two hydro power projects, Tekeze and Gilgel Gibe II, with installed capacity of 720 MW, have been finalized, increasing the generation capacity by more than 80 percent.
The SCS consists of three small hydropowers and many isolated diesel plants located throughout the country with a capacity of 6.15 MW and 30.6 MW, respectively. 89% of the generated energy comes from ICS while the remaining 11% from SCS.
There are a total of 107 substations in the system, of which 11 are a 230 kV, 45 are at 132 kV, and 26 are at 66 kV and 23 stations at 45 kV level.
The major load centers are in and around Addis Ababa, Nazareth, Dire Dawa, Harar and Bahir Dar.
Concerning the power distribution in both the ICS and SCS, the primary voltage is 15 kV, and stepped down to utilization voltage of 380/220 V. Total length of the distribution line in both ICS and SCS is 77,640.52 km.
Number of electrified towns and villages in 2008/09 has reached 3,367, i.e., 33% of the total population has access to electricity. However, this figure is based on the population living in the electrified area and the number of the population who is actually using electricity is much less.
1.3 Objective of the ESMF
The overall objective of producing the ESMF is to depict the general procedures and methodologies as a framework for the environmental and social impact consideration and management of the Project components to be financed under the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project.
The specific objectives of this framework are to:
1. Identify generic potentially adverse environmental and social impacts and risks that may be encountered in the Project intervention
2. Indicate the possible measures to avoid or minimize the predicted adverse impacts in the project areas. Show the Client the types of interventions required (in general) so that the former can work towards capacity building to cope up with the upcoming work load
3. Develop an environmental monitoring plan under the project to ensure that the proposed environmental and social issues will be managed effectively.
1.4 Project Components
The Energy Access Project would have four major Components:
1. Urban Distribution Rehabilitation (seven cities)
2. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)
3. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns
4. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
i) The first project component, the Urban Distribution Rehabilitation, focuses on rehabilitating seven major cities of the country with the following major interventions:
• Replacement of existing wooden poles with concrete poles,
• Replacement of existing bare conductors with area bundled cable (ABC) insulated conductors,
• Replacement of existing bare overhead conductor system with underground insulated wire, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE).
ii) Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation aims at rehabilitating and upgrading of existing 19 Substations to enhance reliability of the distribution system and the capacity of the substations to new connections.
iii) The purpose of the Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns is to increase the level of electricity penetration to more households in already connected towns. The main works in this project will be connecting customers from existing distribution system. Medium and low voltage distribution line construction will also be the other major intervention.
iv) The purpose of the Drilling of the Four Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano is to increase the capacity of the geothermal plant with the following major activities:
• Drilling 2,500 m deep wells using circulating water,
• Maintenance of existing access road (about 14 km), and
• Drill well site preparation (near existing wells, an area of 170m X 75m)
1.5 Scope of Project and the Assessment
The main objective of the Urban Distribution Rehabilitation is to increase the reliability of electric supply by rehabilitating the distribution system. The project component involves replacement of wooden poles, bare conductors and construction of underground cable in major towns of the country.
The Urban Distribution Rehabilitation line route follows existing road networks, with the poles typically erected to avoid unstable soils and allow for future road improvement and maintenance. The routing can be easily adjusted to avoid problem areas.
Substations will be rehabilitated and upgraded for reliable power supply and to increase the capacity for new connections. Under this project component, 19 substations in the country will be rehabilitated and upgraded.
Upgrading and Rehabilitation of Substations will be carried out on existing substations and new substations are not anticipated.
EEPCo recognizes the importance of diversifying energy sources to ensure stable energy supply. The priority of geothermal energy development is second to hydropower. Drilling of deep wells will take place within the existing Aluto Langano geothermal power plant.
Because of extremely little CO2 discharges and total reinjection to the underground of the high temperature water, geothermal as a renewable energy source is very friendly to the environment in comparison with fossil fuel energy sources such as diesel power. In addition, economic benefit can be obtained by the reduction of the need to import fossil fuels. Furthermore, electricity supply to the central part of Ethiopia can also be expected by connecting the power transmission line to Addis Ababa. These effects can lead to the improvement of the infrastructure related to agriculture, commerce and the activation of the regional economy.
The environmental and social assessment will take into consideration all project intervention zones pertaining to different project sites. The consideration of the assessment would be based on a sampling in relation to geographic location and agro climatic zone of the individual projects and substations. The EEPCo line crews are based in the cities and towns and casual labor is recruited from the cities following discussions with local communities.
This ESMF Study provides a framework of environmental and social considerations while implementing the intended projects.
1.6 Environmental and Social Planning
Environmental and social planning is the process of identifying and considering environmental factors that impact on, or are impacted by, the planned activities, in this case, the Project proposed to provide urban distribution rehabilitation, upgrading and rehabilitating existing substations, intensification of connection in urban and rural towns and increasing capacity to existing geothermal power plant. A comprehensive and an overall environmental and social planning may generally follow the procedure given in Figure 1.1.
Establishing a planning team
Developing an environmental vision for the future
Defining the environmental & social need of the community to be served
Identifying feasible solutions (for the expected environmental & social problems)
Setting priorities for action (with schedule)
Implementation of the plan
Figure 1.1 A Comprehensive Environmental and Social Planning
Energy Access Project in collaboration with the Environmental and Social Experts of Power System Planning (PSP) of EEPCo will be responsible to handle the environmental and social issues and fully involve mitigating the adverse impacts that may occur in the different phases of the proposed projects.
Environmental and Social Experts of Power System Planning’s role in general, is to regularly monitor the project areas and help mitigate the environmental and social impacts properly and on time.
The environmental and social needs of the community to benefit from the Project should also be considered. In other words, the environment from which the communities derive their means of livelihood should not be destructed or damaged as a result of implementing the Project. Areas of social and economic interest of the community should also be protected. Therefore, to achieve the needs of the community, the EEPCo, the Designers and Contractors should closely work with the impacted community at different stages of the Project.
If unavoidable environmental impacts result from the Project, the team will find apply the ESMF guidelines to minimize the effects. The solutions or mitigation measures may vary from simple to complex interventions depending on the problems that may arise during implementation and operation phases.
After identifying the possible solutions to the environmental and social problems, the next step may be to prioritize these solutions on activity breakdown and temporal basis (in the form of schedule).
The final step is to undertake the proposed and prioritized activities.
At all stages, the planning made by the team should be reviewed by Energy Access Project and the Power System Planning before proceeding to the next stage. Then, the Energy Access Project submits the finalized version of the planning of the Project to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the EEPCo and the Project would be implemented after the approval by the CEO.
In general, all the planning processes should be based on public consultation and participation for the sustainability of the project.
2. Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks
2.1. National Environmental Requirements
It has become a customary practice that the effects of development projects on the environment should be assessed in order to ensure that projects, as much as possible, must be friendly to the environment. This initiative in turn will contribute to sustainable development in general and poverty reduction in particular.
To this effect, therefore, governments, donor agencies and other non - government entities have developed laws, policies, regulations and guidelines to enable proponents, competent agencies and other stakeholders to play their parts successfully.
The following sections present the existing legal and institutional framework from the Ethiopian government and the World Bank perspectives.
2.1.1. National Legal Requirements
Although there were sporadic efforts towards environmental protection the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) can testify the fact that a legal foundation has begun to be laid especially since 1995.
The Constitution
The current Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was issued in 1995 through a proclamation No. 1/1995. The Constitution has an exclusive article on the environment and therefore states in its Article 44 Sub Article 1 that:
“All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.”
Furthermore, concerning compensation to project affected people (PAPs), Sub Article 2 provides that:
“All persons who have been adversely affected or whose
rights have been adversely affected as a result of state
programs have the right to commensurate monetary
or alternative means of compensation, including relocation
with adequate state assistance. “
On the other hand, regarding public consultation and participation, in Article 92 Sub Article 3, it is stated that:
“People have the right to full consultation and to the
expression of views in the planning and implementation of
environmental policies or projects that affect them directly.”
In general, the Constitution is the primary regulation on which the other proclamations and regulations have been based.
Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
The primary objective of Proclamation No. 299/2002 is to make EIA a mandatory undertaking for specified categories of activities to be carried out by the public or private sector and to define the extension of EIA to policies, plans and programs level, in addition to individual projects.
2.1.2. National Legislation on Expropriation of Land and Compensation
The Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No 455/2005) was issued in accordance with Article 55 (1) of the Constitution. The Proclamation established detail procedures setting the time limits within which land could be acquired after a request is received from proponent and principles of compensation. The Proclamation also states that the power of valuation of property shall be carried out by a committee to be established.
2.1.3 Research and conservation of Ethiopian Cultural heritage
The Constitution of the FDRE Article 51/3 declares the federal government “shall establish and implement national standards and basic policy criteria for public health, education, science and technology, as well as for the protection and preservation of cultural and historical heritage.
Based on this, the Council of Ministers of FDRE endorsed the Cultural Policy of Ethiopia in October 1997 and issued the Research and Conservation of Cultural heritage Proclamation NO. 209/2000
Based on the proclamation the Authority for Research and Conservation of Ethiopian Cultural heritage (ARCCH) was established under Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
Protection and conservation of cultural heritage from manmade and natural hazards is one of the goals of the Authority.
Article 42 of the proclamation states under “reserved area” that the Authority has the power of issuing building permission for any work to be carried out in an area declared reserve by the Council of Ministers. There is an article which states that the removal of any cultural ruins is to be carried out under strict supervision of ARCCH.
2.1.4 Ethiopia’s Environmental Policy
The policy was issued (through the approval by the Council of Ministers) in 1997 mainly based on the environmental concerns stipulated in the Constitution. The Policy has based itself on several guiding principles in order to ensure the consistency and sustainability of the subsequent policies and strategies for the formulation and implementation of programs.
2.1.5 National EIA Procedural Guidelines
The EPA, 2003, EIA Guidelines are based on the Constitution, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, the Proclamations on EIA, Pollution Control and Establishment of EPA and other Environmental Organs in the country.
The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA in the country and the requirements for environmental management.
The EPA EA Procedural Guideline mainly aims particularly at:
• ensuring the implementation of the EPE and compliance of EA related legal and technical requirements,
• providing a consistent and good practice approach to EA administration in Ethiopia,
• assisting proponents and consultants in carrying out their environmental assessment related tasks,
• assisting Interested and Affected Parties, especially communities in realizing their environmental rights and roles,
• assisting Environmental Protection Organs, Competent and Licensing agencies in discharging their roles and responsibilities, and
• Establishing partnership and networking among and between key stakeholders in EA administration.
2.1.6 EEPCo’s Environmental Guidelines for the Power Sector
On the basis of the Constitution as well as the Environmental Policy, and based on the peculiar functional and operational characteristics of the EEPCo produced an Environmental Guidelines that is currently serving the Environmental and Social experts of EEPCO for its day-to-day environmental activities.
2.1.7 Institutional Framework
Federal and Regional Environmental Organs
In order to implement the legal requirements at different hierarchy, it was found mandatory that institutional arrangement should be made.
To this effect, the establishment of the Environmentally Protection Authority - EPA - was realized with Proclamation No. 9/1995. Later, the re - establishment of the Federal EPA, along with the Regional Bureaus, was made through Proclamation No. 295 / 2002 to “… ensure that all matters pertaining to the country’s social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainably protect, develop and utilize the resource bases on which they depend for survival”.
The EPA and the Regional environmental organs, inter alia, have the following major duties and responsibilities.
a) To prepare environmental protection policy and laws; and upon approval follow up their implementation.
b) To prepare directives and systems necessary for evaluating the impact of social and economic development projects on the environment ; monitor and supervise their implementation ; and
c) To prepare standards that help in the protection of soil, water and air as well as the biological systems they support, and follow up their implementation.
Sectoral Environmental Organs
Following the establishment of the Federal EPA and the Regional Environmental Protection Bureaus, establishment of environmental units within Sectoral Ministries was proposed as a positive and proactive measure to consider environmental protection while appraising and implementing projects. That is, mainstreaming environmental protection through undertaking the Correspondent environmental management activities at different stages of the project cycle. The Sectoral environmental monitoring units have a direct functional relationship with the EPA.
Ministry of Mines and Energy (MoME)
Ministry of Mines and Energy is one of the sectoral Ministries that has established Environmental Unit to manage environmental and social matters. Based on the delegation from EPA, the Ministry reviews ESIA documents, provides approval and monitors the performance of the development project.
EEPCo’s Power System Planning /PSP/
Power System Planning of EEPCo comprises environmentalists and sociologists to address environmental and social issues that may arise due to its operation.
The following are the major duties and responsibilities of the Environmental and Social experts of Power System Planning within the functional or operational framework of the EEPCo:
• Responsible to carry out Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Screening in the preliminary design phase. The experts are not expected to conduct a full EIA study, because the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) demands EIA studies to be performed by an independent consultant.
• Prepares TOR to conduct a full EIA study. Power System Planning is taking full responsibilities to short list Environmental Consultants, prepare RFP or tender documents and evaluate the technical and financial proposals of the short listed firms
• The Environmental and Social experts of EEPCo are responsible to monitor the environmental and socio-economic activities in different power project areas, to make sure that contractors are complying according to the technical specification stated in the contract agreement.
• The Environmental and Social experts of EEPCo may also conduct the monitoring of resettlement activities either independently or in company with the government and non-government stakeholders on regular basis.
• Monitoring of forest clearing operation is preferably to be conducted jointly with the government stakeholders
• Review of documents related to environmental and social management undertakings by consultants
• Power System Planning represents EEPCo in all the matters that are related to the Environmental study of a project.
The functional locations of the Energy Access Project and the Power System Planning are shown in the Figure below:
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Organizational Structure of EEPCo’s Energy Access Project and Power System Planning /PSP/
Adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the EEPCo’s project operations will be jointly monitored by the EEPCo’s, Power System Planning and the project office. The Power System Planning and the project office are responsible for the monitoring of adverse environmental and social impacts and coordinate the preparation and implementation of the EIAs, EMPs, and the RAPs where it is deemed necessary.
2.2 The World Bank’s Requirements
According to the World Bank project screening criteria, the Energy Access Project is categorized as “Category B Project”. That is, more limited environmental analysis is appropriate, as the project may have specific environmental impacts.
The World Bank provides guidance on requirements in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, which includes the most recent versions of the World Bank Operational Policies as well as the updates. The World Bank has ten “Safeguard Policies” whose primary objective is to ensure that Bank operations do not cause adverse impacts. The ten safeguard policies are grouped into Environment & Social Policies.
Of these ten safeguard policies, three are not applicable as they relate to international law on waters and disputed areas, and the safety of dams. The following safeguard policies have been considered in this study.
2.2.1 The Bank’s Safeguard Policies
The following are the World Bank Safeguard Policies that are pertinent to the Program under consideration.
2.2.2 OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
The core requirement of this Policy is that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts and select appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts.
Environmental Assessment (EA) ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process, and ensures that the views of PAPs and local NGOs are incorporated as early as possible for Category A and B projects.
It is worth noting that OP 4.01 applies to all components of a project with financing from the World Bank, including co-financed components by the Borrower or by other funding agencies.
2.2.3 OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
Protection of cultural, historical archeological sites as stated in OP/BP 4.11. The policy requires the project avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources.
The Policy bases itself on investigating and inventorying any chance finds and cultural resources potentially affected. It includes mitigation measures when there are adverse impacts on physical cultural resources.
The Borrower assesses the project’s potential impacts on physical cultural resources as an integral component of the Environmental Assessment (EA). The process steps for the physical cultural resources component of the EA are the same for Category A and B projects.
The physical cultural resources component of the EA provides for (a) an assessment of physical cultural resources likely to be affected by the project, (b) documentation of the characteristics and significance of the these resources, and (c) an assessment of the nature and extent of potential direct and indirect impacts on these resources.
Where the EA predicts adverse impacts on physical cultural resources, the cultural resources component of the EA includes a management plan which includes: (a) actions to mitigate adverse impacts, (b) provisions for the treatment of physical cultural resources discovered during project implementation and operation (hereafter referred to as “chance finds”), (c) any necessary measures for strengthening institutional capacity to implement the management plan, and (d) a monitoring system to track progress of these activities.
The management of cultural property should be undertaken in conjunction with consulting the appropriate agencies including NGOs and academic institutions.
The Bank avoids projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.
2.2.4 OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs.
Assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them.
Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement.
Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.
The policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; and (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location.
The impetus of this Policy is that development projects should not cause the impoverishment of the people who are within the area of influence of the projects. In cases where resettlement of people is inevitable, proper resettlement action plan should be undertaken to at least restore or improve, as stated above, their standard of life prior to the projects.
Concerning public consultation, resettlers as well as the host communities should be consulted for the successful implementation of the resettlement process. The views of the consulted resettlers and the host communities should be incorporated into the resettlement action plan (RAP) including the list of their choices.
2.2.5 Forestry (OP/BP 4.36)
The Policy envisages the protection of forests through consideration of forest-related impact of all investment operations, ensuring restrictions for operations affecting critical forest conservation areas, and improving commercial forest practice through use of modern certification systems.
In the process of forest conservation interventions, especially the local people, the private sector and other pertinent stakeholders should be consulted.
In general, the Policy aims at reducing deforestation and enhancing the environmental and social contribution of forested areas. Experience with the Bank reveals that the Bank does not support commercial logging in primary tropical moist forest.
2.2.6 OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways
This safeguard policy requires to ascertain whether riparian agreements are in place and ensure that riparian states are informed of and do not object to project interventions.
2.2.7 Bank’s Policy on Disclosure
It is a requirement of the Bank that the peoples residing in the project areas have the
Right to be informed of the proposed development project(s) in their respective areas. Therefore, prior to project appraisal, the summary of the study of projects along with other relevant information should be disclosed at the Bank’s as well as project area (local) level.
The Disclosure Policy requires that Category B Environmental Assessment reports should be self-standing documents, and thus disclosure is a pre-requisite for appraisal of the project.
3. Description of the Proposed Project
1 Project Description
The project components under the additional financing for the Energy Access Project are:
1. Urban Distribution Rehabilitation (seven cities)
2. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)
3. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural towns
4. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
3.1.1. Urban Distribution Rehabilitation (seven cities)
The main objective of the Urban Distribution Rehabilitation is to rehabilitate and expand the distribution network in the target seven cities to ensure safe system operation and enable connection of new customers.
The Urban Distribution Rehabilitation covers seven major cities namely: Adama (Nazareth), DireDawa, Bahir Dar, Jima, Dessie, Awassa and Mekele.
The revised Urban Distribution Rehabilitation Design Report (April 2008) prepared by EEPCO identified the following major works:
I. Concrete pole foundation civil works and pole erection
II. Line stringing
III. Underground 15 kV cable constructions
IV. Switching Station erection
V. Transformers and Compact substation installation
VI. Replacement bare low voltage conductors with insulated conductors (area bundled conductors)
VII. Replacement of existing medium voltage conductors with insulated wire (XLPE)
The ESIA study of Urban Distribution Rehabilitation has indicated that significant environmental and social impacts are not expected because the rehabilitation activities will all take place within the existing distribution system.
The Urban Distribution Rehabilitation focuses on rehabilitating existing distribution systems of seven major cities with the following interventions:
• Replacement of 5,000 wooden poles by concrete poles (low voltage),
• Replacement of 4,000 wooden poles by concrete poles (medium voltage),
• Replacement of 260 km medium voltage overhead lines,
• Replacement of 160 km low voltage overhead lines,
• Laying 100 km underground cable,
• Installation of 150 pole mounted transformers (50kVA-315kVA),
• Installation of 30 compact substations (500kVA-630kVA).
The Purpose of the Urban Distribution Rehabilitation is:
• Enhance reliable power supply,
• Reduction of voltage drop and power loss,
• Supply of electricity to new customers, and
• Enhance aesthetics of the cities (by replacing old wooden poles with new concrete poles and installation of underground cable)
The concrete poles to be used are normally about 8-12 meters high. This type of transmission normally follows the road network except for bends and a curve where it is more economical to make shortcut if that is technically feasible.
Causal labor will be recruited from the construction area thus providing employment opportunity to the local communities. No camp or other temporary facilities are required.
The main structural intervention is the erection of concrete poles. However, the flexibility in the positioning of distribution poles and the relatively low costs of changing line direction mean that the alignment can be modified to avoid displacing any households, hence avoiding any land acquisition or resettlement of households. However, crop damage may occur during construction and a compensation plan will be prepared.
2. Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations)
The Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation focuses on upgrading and rehabilitating existing 19 substations in different parts of the country.
The Names of the Substations are indicated below.
1. Kaliti I 230/132/45/15 kV substation
2. Sebeta I 230/132//45/15 kV Substation
3. Gefersa 230/132/66/45/15 kV Substation
4. Cottobe 132/45/33/15 kV Substation
5. Wereghenu 132/15 kV Substation
6. Kaliti II 132/15 kV Substation
7. Kaliti North 132/15 kV Substation
8. Addis North Substation –Construction of new 15 kV bays
9. Arba Minch Substation - Construction of new 15 kV bays
10. Debre Markos 230/66/15 kV Substation
11. Adwa 132/15 kV Substation
12. Maychew Substation
13. Awassa 132/15 kV Substation
14. Nefas Silk 132/15 kV GIS Substation
15. Addis West 132/15 kV GIS Substatiion
16. Dabat 66/15 kV Substation
17. Dire Dawa I 132/15 kV; 2 x 31.5 MVA Transformers
18. Dessie 132/66/15 kV; 2 x 25 MVA Transformers
19. Alamata Substation- Upgrading
Substation Upgrading and Rehabilitation works will be carried out on existing substations and hence negative environmental and social impacts are not anticipated in this project component.
3. Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns
The purpose of the third project component, Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns, is to increase electricity penetration to more households. The main works in this component is connecting new customers from the existing distribution line. In addition to this construction of medium and low voltage distribution lines will be the other main component of the project. However, this project component is not expected to induce significant environmental and social impacts since connections will be made from the existing low voltage line. Where medium and low voltage lines construction required the construction will take place on existing road structure thus environmental and social impacts considered as minimum.
4. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
The purpose of the drilling of four deep geothermal wells at Aluto Langano is to increase the capacity of the geothermal power plant. Four deep wells will be excavated in this project component with the following main activities.
• Drill well site preparation (near existing wells, an area of 170m X 75m),
• Drilling 2,500 m deep wells using circulating water, and
• Maintenance of existing access road (about 14 km).
The exploration of geothermal resource will be near the Aluto Langano Geothermal Pilot Power Plant area, which is located within the central-southern part of the main Ethiopian Rift with an impermeable pre-Cambrian basement rock of metamorphic and granitic nature. The Precambrian rocks of the Aluto volcanic complex are however affected by active axial and transverse faults and fractures. These rocks exhibit several surface manifestations including fumaroles, ground water, hot and warm springs, and altered grounds.
The total of rock cuttings to be disposed from the four wells is 150 m3. The rock cuttings will be dumped in an excavated area (50 m X 25 m X 2 m depth). The area is prepared particularly for dumping the rock cuttings. This is likely to have negative impact on the landscape scenery.
Aluto Langano Geothermal Power Plant is located at 200 km south of Addis Ababa and started to operate in 1998. Two generation units supply 7.3 MW in total, about 3.5 each. The Aluto Langano pilot plant was out of operation up to February 2009. The major reason is assumed to be maintenance.
The four deep geothermal wells intended to produce 35 MW electric power adding the generation capacity of the country. The energy mix is also necessary since most of the country’s power generation (about 89%) depends on hydropower.
Photo Set-
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One of the Switching Stations Installed By the Distribution
Rehabilitation Project in Addis Ababa City
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Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells proposed site at Aluto Langano
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Existing typical low voltage distribution line
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Concrete Pole erected in one of the future resident areas of Addis Ababa city by
First phase of Distribution Rehabilitation Project
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Concrete pole erected in one of the resident areas of Addis Ababa
City by first phase Distribution Rehabilitation Project
4. Description of Baseline Environmental Conditions
The baseline environmental condition is described hereunder on the basis of the fact that the locations of each of the subprojects are distributed in the whole country. Therefore, the approach followed in this case is that, since these locations could be anywhere, it is better to describe the environmental situations of the Regions that totally form the bulk of the country. That is, the environmental descriptions do not refer to specific project sites.
The country is composed of nine regional states and two Metropolitan City Administrations under the Federal Administration. The following description of the environmental baseline situation deals with that of these Regional Administrations.
4.1 The Afar Regional State
Afar region lies in the arid and semi arid climatic zone within the Great Rift Valley of East Africa. It lies in the geographic location between 8o49’ and 14o30’ N latitude and 39o34’ to 42o28’ east longitude. The land area of Afar Region is about 94,817 km2, and is divided into five Zones with 28 district administrative structures.
4.1.1 Bio – Physical Environment
Topography
The topography of the Afar region varies from hilly escarpment in the western and southern edges with an altitude of 1000 – 1500 masl to lowland plain land areas in the north east and south east. The altitude of the lowlands fall on average between 0 – 1000 masl, while there are some areas below sea level. Over 95% of the Afar Region lies in the altitude range below 1000 masl. About 8% of the total land area lies below sea level. This region is also known for its lowest altitudinal location (depression) in the world, having depths as low as 116 meters below sea level (mbsl) in the Danakil depression in the northern part of the region.
Climate
The region is one of the areas having high temperature and low rainfall. Temperature in the region ranges from a mean maximum temperature of 42.5oC in the area of Dubti Woreda and mean minimum temperature of 17.8oC in the high altitude zone at Gewane. The area has moisture index of less than 0.25 and receives mean annual rainfall of 200 mm.
Sever dry season occurs in May and June at regional level. This season has the hottest temperature. The main rainy season occurs between July and September, while short rain stays between March and April. Rainfall ranges from 500mm on the western edges of the regional state to 200 mm in the lava plains to the eastern part of the region.
Geology and Soils
According to geological map of Ethiopia (1996), the geological formation of the area includes:
• Affar series; mildly alkaline basalt with subordinate alkaline and pre-alkaline silicics (rhyolitic dome and flows and ignibrites)
• Basalt flows, spatter cones and hyaloclastites, ( a)Transitional type between alkaline and tholeitic. b) alkaline olivine basalt.
• Undifferentiated alluvial, lacustrine and beach sediments
• Alkali granite and syenite
• Rhyohitic Volcanic centers, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignibrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic flows (alkaline and peralkaline composition)
• Alluvial and lacustrine deposites: Sand silt clay diatomite, limestone and beach sand.
The region is divided into three geomorphologic units. These are the escarpment areas, the escarpment foot area and the plain areas. The main geologic unit of the Afar region includes volcanic rocks of the Afar Group and sedimentary of the quaternary age. Outcrops of the Afar group which are dominantly basaltic, are found exposed in many areas of the region. Sand, silt, clay and reef limestone of Holocene age cover lager part of the region.
The major soils of the region in general include:
• Fluvisols, which are fertile and easy to work with( this soil type is found along the river courses) ,
• Leptosols ( found along plateau margins and steeper slops) that have rocky characteristics,
• Eutric Regosols (found on gentle /undulating/ rolling , moderate to high relief hills)
• Eutric Cambisols and Vertic Cambisols
• Solonchaks which are typical soils that develop in arid climatic conditions and most plants can not grow on them.
The soils of the region have limited fertility value. The fertile soils of the region include fluvisols found adjacent to major stream courses.
Vegetation Cover and Wildlife
The vegetation cover of Afar in general is sparse and the area is prone to desertification. Over 70% of the land area in Afar region is bare land. The main vegetation types in the region include.
• Juniperous olea forest rising to less than 7m in height
• Riparian Woodlands/ forest, species constituting varieties of acacia trees,
• Shrub land; predominantly acacia species
• Bushland; the dominant species include Accacia and Balanites species.
Wildlife resource of the region is rich. Wildlife of the area are those that are most adaptive creatures to the arid and semi arid lands of the region.
The region has two national parks; the Yangudi Rassa National Parks covering about 4731km2 and the Awash National Park in part (756k m2). In addition, Wast Shewa, Gewane and Mille-Serdo wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserves, and the Afdem- Gewane Controlled Hunting areas are found in the Region.
There are number of wildlife species in these parks including lion, Swain’s Hartebeest.
The most endangered mammals in the area are Beira Antelope, Dorcas Gazelle and speck’s Gazelle.
There are two major Bird Sanctuaries in the Region; namely, Abe Lake and Aliyu Amba-Dulecha Sanctuaries.
Land use / Land cover
The major portion of the land in the region is bare land followed by shrubland. The regional land use and land cover is described as in table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Land use / Land cover of Afar Region,( 1998/1999)
| | |Land area (hectare) |% of total area |
|No |Description | | |
|1 |Cultivated Land |205,520 |2.23 |
|2 |Riparian woodland |145,000 |1.58 |
|3 |Bush land |124,367 |1.35 |
|4 |Shrub land |1,257,603 |13.68 |
|5 |Grassland |725,062 |7.88 |
|6 |Wetland /seasonal swamp or marsh |232,889 |2.54 |
|7 |Bare land |6,444, 559 |70.09 |
|8 |Water body |61,000 |0.66 |
| |Total |9,196, 000 |100 |
Source: Afar regional state, Regional Conservation Strategy, Regional BOFED, Ayssaita, November, 1999.
Water resources
There are number of rivers in the region including; Awash, Kessem, Kebena, Awura, Gulina, Dawie, Burkena, Telalk, Woama, Alaa and other streams.
The other major water source of the region is Lake Water source. There are twelve relatively large lakes and five ponds in the region. Two of the largest lakes Afdera Lake and Abe Lake are found in zone 1 and 2 of the Region.
Groundwater is also the major source for potable water supply in the region.
Energy Resources
The energy consumption of the regional population is dominated by fuel wood. However, the Region has high energy resource potential, including geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower energy, wind energy and agricultural residues and dung.
4.1.2 Population, Religion and Ethnic Group
The population of Afar region was estimated at 1,411,092 in year 2008, with 786,338 male and 624,754 female. The majority of the population (92%) is rural inhabitant, and the remaining 8% is urban. The regional population growth rate is estimated at 4.11% in the urban areas, and 2.23% in the rural.
The age distribution of the population of the Region is:
▪ 46.1% is between 0 - 15years of age
▪ 52.1% is between 15 to 64 yeas of age,
▪ While population above age of 64 yeas is only 1.8%.
The dominant ethnic groups of the regional state include Afar, Assayita, Amahara, Tigre and others.
The major religious group in the area is Islam, while traditional beliefs, Christianity and others are also found in the Region.
The dominant occupation in the Region is pastoralism. Over 90% of the population is pastoralist community. Afar Region is one of the pastoral areas in Ethiopia, where extensive herding is practiced.
4.1.3 Social Services and Infrastructure
The level of social service facilities and infrastructure in the area is very low.
Electric Power
Electric power service is available in the 17 towns of the region. Five of the towns get their electric power from hydro power, while the remaining 12 towns get from diesel generators.
Transport facility
The major transportation for the rural community is using pack animal. The road infrastructure is limited in its coverage. There are 605 km asphalt road including the Addis Ababa – Djibouti high way, 592km RR50 standard all weather road and 793km RR30 roads in the region.
Education
The level of education in the region is very poor. According to the 1994 Census data, 93% of the population was illiterate. The majority of the literates are urban population (54%) and the rural were only 3%. In 2003 the primary and secondary school enrolment rate was 14.08%, and 2.7% respectively.
Health and Situation
Communicable diseases and malnutrition are major heath problems in the region. The climate and the topography of the area create favorable situations for the growth of disease vectors like mosquitoes, flies and snails.
Malaria, tuberculosis, Pneumonia, upper respiratory diseases diarrhea and gardiasis are among the most prevalent diseases in the region. Malnutrition is also significant.
Health service coverage in 2003 was 36%. In addition to facilities for the public health, there are also 16 veterinary clinics in the region. The animal health care coverage in the region was 10% in the year 2004.
Water supply
The need for potable water supply in such arid climate like Afar region is very high and this is not overemphasized. Though Afar is endowed with water resource potential, the water supply coverage is low. The potable water supply coverage in 2004 was 17% for the Region.
Groundwater is the major water supply source in the Region. The available water supply from deep wells and boreholes are limited both in coverage and capacity. Over 50% of the available facilities are out of service, in the year 2004.
4.1.4 Cultural Heritage and Tourism
Afar region is rich in cultural assets. The archeological findings from the Region have revealed that it is one of the cradles of mankind. The hominid relic of the world renown, “Lucy”, was found in Hadar area of the Region. This site is considered as an attraction area for scientific research to decipher or figure out man’s origin. The research sites such as Hadar and the middle Awash, that consist of fossil and handicraft remains of human ancestors, are attractive destinations for tourists all over the world.
There are potential for tourist attraction in the area, including pale anthropologic and wildlife resources as well as the Afar traditional way of life. Ertele and the Afar depression are sites of scientific research both of natural science as well as human civilization.
The Yangudirasa National park, the Awash National park host number of wildlife species for tourism and biodiversity conservation.
The economic benefits from such tourism also termed as ‘paleotourism” has not yet developed. But it could be known that eleven new sites have been identified to be considered for research and eventually for “paleotourism’.
There is a tradition of well-organized social control system in the Afar community. These include the ‘Afar- Mada’ (traditional authority vested up on the elders and customary law) and the ‘finaa’ (institution serving as a sanction executing unit) and other fossils and live traditional practices constitute the cultural heritage of the Afar people.
4.2 Tigray Regional State
4.2.1 Bio-Physical Environment
Topography
Topography of the Tigray Region is mainly the extension of the central highland and associated western lowlands, and is divided in to two major blocks; the eastern block comprises of highlands while the western block is predominantly lowland.
Altitudes range from 500 meters up to 3,900 meters above sea level. It is situated between 12015 'N and 14057'N latitude and between 36059'E and 40oE longitude with an estimated area of 53,638 km2. The Regional Administration is divided into four zones.
Climate
Tigray Region falls with in 6-ecological zones (desert, kola, woina dega, dega and wurch) Part of the Tigray regional state, i.e. the eastern and southern zones, where Mekele is situated receive peak rain in April and August, where as the western and central part receive single maximum rainfall between June/July to August/September and for the north western part the wet period runs from April/ May to October/November. The mean annual rainfall for the region ranges from 600mm in the northeastern part to 1600mm in the western part of Welkait Woreda.
Temperature ranges between 16oC – 20oC in the highland eastern and central part while it is 38oC to 40oC in the lowlands of the western zones.
Geology and soil type
The Geology of Tigray comprises low-grade Metamorphic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Tertiary volcanic, quaternary deposit and acidic to basic/ ultra basic intrusions.
Major soil types of the region identified in a study conducted in 1976 is quoted by the Bureau of Planning and Economic Development (Report of 1998) as: orthic Acrisels, chromic and Eutric cambisols, Humic cambisols, Vertic cambisols and Vertic luvisols, Eurthic fluvisols, dystric nitosols, Eutric Nitosols, Euric rogosols, Haplic Xerosols, Cambic Arenosols, and chromic Andisols.
Water Resources
There are three major river basins in the Tigray Region; Tekeze basin, Mereb basin, Afar basin and Angereb valley. The current Program may fall mainly in the Tekeze basin and partly in Mereb basin. Some of the surface water sources comprise Tekeze River, Sure River, Mai Tell River and Mai Hitsatsa River. Groundwater source is abundant and is the major water supply source in the area.
Vegetation and wildlife
Due to human interference and early settlements in this part of the country, the major vegetation has been destroyed. Currently the dominant ones are woodland and savannah, junipers woodlands, acacia woodland and savanna. Accordingly, the vegetation cover of the region is divided into forest, woodland savanna and grassland regions.
The plant species include Acacia trees mixed with savanna, juniperus trees mixed with savanna, and mixed deciduous woodland.
The vegetation cover of the north – western zone of the region comprises of grazing grass land, scattered bush and scrub covered and dense forest covered land. There are protected forest areas in the Tahitay Adiabo and Atsgede Tsimbela woredas of western zone. This includes Maikohni forest area, Aditsetser ,Adi ascere areas and Enda Tanki protected site.
The region has varied wild life species including Hyena, Tiger, Monkey and fox,
4.2.2 Population, Ethnicity and Religious Groups
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of Tigray Administrative Region was 2,333,282 with an annual growth rate of 3% in urban areas.
Out of the total population of the region, 84.6% live in the rural area while only the remaining 15.4%live in the urban dwellings. Mekele is among the 7 towns with detailed master plan out of the 38 towns in the Region.
There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Region. Tigre being the major ethnic group, there are also Kunama, Saho, Agew, Argoba and others in smaller proportions.
The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity and Islam.
4.2.3 Cultural and Historical Heritage
Tigray has rich cultural and historical resources and high potential for the tourism industry. In Tigray Region, we find the colossal obelisks, rock-hewn churches, ruined temples, palaces, mosques, church paintings, stone inscription and manuscripts are some of the ancient Ethiopian properties that have tourist attraction values. The Axum Obelisks, the rock-hewn churches are the major tourist attractions of the Region.
4.3 Amhara Regional State
4.3.1 Bio – Physical Environment
Topography and climate
The Amhara Regional Administration has diverse topographic features, with rugged mountains, extensive plateau and scattered plain separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs. The elevation varies from 600 masl at Metema up to 4620 masl at Ras Dashen.
The Amhara Regional State is located between 90 N and 130 45' North latitude and 360 to 40030' East longitude. It is bounded by Tigray in the north, Oromia in the south, Benishangul Gumuz in the west and Afar region in the east. The Regional State is divided into ten Zonal administrations and has a land area of about 161,828 km2 (15% of the land area of Ethiopia).
Climate
The climatic condition of the Region is divided into temperate (Dega), subtropical (Woina Dege) and arid (Kolla) agro-climatic zones. Mean annual rainfall of the Region varies from 700mm to over 2000mm in the Region and the temperature range is between 10 0C and 26 0C. There are two rainy seasons, while short rain occurs during March, May, and April, heavy rain is during June, July and August.
Geology and Soils
The Precambrian rocks, Cenozoic rocks and Mesozoic Rocks cover most part of the Amahara Region.
The soil of the region includes Arthic Acrisds, cambisols, Rendizinas, phaeozems, Lithisols, Aluvisds, & vertislols.
Soil erosion is the major environmental degradation problem in the Region due to lack of vegetation cover and rugged topography. Soil in the Region has high erodibility compared to other parts of the country. According to a study conducted in 1984 E.C, the quantity of soil loss in Amhara Region was estimated at 1.1 billion tones per year. This accounts for 58% of the total annual soil loss of the country in general.
Water Resources
There is an abundant water resource in the Region. The major water resource bases being the Abay River basin, Tekeze River basin and Awash River basins. There are also several lakes like Lake Tana, Lake Zengena and Haik. Ground water resource is abundant and it is the major water supply source in the region.
Vegetation & Wildlife
The natural forest in the Region is heavily depleted and degraded by intensive human interference, mainly for agricultural purpose and for energy (firewood) production. Currently less than 10% of the total estimated forest area is considered to be natural forest in the Region. The rest are scattered wood lots (planted by individual farmers on different land use types) and plantation forests (those that have been planted for different purposes).
Indigenous tree/shrub in the area include olea, africana, Juniperous procera, podocarpus falcatus, Acacia species, Hygenia abyssinica, ximenia american and Ficus are some of the indigenous plant species diminishing in the area due to human activities.
Wildlife availability depends on the extent of vegetation cover in an area. Parks of the Siemen Mountains are preserved for the most endangered species, such as Walia Ibex, Simen Fox, Gelada Baboons and different species of Birds, most of which are endemic to Ethiopia. Endangered Bird species in the region include Harwood, Francolin and ostrich.
The Siemen Mountain National Park ,and protected areas of Main Bird Sanctuaries like, Lake Tana, Ankober –Debre Sina mountain, Awi Zone, Choke Mountain, Fogera, Guasa/ in Menze/,Jama and Jara valley, Middle Abay valley, Gofa Forest are found in the region.
Land Use/ Land Cover
The land use/land cover composition of the Region is depicted in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2:- Land use/Land cover of the Amhara Region /2002/
| |Land use type |Area |%age of total area |
|1. |Cultivable land |4,815,206 |28.2 |
|2. |Grazing land |5,122,560 |30 |
|3. |Forest & bush land |2,510,054 |14.7 |
|4. |Water bodies |648,858 |3.8 |
|5. |Settlement area |904,986 |5.3 |
|6. |Wasteland |307,354 |18 |
Source: Regional bureau of agriculture, agricultural statistical data, Jan, 2003.
4.3.2 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of the Amhara Region was 17,214,256 and accounted for 17.3% of the country’s total population. Out of this only, 10.98% was urban while the remaining was rural population.
The Amhara Region is inhabited by a number of ethnic groups, the major ones being Amhara, Awi, Oromo, Kimant, Argoba, Falasha (Ethiopian Jew), Tigre, Gurage and others. The religious group includes Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Muslim, Protestants, Catholic Christian.
4.3.3 Socio-Cultural and Historical Heritage
The Amhara Region is rich in cultural and historical heritages. Very old Monasteries, Rock-hewn churches, palaces and Castles are found in the region. The Lalibella Rock-hewn Churches, the Gondar Castle that are registered as International Cultural Heritage sites are found in this Region. There are several monasteries in the in the Lake Tana Islands, which is also the origin of Blue Nile (Abay) River.
The Blue Nile Falls found just few kilometers downstream of the Regional Capital, Bahir Dar, is also a tourist attraction site.
4.3.4 Social Service and Infrastructure
Education
The success for economic development depends mainly on the level of educated population that a country has. Education contributes and enhances individual productivity and earning. Over 66% of the population was illiterate according to survey made in year 2003, on 50-woredas of the region . The female illiteracy was about 76% of the total population. Among the literate, about 43.9% have attended the first cycle of primary education and 27.2% were able to read and write. The gross enrolment rate of primary education was 70.7%.
According to the data of the Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED), in 2004, there were 223 kindergarten, 3,793 primary schools (1-8), 99 first cycle secondary schools, 24-second cycle secondary schools and 17 technical and vocational schools in the Region.
Public Health
The most prevalent diseases of the Region include malaria and upper respiratory tract diseases. According to information from the regional BoFED, health institutions available in the Amhara Region in 2004 were 15 hospitals, 78 health centers, 517 clinics, and 385 health posts. Health facility to population ratio is below the national average.
The survey made in 2003 revealed that awareness of households interviewed about HIV/AIDS among the study population was found to be high. However, the report of the findings also emphasizes that the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the Region is critical. The pandemic is affecting the most productive labor force and is increasing the number of orphans. HIV/AIDS prevalence rate among blood donors in year 2001/2002 was reported to be 8.1% for the Region.
Transport Infrastructure
Road, air and marine transport systems are available in the Region. Road transport is the most used system. Report of the year 2004 indicates that there were 606-km asphalt roads, 2384 km all weather, and 2808 km dry weather roads in the region.
Water Supply & Sanitation
The rural population mainly uses water from unprotected sources; rivers, springs, ponds and wells. Survey made in 2003 reveals that about 71% of the rural population use water from unprotected sources.
Regarding sanitation the case is even worse. In year 2003, 95% of the rural population used open defecation.
4.4 The Oromia Regional State
4.4.1 Bio- Physical Environment
Topography and land area
The Regional State is located in the central part of the country and extends from south- east, bordering with Kenya in the south part and up to the Sudan border in the western part. It has an area of 353,690 km2 and is divided in to 12 Zonal administrations.
Oromia Regional State lies between 3o 40’N and 10o35’N latitude and 34o05oE – 43o11’E longitude.
The Regional State has topographic features of mountainous and rolling terrain in the northwestern and northeastern parts, valleys and gorges in the central and eastern, flat and plain land in the south and southeastern part.
Altitude in the Region varies from 500 m.a.s.l in the south eastern part to 3300masl in the central and north western parts.
Climate
The climatic condition varies from southeast lowland to central and northwestern highland part of the regional state. The east and southern parts are dominated by arid climate while the central and northwestern parts are more of temperate climate. The lowlands (500 – 1500masl) experience mean annual temperature of 20o – 25o C , areas of altitude 1500 – 2300 m.a.s.l have mean annual temperature of 15 oC – 20o C, while the highland areas(2,300 – 3,300 m.a.s.l) have mean annual temperature range of 10oC - !5oC.
Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200mm in the south east to 2000mm in the northwestern part of the Regional State.
Geology, Physiographic Divisions and Seismicity
The major part of Oromia falls in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa, and is tectonically unstable. It appears to be zone of volcanic and seismic activities.
There are six physiographic sub-regions in Oromia; the Rift lakes plain, the transitional scrap slops, the young lava plain, zone of ancient crystalline rocks, the central lava highlands and massifs, and zone of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks.
The geology of the region consists of; Rocks of the Precambrian era, Rocks of the Paleozoic era, Rocks of the Mesozoic era, and Rocks of the Cenozoic era.
Soil and Soil Fertility
The major soil types of the area constitute Luvisols, Fluvisols, Andosols, Fluvisols are commonly found in the plain lands of rivers and lake shores. This soil type has good agricultural use. Andosols are formed from volcanic ash parent material. They are light, loose, porous, have high drain ability capacity and easily eroded by rain or wind action. Andosols have limited agricultural value. Luvisols on the other hand are good for agriculture.
Water Resource of the Region
There is an abundant water resource including surface and ground sources. Major rivers in the country like Blue Nile, Awash, Gibe, Wabe Shebele, Dabuss, Didessa traverse the Oromia regional state. Most of the rift valley lakes in Ethiopia and those in the Awash River basin, like Lake Langano, Zeway, Abiyata are found in Oromia. Ziway Zone of the Regional State has the highest number of lakes in Ethiopia. There are about 20 lakes covering 8% of the Zonal land area.
The wetland ecosystem of these water bodies has significant environmental and socioeconomic values.
Vegetation Cover and Wildlife
Oromia region possesses most of flora and fauna types found in Africa, and several endemic species.
The region has dense forest cover in the central, southwestern and western areas, while southern and southeastern areas are covered mainly by sparse vegetation, bushes and scrubs. The vegetation types are varied including Coniferous forest, broad leaved forest, woodland and savanna, grassland, riverine forests and wetland vegetation..
There are number of parks and protected sites in the region, including Awash National park (partly) Abijatta–Shala National Park, Bale Mountain National Parks, Yabelo mountains, Controlled hunting zone of Borena, wildlife Reserves (Sanctuaries) of Babile, Senkele, and Yabelo, Game Reserves of Arsi, Bale and Borena; over 20 Main Bird Sanctuaries. Those parks and protected areas host variety of wildlife and important bird species
Wide varieties of wild animals exist in the Region. The wildlife resources of the Region include Warthog Hammadrayas, baboon, gelada baboon, civet, mountain reed back, striped hyena, giant forest hog etc. Important Bird species include; Rappel’s, chat, spor-breasted plover, Abyssinian long claw, etc.
4.4.2 Archeological and Cultural Heritages
The Sof Oumar Cave, the Aba Jiffar palace, etc are found in the Oromia Regional State as sites of cultural heritage.
4.4.3 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of Oromia Region is 27,158,471. Oromia stands first in terms of population density in the country. Ethnic group residing in the region is also varied, the majority being Oromo, followed by Amhara, and several other ethnic groups.
4.5 Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State
4.5.1 Bio-Physical Environmental Conditions
Topography
Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State has an altitude ranging from 600 masl up to 2731 masl. The areas around Wonbera are characterized by rugged mountain ranges like Gassangassa mountain range, Bedessa & Kushaya Mountains. The road route traverses flat terrain from the Guba side while the segment from the Wonbera side has rolling terrain & hilly topographic character.
Climate
The climatic condition of the area is varied like most part of the country. It has climatic condition of 85% Kola (Hot climate), 10% Woina Dega (Semi – Temperate) & 8% has Dega (Temprate) climatic conditions. The annual rainfall in the Metekel zone ranges from 600mm to 1450mm. The rainy season stays from April/May up to October/November. The dry period is between February and April. Annual temperature of Metekel zone ranges between 180c and 400c.
Geology and Soils
The Geological formation of the area is characterized by Tulu Dimtu Groups and Tonalities. Meta Basalt, Meta Andesine, green schist, phyllite, Meta conglumerate, quartzite and Marble, precious materials like Gold is also available in the area.
The regional soil if fertile and has high agricultural potential with favorable agro-climatic conditions. It is estimated that 911,876 ha of land in the region has potential for agricultural development, out of which only 233,200 ha could be cultivated.
Water Resources
The regional state has high water resource potential. Abay/Blue Nile, Didessa and Beles Rivers are among the major water sources in the region. There are over 32 perennial Rivers in the Metekel Zone most of which have potential to irrigate agricultural land.
Vegetation and Wildlife
Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State is endowed with natural resources. Over 50% of the land is covered with natural forest, which also has commercial value. Wild animal including Elephant, Lion & Tiger are found in the region.
Benishangul-Gumuz region lies in the Abay and Baro drainage basin and is one of the few areas that still have significant part of its landmass covered by natural vegetation. It is estimated that 55% of the land is covered by Bamboo, broad-leaved deciduous woodlands, Acacia & Cacao woodlands. Riverine forests are predominantly found along the river courses. Some of the tree species found in the area are endemic ones for Ethiopia.
The Region has varied wild life species. Estimates indicate about 40 species of larger mammals, while the bird species are estimated to be 500-550.
Game Reserve and main bird Sanctuary of Dabus is found in the Region.
Land use/Land cover of the Region
Table 4.3 shows the distribution of land use and land cover of the Region.
Table 4.3 Regional Land Use/Land Cover
| | | | | | |
|No. |USE TYPE |COVERAGE (%) |No. |USE TYPE |COVERAGE (%) |
|1 |Wood Land |49 |6 |Grass Land |3 |
|2 |Scrub Land |28 |7 |Cultivated Land |5 |
|3 |Open Bamboo |4 |8 |Rock Out Crops |2 |
|4 |Dense Bamboo |5 |9 |Wet-Land / Water body |2 |
|5 |Forest Land |2 | |Total |100 |
Source: BG Road Sector Strategic Plan, December 2002
4.5.2 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of Benishangul Gumuz is 670,847. The annual population growth is about 3.1%. The urban population is only 8.5% while the remaining is rural.
There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Benishangul Gumuz Region. The major ethnic groups are Berta (26.7%), Gumuz (23.4%), Shinasha (6.9%), Amhara (22.2%), Mao (0.8%) and Oromo (12.8%). The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity (34.8%), Traditional Religion (13.1%), Protestants (5.9%) and Islam (44%).
4.5.3 Social Infrastructure
Benishangul-Gumuz Region is one of the remotest and underdeveloped regions in the country. Infrastructure is at a very low level in general. Availability of adequate infrastructure is the key factor for the economic development and improved living standard of a society.
Education
Educational facilities in the region are inadequate as compared to the population size and the land area. Besides this fact, the enrolment ratio both at primary level and secondary level education is very low.
The 1994 census data (CSA) estimates that 82.1% of the population was illiterate. On the other hand data on the primary school enrolment in 2003 indicates 7441 student for Assossa Zone, 2,529 for Kamashi Zone and 3857 students for Metekel Zone.
According to data from the Metekel Zone, there are about 70 primary schools, 15 junior secondary school and 6 secondary level schools in the region.
Public Health
The major health related problems are due to malaria, tuberculosis (T.B.), water borne diseases and HIV/AIDS. Health services and facilities are inadequate both in quality and coverage.
Road Transport
Transport facility is at a very low level due to lack of all weather roads connecting most of the Woredas. According to data documented in 1992 (E.C.), there are 564 kms RR-50, 30 km RR-30 and 123kms RR-10 standard roads in the Region. There are two air ports, one at Assossa and the other at Pawe. However, several road projects are underway since then, included are Chagni-Wonbera, Guba-Wonbera, etc. .
Water Supply and Sanitation
There is an abundant water resource, both surface and sub-surface, in the Region. Abay (Blue Nile), Dabus, Dinder, Gilgel Beles are some. However, potable water supply coverage is low. The major water supply sources in the Region are hand-dug wells, deep wells, and protected spring. The rest of the population use water from rivers and unprotected springs.
4.6 Gambela Regional State
The administrative structure of the Regional State comprises of two zones and nine Woredas.
4.6.1 Biophysical Environment
Topography
The Gambela Administrative Region is situated in the southwestern part of Ethiopia at 7o N - 8 o 17’ North latitude and 33 o E - 32 o 2’ East longitudes. The altitude of Gambela lies between 300 and 2500 masl.
Climate
Gambela is subdivided in to three agro–ecological zones; Woina Dega, Kolla and desert agro – ecological Zone.
In general, the Region has warm temperature ranging from 27oC to 33oC. However, temperature as high as 45oC in March and as low as 10oC in January is recorded.
The average annual rainfall varies according to the different altitudes. Areas of 400 – 500 masl of the western part receive 900mm – 1500 mm, while areas over 2000 masl (eastern part) have average rainfall ranging from 1900 to 2100 mm.
Geology and Soils
The Gambela region falls within the Baro-Akobo River Basin which consists primarily of basement crystalline with eastern upland covering tertiary lava in some places and Quaterinary sediments in the lowlands to the west.
Mineral resources of the area include gold, tungsten, granite, crude oil and construction material. The area is dominantly covered by alluvial and lacustrine deposites: Silt, sand, clay, diatomite, lime stone, Enticho sand stone, Glacials, Gura and Filo formations and sand stones.
The soils of the region are divided in to two major classifications as upland soils and fluvisols (along the river course). The soil fertility is very high and not been exploited much.
Vegetation and wildlife
Gambela Region is endowed with vast natural resources. Out of the total area 25% of the land is covered with forest. Savanna, tropical forests and seasonally flooded grass plains also inhabit the area. The eastern part of the region is covered with natural high forest. Woodlands, bush lands and Savanna woodlands inhabit the central plain lands of the region with altitudes below 600 masl.
The dominant tree species include; Acacia, Cambretum species, Terminalia coxifera,Sonogisus reiccarpa, Kegelio africanas , Albizia cordiaria. From grass species; Beckeropsis uniseta and Hyparrhenia rufa are some to mention.
Abobo-Gog natural forest is one of the 58 – most important natural forests classified as National Forest Priority areas, by the Ethiopian forestry action plan (as reported in the Baro _ Akobo master plan study). There are also four other sites in the region that are identified as natural forest areas.
The Gambela National park, Mago National park and three controlled hunting areas; Jikawo, Akobo and Teyu sites are found in the region. The Gambela national park is the largest park in the country and accounts for 20% of the land area of the region. The remaining controlled hunting areas, Jikawo, and Teyu also occupy similar sizes of land area.
Those areas are habitat for over 300 bird species of which 100 are migratory, and over 60 mammals. The major wildlife species conserved in the lowland plain are; Roan antelope, White – ear kob, Nile lechwe, Topi, Elephant, lion, Leopard, hippopotamus, Warthog, Giraffe, Defas, Water buck, Buffalo, Pig, Civet, etc. From reptiles, Tortoise, and Crocodile are included.
Nile lechwe and the White eared kob are unique to that area. They are also trans-boundary resource and migrate between Ethiopia and the Sudan republic in the southern part.
Land Use and Land cover
The major settlement area is the riverbanks for both urban and rural communities. Due to this situation, the population is frequently affected by flood calamities.
Table 4.4 Land use / Land cover of Gambela Region
|No |Description |Percent (%) |
| | | |
|1 |Dense forest |5.14 |
|2 |Disturbed forest |20.87 |
|3 |Dense woodland |16.78 |
|4 |Open woodland |41.0 |
|5 |Bamboo land |4.2 |
|6 |Swamps |7.3 |
|7 |State and settlement farms |0.98 |
|8 |Cultivated lands |1.80 |
Source: Conservation strategy of Gambela, vol. I, July 2000,
Wetlands and Water Resources
Gambela region is the wettest and best-watered area in the country. There are four major rivers, Baro, Akobo, Gillo and Alwero Rivers that are also
transboundary. There are also several lakes and ponds in the Region.
These water sources feed the Gambela flood plain, which is the largest low laying wetland in the Baro – Akobo River Basin. Both migratory and residential birds inhabit the wetland and are one of the tourist attraction sites in the area. There are several planned dam projects for irrigation and hydropower generation, which would also serve for fishery development. Implementation of the Program can have significant impacts on the economy of the region.
The flood plain of the two rivers, Gillo and Akobo, form important wetland ecosystems. Wetlands support a wide rinse of biotical, hydrological, and physical processes which result in ecosystem function and the provision of valuable goods and services.
Population and Ethnic Group
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of the Region is 306,916. Of the total population, 17% live in urban areas while the remaining 83% are rural residents.
Linguistically the population comprises mainly of Omotic, Cushitic and Nilo – Saharan, although minority group of Semetic origin also exists. The major ethnic groups are Agnuaq, Nuere,Megengir, Coma and Omo. The population density of the region is about 6.3 per square kilometer.
4.6.2 Social Services
Educational Facilities
Education coverage is low in the region. There were 119 elementary schools, 6- secondary schools and one-college level educational institutions in year 2003.
Health Facilities
Due to the hot climate and abundant flood plain and wetland ecosystems, coupled with inadequate sanitation facilities, communicable diseases are the most threatening health risks in the region. Malaria and respiratory disease are among the major prevalent diseases. The health institutions in the region include; two hospitals, 5 health centers and 46 health posts. However, even the existing health institutions are not fully equipped.
Transport Facilities
Transport facilities are also inadequate. Land, air and water transport are available in the different parts of the region, based on the accessibility situation of the areas. There were about 358 kilometers all-weather road, and 18 kms of dry weather road in 2003. However, due to lack of routine maintenance, the major parts of the road lengths have deteriorated.
In general, development constraints in the region are attributed to the inadequate infrastructure like roads, water supply and electric city. Electricity is limited only to major urban centers like Gambela town. The majority of the population, both urban and rural area residents is with out electricity and uses other energy sources, mainly fire wood.
Dispersed settlement mainly following the riverbanks, is practiced in the region and this, and further exacerbates the problem of provision of social services to the community, especially during rainy season and during flood calamities. The floodplains and wetland cover quit appreciable areas for most of the seasons in a year.
The agricultural bureau complains about difficulties encountered in providing agricultural extension programs to the in accessible areas. This problem is equally shared by the regional Disaster Prevention and Preparedness (DPPC ) office who could not extend its assistance during flood calamities to areas like Akobo, Jor and Tor, all falling in floodplains of major rivers of the area and are inaccessible during rainy season.
Access to market places is also limited, due to lack of road transport connecting to urban centers. The farmers do not get fair price for their products and also to buy commodities of their need since they do not have alternative accesses to better market places.
Based on the above premises, the regional council has adopted a 5 – year development plan that gives special attention to the rural road development projects.
Small Scale Industries
Industrial development in the region is in its infant stage. There are about 71 cottage industries. Most of these industries are service rendering like flour mill & bakeries.
4.7 Somali Regional State
4.7.1 Bio-physical Environment
Topography
The Somali regional state is located between 4o and 11 o North latitude and between 40o and 48 o East longitude. The region has entirely flat terrain except some hills with gentle slop around Jijiga and Togo Wuchale, and along major river courses. The altitude ranges between 500 to 1600masl. The major land area of the region falls below 900masl.
Climate
The rain in the Region has been generally low, unreliable and unevenly distributed. When it occurs the rain is torrential and is of high intensity. The annual rainfall is between 200mm and 530 mm for the Region as a whole. The mean annual rainfall is 425mm. The annual potential evapo- transpiration ranges from 1800mm in the lowlands to 800mm in the highlands.
The major part (60% to 80%) falls with in hot and arid climate. Temperature ranges between 20 o C and 45 o C. The region is characterized by strong wind circulation, which can cause and aggravate soil erosion, water moisture losses. The mean annual wind speed varies between 1.8-miles/ sec in highlands and 3.6 miles/sec in the lowlands.
Geology and Soil Type
The geology of the Region is dominated by alternating limestone, shale, anhydrite, dolomites & marl. The land surface is sandy and often coated with reddish soil and calcareous crust typical of desert area. Minerals like edible salt, gold and natural gas also occur in the region.
The dominant soil types of the region are Yermsol, Xerosols, Regosols, and solonchakes. Minor parts have fluvisols and Vertisols, Cambisols and Luvisols (Regional conservation strategy report). Soil erosion has been a serious problem in the region and is caused by the action of wind and water.
Water Resources
The region is divided in to four basins; the eastern Ogaden basin, the Wabe Shebele basin, the Genale Dawa basin and part of the Awash River basin.The area receives a bi modal rain fall: March – May and September – November.
Most of the streams in the region are ephemeral and are characterized by short duration and high intensity of flood. However, perennial rivers like Wabe Shebele, Genale and Dawa are also available in the region.
Vegetation and Wildlife
Endemic flora species in the Somali region represent 25% of the flora in Ethiopia, of which 18% are unique to the region. Among the largest plant families are graminacea, Leguminacea, and euphorbicea. The main climax vegetation classes in the region are; acacia based woodlands, acacia comiphora bushlands, ever green scrubland, and riparian forest.
There are also a number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates uniquely adapted to the arid and semi- arid conditions. Wildlife animals include lion, hyena, leopard, fox, hunting dogs, crocodiles and various types of snakes. Hanted wild animals include; Bicids, Balango, Goodir, Dabatag, Zebra, Baboon, Hippopotamous, Ostrich, Monkey and Elephant. There are also a number of birds.
Land use / Land cover
The land use and land cover of the Region is depicted in Table 4.5
Table 4.5 Land use / Land cover of the Somali Region
| | | |
|No |Land use type |% Coverage |
| | | |
|1 |Grass land |56.8 |
|2 |Scrub land |22.2 |
|3 |Bush land |19.0 |
|4 |Moderately cultivated |1.0 |
|5 |Riparian land |0.7 |
|6 |Salt flat/ bare land |0.3 |
| |Total |100.0 |
Sources: Regional conservation strategy report, October 1999
2 Socio - Cultural and Socio – economic Environment
Population and Ethnic Group
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of Somali Regional National State is 4,439,147. The Somali Regional State is divided in to nine administrative zones, 52 woredas and 67 urban centers. The population of the region is estimated at 3.44 million in the year 1997 (CSA, 1994 data). Majority of the population is pastoralist and the social organization of the Somali is based on clanship. Over 86% of the population is rural. The region is sparsely populated with an average density of 12 persons per km2.
Somali and Issa are the majority ethnic group, while Oromo, Amahara and Gurage are also found in the urban areas.
The settlement pattern of the Somalis is characterized as group and temporary. In areas suitable for agriculture, Somalis settle permanently. The seasonal availability of water and pasture as well as the rapid exhaustion of the pasture owing to over grazing often causes mobility of the pastoralist population.
Socio–Cultural Heritage
The social organization of the Somali society has a pyramidal structure formed by lineage segmentation levels. The segment levels are known as; Reer, Jilib, Qabil and clan families or group. Each lineage segment constitutes a separate social and political unit having definite members with a territory under it (SNRS, conservation strategy, 1999).
The Somali are predominantly pastoralists and their settlement pattern and their life style is influenced by the same mode of occupation. They are mobile in settlement, which is mainly guided by the need of their cattle herds. As a result a densely populated area at one season can be easily deserted at other times. The Somali have divided themselves into two major lineages of Sab and Somali. The former constitutes hunters, gatherers, and agriculturists.
There are also crafts men such as Shoemakers, leather workers, and black smiths among the Sab group, who are considered by the pastoralists to be inferior and would not accept as equals in marriage or in other social relationships. Among the pastoralists, mostly wealth is not held by individuals but by families.
Water and pasture is commonly owned. Agriculture plots are held by families. The development of exchange and marketing in Somali has been limited by tribal conflicts, low level of interaction between rural tribe and towns and lack of transport.
Craft heritages produced by the low cast Sab are generally made for own use, few are sold to tourists. Since the Somali nomadic pastoralists have been isolated from the central highlands, there has been much lesser degree of acculturation. Moreover, there is lower degree of economic integration, transportation and communication.
Division of labour among the Somali is based on gender differentiation. Women are exclusively responsible for job like building nomadic huts, preparing food, collecting firewood, fetching water, milking cows and small ruminants etc. While males are culturally assigned to perform out – door tasks like herding, watering, farming and mediating.
The economic base of the region is dominated by pastoralist society. Livestock is the major economic earning for the Somali population. The rural population earns 40% of its income from livestock, 26% from crop production, 14.4% from trade and 7.4% from gifts availed from others (IPS, July 2000).
3 Social - Infrastructure
Transport & Communication
Transport and communication in the region is at a very low level and are the major constraints to its economic development. In 1999 the total length of road network recorded was 1,629 kms all-weather road and 2,844 kms dry weather road. Full automatic telephone is available only in Jijiga and Gode towns, Semi – automatic in 10 towns.
Education
According to the 1994 CSA census, 91.3 % of the population had no formal education. In 1999, there were 160 elementary schools, 5- secondary schools and one teachers’ training institute and one nursing school in the region.
Health Services
It is estimated that only 25% of the population gets access to modern health facilities. The most prevalent diseases are malaria and respiratory diseases. There were 4 hospitals, 11 health centers, and 77 clinics in 2003.
Water Supply
The major source of water supply in the Region is groundwater. The other supplementary water sources are Birkas. Birkas are water reservoirs dug in the ground and cemented with clay material. Run off and rainwater collected in the Birkas is chemically potable provided it is protected from external contaminants. Due to the sparsely populated and low level of development activities in the rural areas, the risk of pollution is minimal. Potable water supply is available in over 29 towns out of the 67. The source of water is from wells
4.8 The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Administration
4.8.1 Bio-physical Environment
Topography
The south Nation Nationalities and Peoples’ Region lies surface area of 117,500Km2. The Regional State is located between 4o25’_ 8o20’ North latitude and 34o20’ - 38o50’ East longitude. Altitude ranges from 400masl in the southern part upto 4200masl in the northern part of the regional state. The physiographic feature of the region is divided in to highlands in the north, rift valley and lowland in the south.
Climate
The region’s climatic conditions vary from place to place. It has semi –desert climate in the southern extreme of the Kenya border, tropical climate in the northern highlands, and warm temperate in the mountainous areas of north Omo zone. The mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall are 24oC and 600mm respectively, in the semi desert climatic zone, the warm temperate climatic zone of north Omo has mean annual temperature of less than 18oC and mean annual rainfall of 2500mm.
Soils Type and Soil Fertility
The soils of the region constitute:
• luvisols and phaeozens that cover most of the zones of the region.
• There are also Lithosols, Arenosols and Regosols, fluvisols, andosols, vertisols and Cambisols.
• Soil fertility is high in the region and is suitable for cereals, root crops, coffee and vegetables.
Vegetation and Wild life
The Region is characterized by dense natural forest, and rich wildlife resources. The forest resource is mainly situated in Kafa and Bench-Maji Zones and in the southern part of the Region. The most common groups of vegetation include broad leaved deciduous woodland, ever green scrubs, dry evergreen Montana forest and grasslands, acacia – commmiphora woodland.
There are several National Parks in the Region. They include Nech Sar, Mago and Omo National Parks in which wildlife ranging from birds to big mammals exists.
Water Resources
There are abundant water resources both from surface and sub surface sources. Surface water resource of the Region include rivers like Omo River, Gibe River, Bilate River, Awash River, While Rift valley lakes like Awasa Lake, Chamo Lake and Abaya Lake are also found in the region.
4.8.2 Socio-cultural Environment
Population and ethnic groups
According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2008, the population of the regional state is 15,042,531, accounting for 18.5% 0f the total population of Ethiopia. The majority of the population (Over 87%) is rural while the remaining 13% are urban.
The region is known for its diverse Ethnic composition .There are about 45 ethnic groups residing in the Region, constituting over 50% of the total ethnic groups of the country, Ethiopia.
Most of the populations living in the rural areas of the Region are mainly dependent on agriculture and pastoralist economy, while trade and other businesses are the principal practices in the urban areas.
Cultural and Historical Heritage
There are cultural heritage sites like the Tiya monuments and the Omo valley archaeological site.
4.8.3 Social services and infrastructure
Education
The education coverage in the region is low especially for secondary and higher educational levels. In year 2001, the gross primary and secondary school enrolment ratio is 63.6% and 4% respectively for all school age population. There were 2305 primary schools and 84 secondary schools in the region in the same year.
Health Facilities
The health service coverage of the regional state is low. In the year 2001 the coverage was estimated at 55.06%. However, this figure is relatively on a better side as compared to 51.2% of the nation wide health coverage in Ethiopia for the same year.
Environmental health coverage is on a better condition, and improvements being made are encouraging. Considering access to latrine as an indicator, in year 2001, the coverage was estimated at 70% in urban areas and 9.7% in rural areas. However, it is reported to be over 80% at regional level in 2005. These drastic improvements are encouraging provided the developments are kept sustainable.
Available health facilities as of year 2001 include:
• 12 hospitals,
• 107 health centers
• 433 health stations
• 290 health posts
• 158 private clinics
• 27 pharmacies and 43 drug shops
5. Distribution Rehabilitation Project Seven Cities Baseline Information
5.1 Bahir Dar City
Location
Bahir Dar city is located at the geographic coordinates of 110 38’ North Latitude and 370 15’ East Longitude. Bahir Dar city is located at the distance of 567 km along Addis Ababa –Dejen – Debre Markos – Bure road and 465 km along Addis Ababa – Dejen – Mota road.
Area in hectare
The core city has an estimated area of 16,000 hectares.
Altitude
Elevation variation in the area ranges from 1,786 m.a.s.l. near Lake Tana shore to 1886 m.a.s.l.
Temperature
The monthly mean maximum and minimum temperature records of Bahir Dar in the year between 1961 and 2000 indicates that the highest mean monthly maximum temperature occurs in the month of April (29.70c) and the lowest is in the month of July and August (23.30c). While the mean monthly minimum temperature ranges for the lowest from 7.10c in January to the highest 14.20 c in the month of May.
The temperature in general, may consider as hot for some day.
Population
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) in its annual statistical abstract of 2008 projects the total population size of 220,344 (male 107,578 and female 112,766) for the year 2008. Annual growth rate of Bahir Dar is 5.3 %.
Religious groups
80% of the residents of Bahir Dar city are Orthodox Christian, 12% Muslim. Protestant, Catholics and others constitute 1%, 0.1%, and 7% respectively.
Ethnic groups
93% of the residents of the city are Amhara. Tigray, Oromo, Agew, Guragie and others constitute 4%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.4%, and 1% respectively
Social Services
Beginning from 1953, Bahir Dar has got hydro electric power service from Tis Issat Hydropower Station that has improved the electric power supply system of the city although there was some sort of power supply interruption. In 1988, additional transmission line has been stretched from Fincha Hydropower Station upgraded the capacity which has alleviated the shortage of power.
Transport and Communication
Bahir Dar has land, air and sea transport systems. Most of the city’s population use bicycles due to its suitable flat topography to ride.
In 1983, the micro wave telephone service had taken place and currently the city has the opportunity to use a mobile telephone service.
There are four postal stations in the city.
Tourist Attraction Sites
Bahir Dar city lies on the Southern periphery of Lake Tana at an altitude of 1830 m.a.s.l. The city enjoys tropical type climate with an average temperature of 17.50c.
Today, the city is developing into a place of considerable administrative, political, social, tourism, commercial, industrial and economic administrate.
In number of Banks (both government and private), insurance companies, modern shops, government offices, business organizations, tour and travel agents, hotels, bars and restaurants are growing from time to time.
The presence of the above mentioned facilities in Bahir Dar is now hosting an ever increasing number of inflowing domestic and international tourists almost throughout the year.
Lake Tana in Bahir Dar city and Tis Issat falls 30 km from the city has attracted many visitors to the city.
The tourist attraction sites found in and around Bahir Dar include monastery of Kibran Gebiel, Churches and monasteries of Zegie peninsula at the south western side of Lake Tana, Ura Kidane Mihiret, Azwa Mariam and other monasteries that dates back to the 12th century. It is places can be reached from Bahir Dar city mainly by boat.
Population (Age Distribution)
The total population of Bahir Dar is 220,344 (male 107,578 and female 112,766) Majority of the residents (63 %) fall in the young age group that is (15 – 59 years of age). This age also known as the economically active population but does not imply that every one in that age group is employed and productive. 37 % of the residents fall into the age group of 0 -15 and 60 years and above.
Educational Services
In 2005, some 49 educational institutes have been found in the city of Bahir Dar. These include 12 kindergartens, 23 primary schools, 5 secondary schools, 1 technical school, 7 colleges and 1 university.
Concerning enrollment rates in all levels of education in Bahir Dar for the year 2005 at kindergarten level out of the eligible school age population that would have been enrolled only 22 % are going to school. In primary level, out of the total eligible number of 36,622, some about 27,958 are currently enrolled which gives a gross participation rate of 76 %. This is considered better performance. In the secondary level (15 – 18 age group) out of the total eligible students 21,267 that should have been enrolled in 2005 with some 38 % participation. This is another instance implies under performance. This implies that additional schools (kindergartens, primary and secondary institutions) required to fill the gap based on the standard set by Ministry of Education (MoE).
Health Services
Malaria and intestinal parasites and skin diseases are the most prevalent health problems in Bahir Dar city. The existing health infrastructure in the city include one public referral hospital, two health centers, one health station and thirty clinics and three special clinics. The clinics and special clinics are privately owned.
According to the standard set by Ministry of Health (MoH), the existing population size requires 5 additional health centers to be built.
Water Supply
The current water source of Bahir Dar city is Enfranze River, which is found behind Bahir Dar airport. The current potable water coverage is estimated to be reached 92 %.
Electric Supply
Bahir Dar gets electric power supply from the national grid. The source of the electric power is from hydro power. By assuming that each household in the city gets electricity directly or indirectly, access/ coverage to electricity is 100% and the number of customers as of July 7/2009 is 22,826.
(Source: Power System Planning of EEPCo)
5.2 Mekele City
Location
Mekele is found in Tigray Region approximately located at 390 33’ East Longitude and 130 32’ North Latitude. It has an average altitude of 2200 m.a.s.l.
Hydrology and Water Supply
The availability of shallow ground water in Mekele area is indicated by the abundance of hand dug wells.
Shortage of Wood Supply
There has been an acute shortage of wood supply particularly for fuel which is being collected from distant rural areas.
Population
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) in its annual statistical abstract of 2008 projects the total population size of 215,546 (male 104, 758 and female 110,788) for the year 2008. Annual growth rate (average) for Mekele is estimated to be 5.4 %.
Educational Facilities
According to the Ministry of Education, there are 5 primary, 2 junior and 1 high schools with 6,913 1699 and 1636 enrollment respectively.
Health Institutions
In Tigray Region as a whole, there are 15 Hospitals (12 are government hospitals), 129 private clinics (113 are government) and 42 health centers (41 government)
(CSA Statistical Abstract 2008)
Electric Supply
The city of Mekele gets electric power supply from the national grid. The source of the electric power is from hydro power. By assuming that each household in Mekele gets electricity directly or indirectly, access/ coverage to electricity is 100% and the number of customers as of July 7/2009 ( 30th Sene, 2001 Eth. Cal.) is 30,220. The distribution lines are overhead with wooden poles.
(Source: Power System Planning of EEPCo)
3. Jima City
Location
Jima city is located at the south western Ethiopian highland, some 330 km away from Addis Ababa. Astronomically the city is located at 70 40’ North Latitude and 360 50’ East Longitude. It is the capital of Jima Zone, in Oromiya Region.
The elevation within the municipal boundary ranges from less than 1720 m.a.s.l. around the airfield to about 1900 m.a.s.l. The average elevation of the city, however, can be taken to be about 1810 m.a.s.l.
Climate
Jima is located in Woina Dega climate. The temperature is relatively low/ cold in early morning and at night but high/ hot at noon. The air is always humid. This is because of the presence of abundant trees and rainfall (for most months of the year) together with a hot temperature. The sky is predominantly covered with cloud and the air is calm for most of the time.
Temperature
The temperature of Jima city is within the range of comfort zone (160c – 280c). It has a mean daily air temperature of 19.50c while the average minimum and maximum temperature are 12.10c and 26.90c, respectively.
The temperature of the city varies seasonally. It is generally low from November to January and high from March through May.
Population
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) in its annual statistical abstract of 2008 projects the total population size of 120,600 (male 60, 590 and female 60,010) for the year 2008.
Ethnic and Religoius Groups
The result of the 1984 population and housing census shows that the Oromos accounted for 29 % of the total population, followed by Amhara, Guragie, Domete and Keffa for 25, 12, 11.7 and 7.8 percent respectively.
Concerning the religious composition, the majority of the population of Jima were Christians which accounted for 72.2 % of the total population in 1984, followed by Muslims which accounted for 27.5 %.
Health Facilities
In 1994 there were 55 clinics, 5 health centers, and 1 hospital.
Telephone Service
Jima has automatic digital telephone exchange service and mobile telephone.
Jima has one main post office and district post offices.
Transport
The different modes of transport that give transport services in the city include horse-drawn cart, city bus, taxi and bicycle.
Electric Service
Jimma gets electric power supply from the national grid. The source of the electric power is from hydro power. By assuming that each household in the city gets electricity directly or indirectly, access/ coverage to electricity is 100% and the number of customers as of July 7/2009 ( 30th Sene, 2001 Eth. Cal.) is 22,643.
(Source: Power System Planning of EEPCo)
Water Supply
Jima city’s water supply has been obtained from ground water source that are bore holes and springs. Currently however, water supply system from Gilgel Gibe River used as water source.
Road Network
Asphalted, gravel surfaced, dirt roads of different with exist in Jima city.
4. Awassa
Location
Awassa city is situated in the northern edge of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) along the Addis Ababa – Nairobi International road at distance of 275 km south of Addis Ababa. Astronomical location of Awassa is 300 29’ East Longitude and 070 03’ North Latitude.
The first master plan was designed between 1950 and 1951 and revised in 1956. During the Derge regime (1968 Eth. Cal.) the coded blocks were substituted by kebeles.
Area in km2
The current municipal boundary of the town, as calculated from the existing land use map, is measured to encompass about 1838 hectares, out of which some 1516 hectares (83 %) is found to be already built-up. Mixed type of land use is dominant, especially residential development mixed with commercial and other activities which are common in the central areas.
Altitude
It lies on a relatively flat plain in the rift valley region with average elevation of 1690 m.a.s.l. Regarding slope, the largest proportion of the city lies within the 0-5 % slope category.
Awassa hinterland elevation varies from as low as 500 m.a.s.l in its western part to as high as 3000 m.a.s.l. in its northern part. The hinterland is divided into three climatic zones, namely, kola, dega and woina dega.
Rainfall
The big rain occurs during the month of June, July and August. The mean annual rainfall is about 78.9 mm and the rainfall intensity per unit time in the months of July and August is 29.3 and 34.8 mm/day, respectively.
Temperature
The monthly mean temperature record of Awassa varies between 19.20c and 20.80c with annual mean temperature close to 200c implying tropical or kola temperature condition.
Kola zone covers about 24.8% of the hinterland with warm to hot climatic conditions. Woina dega agro-climatic zone covers about 68.8 % of the land mass and moderate and suitable climate. Dega agro-climatic zone covers about 6.3% of land mass and experiencing relatively cool atmospheric condition.
Population
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) in its annual statistical abstract of 2008 projects the total population size of 259,803 (male 113,637 and female 126,166) for the year 2008. Population density of Awassa city is estimated to be 530.5 people /km2 (CSA, 2005).
39 % of the total population falls within the age bracket of 0 -4 years. The majority of the population (60 %) belongs to the working age group (between 5 – 64 years) and the group with 65 years and above represents only 1%.
Religious groups
The majority (65 %) of population are Orthodox Christians, followed by Protestants, Catholics and Muslims representing 27, 4, and 3 %, respectively.
Ethnic groups
According to the 1994 census result, the major ethnic groups are Amhara, Wolayita, Oromo, Sidama, Guragie, Kembata and Tigray, with a share of 31, 25, 12, 10, 5.4, 4.8 and 4.6 percent, respectively.
Social Services
Awassa gets electric power supply from the national grid. The source of the electric power is from hydro power. By assuming that each household in the city gets electricity directly or indirectly, access/ coverage to electricity is 100% and the number of customers as of July 7/2009 ( 30th Sene, 2001 Eth. Cal.) is 22,751.
(Source: Power System Planning of EEPCo)
.
Transport and Communication
Road transportation is the only mode of surface transport that links Awassa with its hinterlands. The road network includes both asphalt and gravel roads, which are all weather and dry weather rural roads. The city has 14.6 km asphalt, 57.9 km of gravel and 86 km earth pressed roads. Most of the city’s population use bicycles due to its suitable flat topography to ride.
Recently, micro wave telephone service had taken place and currently the city has the opportunity to use a mobile telephone service.
There is also postal station in the city.
Tourist Attraction Sites
Awassa city lies on the eastern periphery of Lake Awassa. The city enjoys tropical type climate with moderate and suitable for habitation.
The hinterland has several perennial and seasonal streams (such as Belate, Gidabo, Dara and Gedeme), lakes (such as Awassa, Shalla, Chelekleka, Abiyata, Langano and Abaya) and swamps with paramount opportunities and potentials for fishing, irrigation, transportation and recreation.
Today, the city is developing into a place of considerable administrative, political, social, tourism, commercial, industrial and economic center.
In number of Banks (both government and private), insurance companies, modern shops, government offices, business organizations, hotels, bars and restaurants are growing from time to time.
The presence of the above mentioned facilities in Awassa is now hosting an ever increasing number of inflowing domestic and international tourists almost throughout the year.
The tourist attraction sites found in and around Awassa include the rift valley lakes and wildlife conservation sites (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, wildlife reserves and controlled hunting areas) located in the SNNPRS.
Educational Services
The current (2006) school participation rates for primary (1 -8 grade) and secondary (9 -10 grade) school students in the city is 113 and 129 %, respectively.
A total of 47,815 students are enrolled in the existing 42 schools, 4,219 in kindergartens, 33,519 in primary and 10,077 in secondary schools.
Health Services
Malaria, goiter, respiratory infections, typhoid and typhus, diarrhea and tuberculosis are among the top diseases that causes morbidity and mortality. Health service coverage currently is 20 %.
Water Supply
Before the installation of tap water, Lake Awassa used to serve as a sole source of water (the Lake water contains fluoride and nitrate acids that greatly affects teeth and bone). In the course of time residents began to dig their own wells as a source of drinking water. According to the information obtained from the municipality, there are more than 1,055 privately owned water wells in the town.
The city gets its potable water supply since 1975. The water system currently has a total of 21 km long main pipe line and 74 public taps. There were about 9000 customers in 1998 Eth. Cal.
Land use
The potential use of land for development purposes are numerous, of which the major ones could be categorized under cultivation, grazing, forest, settlement, etc. Cultivated land accounts for nearly 46 %, followed by grazing which accounts for about 16 % and forest 5.2 % (MoFA 2004).
Some of the major urban agricultural activities practice in the town include: production of maize (560 ha) and horticulture crops (15 ha), fishing, cattle fattening, poultry raising, sheep and goat production and bee keeping as well as the associated input and product marketing activities. It is estimated that 10 % of the city dwellers earn their income from agriculture.
5. Dessie City
Location
Dessie is found in the eastern margin of Amhara Nation Regional State (ANRS), in the north central part of Ethiopia, at a road distance of 400 km from Addis Ababa. The city is bounded by a chain of ridges and is developed at the edge of the escarpment whose elevation ranges from 2,400 – 2,800 m.a.s.l.
The astronomical location of Dessie is 110 08” North Latitude and 39038” East Longitude.
Climate
The position of Dessie, which is at an average elevation of 2600 m.a.s.l., gives it a dega climate. As a result, Dessie has a relatively cooler temperature and higher precipitation.
The mean monthly minimum temperature data for Dessie for 10 years (1987 – 1996) 12.370c and maximum temperature during the same period was 26.270c.
The values are relatively lower with a declining trend from September to January and increasing trend from February to August.
Altitude
The city is founded in Borkena River valley at the foot of the escarpments following a linear fashion. Undulating topography is a common feature in the built-up area because of which adequate intra- urban access is highly constrained.
In general, the total favourable gradient for city development is believed to be 5 to 20 %, provided that it is geographically stable.
Rainfall
A study made by NERC/WSSA (1982) shows that the annual total rainfall was 1,036 mm. However, based on a more recent data (1987 –1996), the average annual total rainfall is calculated to be 1070 mm. The big rain occurs during the month of June, July and August.
Population
The population size of the city is 151,094 (72,891male and 78,203 female)
In 1994 children under 14 years of age constituted 34.8 % of the total population of Dessie city, those in the working age group (15 – 59 years of age) had constituted 60.4 % while old aged ones 60 and above accounted for 4.8 %.
Religious groups
In terms of size of religious followers, Christianity is the predominant religion, which accounted for 63.8 % (1984) and 61.3 % (1994), followers of Muslim and others comprising 38.5 % and 35.8 %, respectively.
Ethnic groups
Both, the 1984 and 1994 censuses result revealed Amhara as predominant ethnic group. This ethnic group constituted for nearly 92 % and 93 %, respectively. Tigray ethnic group comprising 3.8 % and 4.5 % in the same census periods. All other ethnic groups aggregate contribution accounted for less than 4 % (Sebat Bet Guragie 0.1 %, Sodo Guragie 0.2 %, Siltie 0.34 %, Oromo 0.58 %, Werji 0.01 %, etc).
Social Services
Dessie gets electric power supply from the national grid. The source of the electric power is from hydro power. By assuming that each household in the city gets electricity directly or indirectly, access/ coverage to electricity is 100% and the number of customers as of July 7/2009 ( 30th Sene, 2001 Eth. Cal.) is 24,213.
(Source: Power System Planning of EEPCo)
Transport and Communication
There are three types of roads in the city, asphalt, gravel and non surfaced roads. The major truck road that links Addis Ababa with Mekele runs north south across the city.
There is a relatively wee developed intra urban transport service in Dessie, which is provided by both four seater (small) and twelve seater (wuyitit and minibus) taxis as well as horse drawn carts. Currently, 32 small four seater taxis, 111 twelve seater minibuses and 255 horse drawn carts serve the urban population.
The city is also located only 23 km far away from Kombolcha where there is an airport and to which there is a daily flight from Addis Ababa.
The installation of a telephone line that links Addis Ababa to Asmara was commenced in 1902 and completed 1904 Eth. Cal., especially Dessie had got telephone service through manual exchange for a long time. This manual exchange with the capacity of 800 lines since 1959 Eth. Cal. Dessie was served by 18853 active lines up to 1990 Eth. Cal out of which 8 lines are distributed to the nearby towns.
A modern postal service in Ethiopia was started in Addis Ababa during the reign of King Menilik II in 1884. It was after 36 years (1929/30) that the first postal service as started in Dessie. At present, the city is served by only one permanent post office, which has two mail collection boxes that are fixed at the main gate of the post office.
Tourist Attraction Sites
Dessie is endowed with historically important sites and heritages that require due attention in their future preservation and utilization (such as, Nigus Mikael’s Ghibi, Meriho Ghibi, Dessie Museum, etc)
Educational Services
In 1996, there were one teacher training institute, one health assistant school, two senior secondary schools sixteen primary schools and five kindergartens in Dessie city.
As of the year 1997, a total of 1183 pupils (18.3 % of the then estimated kindergarten school age children) were enrolled in kindergartens. If the kindergartens were able to enroll the standard capacity set by Ministry of Education (MoE), they would have enrolled 45 % of the total children of eligible age in the city.
Enrollment data available for 8 consecutive academic years (1983 – 1990 Eth. Cal.) shows, in general, a declining trend in all levels of schools. The number of students enrolled in primary schools ranges from 329 in Metiro to 3916 in Kedame Gebeya.
Health Services
In 1994, there were 94 health institutions (three hospitals, seven health centers and eighty clinics in South Wello Zone, of which one hospital, one health center and three clinics were located in Dessie city. There would be, a need to construct additional five health centers and twenty five health posts in the future.
Water Supply
Dessie has been supplied with piped water since 1937. Before that, the only water source was the Ras Abate spring. Later on other springs and boreholes were added to the water supply system. Presently there are three springs and six boreholes that are connected to the water supply system of the city. According to CSA (1994), about 97 % of the then housing units were getting drinking water from taps.
Land use
The existing urban land use pattern in Dessie is primarily the result of the Addis Ababa – Mekele highway. Accordingly, breakdown of the existing land use was estimated in reference to a total of about 750 ha of built-up area, of which about 25 ha consists of rocky hills and gorges that are not suitable for construction. Nevertheless, an estimated 217 ha of forestland that covers the surrounding mountains is also presumed to fall under the city boundary. In the city, there is little vacant land available for future urban in-fill, and even the existing limited communal open spaces are currently being advertised for possible lease holdings.
The natural vegetation in the city and the surrounding ridges is almost cleared. However, recently planted eucalyptus trees in most of the compound of residential and non-residential houses, and steep slopes in the city and the surrounding ridges make Dessie one of the big “garden cities” in Ethiopia.
Individuals as well as religious and other organizations in the city practice different types of agricultural activities that include livestock husbandry, horticulture, grazing and crop farming.
The banks of Borkena River, the Tossa Mountain, the compounds of churches, cemetery sites, the compound of schools and other public institutions are (largely) covered by forest for the purpose of environmental protection as well as to serve as buffer between incompatible activities.
6. Nazareth
Location
Nazareth is located at geographic coordinates of 080 33’ North Latitude and 390 17’ East Longitude. Nazareth city is located at the distance of 100 km south east of Addis Ababa.
The area of the city is 3240 ha.
Altitude
The altitude of the city is 1622 m.a.s.l.
Rainfall
Mean annual rainfall is 822.5 mm.
Population
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) in its annual statistical abstract of 2008 projects the total population size of 222,035 (male 109,659 and female 112,376) for the year 2008.
Economy
The economic, social and spatial growth of Nazareth is related to its road network. The highway and the railway cross the city and connect the central region of the country with its south and east. The natural endowments of the region as hot springs like Sodere are good attractions of tourist. This makes Nazareth a transit town entertaining large number of (non resident) visitors everyday. This in turn switches the demand for extended commercial services such as hotels, bars, restaurants and alike.
The major economic sectors include:
1) Commerce and transport
2) Manufacturing and construction
3) Agriculture, and
4) Administration, finance, education, health, security and social, cultural, recreation and others.
There are manufacturing firms, like tractor factory, edible oil factory, plastic factory, etc.
Population
The estimated population of the city is 222,035 (male 109,659) female 112,376)
(CSA, Statistical Abstract 2008)
Electric Power
Nazareth gets electric power supply from the national grid. The source of the electric power is from hydro power. By assuming that each household in the city gets electricity directly or indirectly, access/ coverage to electricity is 100% and the number of customers as of July 7/2009 ( 30th Sene, 2001 Eth. Cal.) is 23,751.
Transportation
The Addis Ababa – Djibouti railway line is also passing through northern part of the city.
Agriculture
There are some agricultural activities mainly in the northern and southern parts of the city. Cattle feedlots are found. Horticultural development is also taking place along the road to Wonji.
Except some bushes found on the southern part of the city, it is hardly possible to find trees either on the chain of the hills surrounding the town or in the town itself. The shortage of fuel wood is acute in the town.
5.7 Dire Dawa
Location
Astronomically the city is located at 90 38’ North Latitude and 450 50’ East Longitude.
The total area of Dire Dawa city Administration is 128,802 ha of which the city proper takes only about 2 -3 percent (2928 ha). The rest is rural area. The city is located at 525 km away from the capital city of Addis Ababa along the railway to Djibouti.
Dire Dawa is a transport hub and trade center due to the kinks created by different modes of transport, i.e., road, railway and air transport which connect the city to Addis Ababa, different regions and Djibouti.
Altitude
The altitude of the city is 1160 m.a.s.l.
Rainfall
Mean annual rainfall is 58.8 mm in 2007.
Population
Dire Dawa is second densely populated city in Ethiopia with a population of 342,827, according to Central Statistical Authority’s (CSA) projection.
Dire Dawa city administration is directly answerable to the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Ethnic Composition
As soon as the construction work on the new railway station was began people started to flock in and congregate around it. Just four months after the foundation of the town, around April 1903, there were some 1500 – 2000 people living in the so called ville indigene, which were mostly Ethiopian of Oromo, Gurgura (Somali), Amhara origin and Arabs. This shows that the inhabitants of Dire Dawa are ethnically diversified.
According to official document of CSD, PHC and CSA, the population of Dire Dawa showed an average yearly growth of about 4.24 %.
Religion
The majority in the city were followers of Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Muslim. There were also a considerable number of followers of Catholic, Protestant, Greek and Armenian Orthodox churches.
Economy
The economic, social and spatial growth of Nazareth is related to its road network. The highway and the railway cross the city and connect it the eastern part of the country. This makes Dire Dawa a transit city entertaining large number of (non resident) visitors everyday.
The major economic sectors include:
- Commerce and transport,
- Manufacturing and construction,
- Agriculture, and
- Administration, finance, education, health, security and social, cultural, recreation and others.
There are manufacturing firms, like cement factory, textile factory, etc.
Population
The estimated (projected) population of Dire Dawa is 324,827 (male 171,930 and female 170,897) for the year 2008.
Education Services
There are 20 kindergartens – 60 % of the school age population of the city has access to pre education service provision.
There are 12 government elementary schools to provide primary education services. There are 4 secondary schools in the city. One of them is private and located in the center of the city.
In general, the distribution of secondary schools in the city seems fair.
There is only one government technical vocational training (TVET) school in depot. There are also private colleges that are located in the center of the city. In addition to that the expansion of Alamaya University is under way.
Health Facilities (Services)
There are 3 health centers and one health post which are supposed to be sufficient for rendering services to the urban population. In addition, there are 21 private clinics in the city.
The city has 3 hospitals located in the center of the city. The first one is owned by the government and the second and third belongs to a private owner and the Ethio-Djibouti railway, respectively.
Top leading causes of hospital and health centers morbidity 2007/2008:
|Rank |Diagnosis |No. of all cases |% of all cases |
|1 |Acute Upper Respiratory Infection |18,668 |25.0 |
|2 |All other Accidental Cause |6,485 |8.7 |
|3 |Gastritis and Duodonitis |4,662 |6.2 |
|4 |All other diseases of Genito Urinary system |4,249 |5.7 |
|5 |All other Infective and Parasitic Diseases |4,281 |5.7 |
|6 |Homicide & Injury purposely inflicted by other person |3,216 |4.3 |
|7 |Bronchopneumonia |2,764 |3.7 |
|8 |Gastroentsites & Colitis (age 2 years and above) |2,722 |3.6 |
|9 |Arthritis and spondhilitis |2,628 |3.5 |
|10 |Primary atypical other & unspecified pneumonia |2,623 |3.5 |
|Total of Leading Diseases |52,298 |70.0 |
| Total of Other Diseases |22,406 |30.0 |
| Total Causes of Morbidity |74,704 |100.0 |
Electric Power
The city gets 24 hours electric service from the national grid (ICS).
Estimated number of customers is 29,568 and the electric coverage is 100 %.
(Source: Power System Planning of EEPCo)
Transportation
There are transport facilities – airport, railway station and bus terminal.
The total length of roads of the city is reckoned to be 187 km out of which only about 17 % (31.14 km) are asphalted. The remaining 83 % (155.93 km) is earth pressed or dry weather and gravel surfaced roads.
Land Use
The city is situated on a vast plain area surrounded by chains of mountains. Major land use categories include residence, commerce and trade, administration, industry ad warehouses, services, recreation, road and transport. The city is a transport center for the surrounding area.
Except some bushes found on the southern part of the city, it is hardly possible to find trees either on the chain of the hills surrounding the town or in the town itself. The shortage of fuel wood is acute in the town.
Tourism development
Dire Dawa Administrative Council (DDAC) located in the eastern part of the country, is a strategic trade center, both for import and export trade. Its close proximity to the Middle East and Djibouti makes Dire Dawa an important tourist destination. The city has got over 20 tourist standard hotels and travel agents.
There are also some internationally known prehistoric rock art and cave paintings (such as, Laga Oda Caves), other smaller caves (such as, Porc Epic, Hinkuftu), important mosques (such as, Abeyaziz, Italian), Africans Graveyard and Italian Fort (Mishig) are some of the tourist sites inside and in the periphery of Dire Dawa city.
6. Baseline Information for Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
Location
The drilling of the four deep geothermal wells will be carried out at Aluto Langano Geothermal power plant. Aluto Langano Geothermal field is located at geographic coordinates of latitude 70 793/ North and longitude 380 798/ East, within the central-southern part of the main Ethiopian rift valley about 200 km south of Addis Ababa in Oromia Regional State.
Climate
Mean annual temperature is around 20.4 degrees Celsius, and mean monthly temperatures range from 18.6 to 22.1 degrees Celsius, with a little difference from month to month. The annual precipitation is around 700 mm. June to September are the
wet seasons, while November to January is the dry season with low levels of rainfall.
Mean monthly temperatures and mean monthly rainfall for Ziway (1985~2005)
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Altitude
The project site elevation is 1956 m.a.s.l.
Fauna and Flora
According to information from the study report (Study on Geothermal Power Development Project in the Aluto Langano Field, December 2009) there are no precious or protected species living and growing in the area.
According to the study, wheat, barley, and corn are primarily cultivated on the farmlands. Grass plants and low tress are seen around the farmlands and in the mountains/hills, dotted with acacia. Sheep, goat, donkey and other livestock are observed in the area. According to information from local residents, rats, snakes and several different birds are seen in the area, but there are no large beasts of prey, monkeys or apes, or birds of prey living around the project area. The existing environment presents a lower degree of preserved nature resulted from intervention of the locals. This leads us to believe that the possibility of these animals living in the area is low.
Population
According to the study report of the geothermal power development of December 2009, approximately 300 people (50 households) live around the project area.
Several towns representing a total population of around 10,000 people lives along the national highway No. 6. Names of towns along this road are: Ziway, Adami Tulu, Bulbula, Gebnel, Abosa and Kontola. Among these towns, Ziway plays the role of central town in this district and offers a relatively developed infrastructure such as Internet service.
The local residents make their living mainly from agriculture and from animal pasturage, but there is no developed industry.
Economy
The major economic activities around the project area are agriculture and the
rearing of livestock. Most residents live on agricultural farming and the rearing of livestock by pasturing.
The primary agricultural crops are wheat, barley and corn, and the major livestock are sheep, goat and donkey. Some residents are hired by the power plant as janitors and guards.
Land use
The Project area has 7-MW geothermal power generation facilities in service, with seven geothermal wells drilled around them.
Education
There is one elementary school within the project area. According to information from geothermal study, the total number of students attending the elementary school is roughly 300 including children from around the project area.
Medical treatment
There is no clinic or other medical facility within the area. The nearest clinic is in a village located 13 km away from the project area.
Cultural and Historical Heritage
The project area is not designated for a national park or natural reserve. Roughly 40 km southwest of the project area is Abidjiatta-Shalla National Park, which is designated as a national park as a flamingo and pelican sanctuary .
According to the study of the geothermal of December 2009, the project area has no known site of culturally, historically or archaeologically important heritage or landmark, or geologically or topographically important feature.
Electric Power
There is a transformer substation owned by EEPCo in Adami Tulu. This substation connects the Aluto-Langano geothermal pilot power station with Ethiopian national electricity grid through a 130 kV transmission line.
7. Analysis of Alternatives
7.1. Rehabilitating the Distribution System*
7.1.1 No Development
The present urban distribution systems are in a state of severe disrepair.
The option of no action is unacceptable to the supplier and to the consumer.
Increasing degradation of the system will lead to consumers seeking options for additional or alternative energy sources. For some businesses this could lead to the installation of generators at a direct cost to the economy and increasing the reliance on fossil fuels.
At the household level, many of the smaller households still rely on fuel wood for cooking and heating. Any further degradation in services will escalate this demand, putting ever greater pressure on the woodlots and natural forests supplying the major urban centers.
7.1.2. Alternative Energy Sources
The rehabilitation of the existing system does not preclude the introduction of alternative or supplementary energy sources or energy saving technology. However, at present there are no widely or economically available systems that can entirely replace the existing system at household level or industrial level.
2. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
• The power shortage prevents the development of the local economy thus inhibiting the improvement in the residents’ living.
• If the Drilling of four deep wells carried in an area other than the existing Aluto Langano geothermal site, it will impose a greater impact on the environment.
* Urban Distribution Rehabilitation, Substations Upgrading and Rehabilitation (19 substations) and Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns.
8. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts
8.1 Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The Project Components are not expected to have significant environmental and social impacts. However, since one cannot be sure whether environmental impacts will or will not occur in all the project components, it is proposed that precautionary measures described below be taken to ensure that the planned activities do not contribute, for example, to soil erosion, crop damage, air pollution, or negatively affect livelihood of the surrounding population.
Table 8.1:- Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Rehabilitating the Distribution System
|Potential Environmental and |Proposed Mitigation Measures |Implementation/Monitoring Responsibility |
|Social Impacts | | |
| | | |
|Soil erosion, air pollution, |- Use Environmental Guidelines for Contractors |Contractors /EEPCo |
|Soil Pollution | | |
| |- Procurement of transformers and Compact Substations free of PCB’s |EEPCo |
| | | |
| |- Safe disposal of transformers containing PCB’s | |
| | |EEPCo |
| |- Safe disposal of creosote-treated wooden poles | |
| | |EEPCo |
| |Safe disposal of excavated rock cuttings, sludge and debris during the drilling | |
| |of four deep wells at Aluto geothermal power project. |Contractors |
| |- Circulating water as not to dispose water to surface at Aluto geothermal | |
| |power project. | |
| | |Contractors |
| | | |
|Loss of Assets and access to |- Compensation payment for Project Affected Persons |EEPCo |
|homes, business and services |- Compensation Payment for crop damage |EEPCo |
| |- Compensation for loss of livelihood and mitigation for loss of access |EEPCo |
|Cultural heritage |-Avoid historical, cultural and archeological sites during Route alignment |Surveyors |
| |-Inform Authorities when there are any chance findings | |
| | |Contractors |
Table 8.2 Potential Impacts and mitigation Measures for Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
|Potential Environmental and Social Impacts |Proposed mitigation measures |Implementation/Monitoring Responsibility |
|Vehicles transporting equipment and materials |Use Environmental and social clauses for |Contractors/ EEPCo |
|will raise dirt and dust clouds |Contractors | |
|There will be noise emitted from geothermal fluid escaping from |Use Environmental and social clauses for |Contractors/ EEPCo |
|the drilled wells, and working noise and vibration are only |Contractors | |
|temporary, and thus deemed to have a minor impact on the | | |
|environment and surrounding community. | | |
|Excavation sludge, construction waste and debris will be generated|Prepare appropriate Dumping site |Contractors/ EEPCo |
| | | |
|Civil engineering work will generate waste soil. |Reduction of the volume and appropriate |Contractors/ EEPCo |
| |disposal | |
|Excavation of deep wells will use surface water |Use of circulating water during excavation|Contractor |
|/ground water which may affect the surface or underground water |of the deep wells | |
|level. However, water intake will be temporary and the amount is | | |
|so limited that only slight impact is expected. | | |
|Drilling of production wells could cause some changes in the |-Use appropriate dumping site |Contractors/ EEPCo |
|topography. |-Restore the site after the completion of| |
| |construction activity | |
|Bare ground will be exposed through preparation of well drilling |Use Environmental and social clauses for |Contractors/ EEPCo |
|bases. |Contractors | |
|Flora and Fauna may be temporarily affected during the |Use Environmental and social clauses for |Contractors/ EEPCo |
|construction period. |Contractors | |
| |-Avoid historical, cultural and |Contractors/ EEPCo |
|Impacts on cultural heritage |archeological sites during preparation of | |
| |drilling sites | |
| |-Inform Authorities when there are any | |
| |chance findings | |
1 Positive Impacts (Rehabilitating the Distribution System)
The Energy Access Project is a development project designed for benefit of the urban population and is likely to have the following overall positive impacts:
• Relieve pressure on biomass resource of the country and thereby reduce the loss of the biodiversity by providing reliable source of energy.
• Improve reliable access to social services (education, health, water supply, etc…)
• Stimulate economic development.
• Enhance aesthetics of the cities by replacing old wooden poles with new concrete poles and installation of underground cable.
• Replacement of existing wooden poles with concrete poles and reduce risk of collapse
• Social infrastructure can be expected to improve with the construction and improvement of roads in the construction period.
Increase in employment opportunity, local procurement of construction materials and equipment and local purchase of food for workers are expected to bring about positive effects on the local economy and residents’ livelihood.
8.3. Positive Impacts (Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano)
• Social infrastructure can be expected to improve with the construction and improvement of roads in the construction period.
• A great deal of positive effects can be expected, as replacement of the diesel power plants will lead to dramatic reduction in green house gas generation, and geothermal power generation involves extremely lower greenhouse gas emissions compared with other types of steam-power generation.
• Increase in employment opportunity, local procurement of construction materials and equipment, and local purchase of food for workers are expected to bring about positive effects on the local economy and residents’ livelihood
8.4. Negative Impacts (Rehabilitating the Distribution System)
Short-term, Construction Phase
It is stated that the distribution rehabilitation activities will all take place within existing road reserves. However, there may exist some cornerstone species (important in maintaining the healthy functioning of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems) close to the roads and may be affected by the distribution lines.
With the above understanding, therefore, potential negative environmental impacts are likely to occur and the impacts may include the following:
- Initiation and aggravation of soil erosion as a result of removal of soil mass and leaving slopes unprotected,
- Air pollution that may result from dust production and exhausts from construction machinery,
- Water pollution from spill of hazardous substances especially during construction works,
- Soil pollution and contamination resulting from hazardous substances especially during construction, and
- Noise resulting mainly from construction machinery
- Impact on cultural, archeological and religious sites during construction.
- Chance finds of cultural/religious/historical value
- Loss of livelihood or displacement (temporary and/or permanent)
Long-term, Operation Phase
During the operation phase of the Project, the following impacts may be anticipated.
▪ Interference of the distribution line with the bird life as there are a lot of bird sanctuaries and bird species in the country;
▪ Erosion of soil may persist if no protection measures are implemented;
5. Negative Impacts (Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano)
Drilling may affect groundwater quantity and quality. The youngest Aluto volcanic eruption characterized by obsidian flow and pumice breccias is reported to have occurred about 2,000 years ago. The biodiversity and floral and faunistic composition of the area is less studied. The entire Aluto area seems to be poorly established with wild animals. Hence, exploration is expected to have no significant impact on fauna. On the contrary, geothermal exploration and drilling may impact on vegetation since sites for the wells and workers’ camps may be cleared of vegetation prior to the actual drilling.
The following are Summary of negative impacts:
- Drilling wells will use surface water which may affect river flow/ground water level.
- During construction excavation sludge, construction waste and debris will be generated.
- Vehicles transporting equipment and materials will raise dirt and dust clouds
- There will be noise emitted from geothermal fluid escaping from the drilled wells, and working noise and vibration are only temporary, and thus deemed to have a minor impact on the environment and surrounding community.
- Civil engineering work will generate waste soil.
- Impacts on Cultural heritage during the preparation of drilling sites
8.6. Impacts of PCB Chemicals
The problem of PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) chemical is significant. It poses major and increasing threats to human health and the environment. In the Stockholm Convention of 2001 (to which Ethiopia is a signatory), PCB is one of the twelve Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) to be eliminated from products like transformers and capacitors.
8.7. Socio-economic and Cultural
Land Expropriation-short term
The principal impact during the implementation of the project is the taking of land temporarily for stores and equipment yards and experience shows that when projects are delayed, project proponents sometimes do not compensate for the additional time (for delay).
Land Expropriation-Long term
The planned routing of distribution lines follows the urban road systems. The poles are erected near the edge of the road and would be sited, as far as possible, to avoid any needs for resettlement. However, much of the land on the periphery of the cities could be farmland and during construction there will inevitably be some crop damage and impact grazing pastures.
Beside and beyond crop damage, the major negative impact anticipated in this regard is expropriation of land due to access roads and the area for the new substations to be constructed, if there would be any. That is, the farmers and urban dwellers may lose their crops, houses, and other properties forever.
When expropriation of land and properties is done, the rate of compensation sometimes may not be adequate to restore, if not better, therefore preparation of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan may be appropriate prior to the implementation of the Project.
Health and Safety
The major impact on health and occupational safety is related to the work force engaged in construction and operation of distribution line.
Such Project involves mobilization of labor force. Although the Distribution Rehabilitation is designed to use the local labor force, the risk of the transmission of communicable disease like STDS and HIV/AIDS in the work sites is expected (may be minimum).
During the operation phase of the project, impacts are mainly related to electrocution (electric shock).
8. Impacts on Cultural Heritage
Ethiopian is known for its long history and rich cultural heritage. Archeologically, it is considered as the birth of mankind. One of the oldest hominid “Lucy” and “Ardi” are found in Ethiopia, in a place called Hadar, located in Afar Regional State.
Although it is proposed that they would follow as much as possible, the existing road network, the distribution lines may traverse, in some cases looking for shorter distances, culturally sensitive sites like graveyards, archaeological sites, etc.
Therefore there is sufficient reason to be cautious when constructing distribution lines in the project operation. This is also true for the exploration of the proposed geothermal fields at Aluto Langano.
8.9 Birds and Power Line Interactions.
Ethiopia is recognized as one of Africa’s bird hotspots with over 850 species recorded, out of which around 30 species are endemic (There are 17 species endemic to Ethiopia and a further 13 species restricted to the geographical region of the Ethiopian Highlands, which includes parts of Eritrea). It is also worth noting that there are over 200 paleartic migrants and many of there have breeding populations in Ethiopia. Key areas include the wetlands and the rift valley migratory routes. The main source of information on bird populations is the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS) who have been identifying “Endemic Bird areas” and “Important Bird Areas”.
In some parts of the world, bird collisions with power lines has become a significant issue, both to environmentalists concerned with threats to rare and endangered species, and to the power companies as these encounters with power lines can cause power outages.
While there is as yet no experience of bird deaths being a significant problem in Ethiopia, it is a potential localized problem that may occur with an expansion of the distribution lines.
There are two main causes, large low flying birds physically flying into power lines and raptors and other large birds perching on distribution lines and touching across UN - insulated conductors. In the majority of cases the problem is relatively localized, where a distribution line crosses a specific bird flight path, such as a valley between a wetland area and roosting area or feeding area.
8.10 Potential Water Related Impacts:
The Energy Access Project will support the Government’s strategy for improving the population’s access to electricity. Under the component of off-grid Rural Electrification project, five investment studies have been completed and designed to develop small hydro powers from the run of river to provide electricity for off-grid areas of rural villages through participation of the private sector and cooperatives of the communities.
The implementing agency for the off- grid areas of rural villages is Ethiopian Rural Energy Development and Promotion Center (EREDPC). EREDPC is a government organization engaged in the development and dissemination of appropriate energy technologies to rural areas and EEPCO’s role mainly focus on the grid access expansion program. Both organizations are accountable to the Ministry of Mines and Energy.
The mini-hydropower plants development finalized are:
i. TUM Small Hydropower: Situated in the Southern Nationals, Nationalities & Peoples Regional State (SNNPR). The project will benefit the people of Bench Maji Zone, Maji Woreda. The power plant will be in the Tum River.
ii. YABUS Small Hydropower: Situated in the Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State, The project will benefit the people of Mao Komo Special Woreda. The power plant will be in the Yabus River.
iii. ZEY Small Hydropower: Situated in the Gambella National Regional State, The project will benefit the people of Medzenger Zone, Meti Woreda. The power plant will be in the Zey River.
iv. DILLA Small Hydropower: Situated in the Oromia National Regional State, The project will benefit the people of West Wellega Zone, Aira Guliso Woreda. The power plant will be in the Dilla River.
v. TISKI Small Hydropower: Situated in the Amhara National Regional State, The project will benefit the people of Awi Zone, Dangla Woreda. The power plant will be in the Tiski River.
These power plants range between 240 KW to 250 KW in capacity and will be run of the river type. The projects will not have any significant impact on the water flow rate of the rivers. The water will be channeled through a weir to the turbines and will again return to the river. Hence the quantity and quality of the water will not be altered anyway to the downstream riparian due to these projects.
Further technical details on these projects are provided below:
[pic]
Detail information on the geographic location of these streams is further described below:
• The beneficiary villages of these small hydro powers are located deep inside of the highland of the country. The locations where the small hydro powers will be developed are the fourth tributaries of Baro and Nile Rivers.
• Tum and Zey streams are the tributary of Baro River, while Yabus, Dilla and Tiski are the tributary of the Blue Nile River.
• These streams and the selected hydropower structures areas don’t form any boundaries between Ethiopia and neighboring countries.
• Each of any of the sited small hydro power developments will potentially generate not more than 300 KVA or equivalent to 250 KW to be distributed to the respective surrounding villages.
Environment and Social Impact Assessments:
• All the streams of the development sites will be used by only direct stream-flow utilization at the upstream and after generating the electricity all the streams water will be 100% released to join the natural stream flow course at downstream.
• These streams do not involve any pollution effect of other rivers and boundary rivers due to the proposed activities.
• No water will be taped or decrease from the stream for the purpose of irrigation or change the direction of the water ways.
However, specific Environment and Social Impact assessment of these plants were not carried out before as those were not identified during the project preparation stage. The Rural Electrification Fund has now identified these sites where private investors have shown interest to invest and operate the plants. The Rural Electrification Fund is now preparing a detail Environment and Social Impact Assessment of the plants. Once these assessments are finalized, these will be similarly published in the World Bank infoshop and external project website.
The proposed micro-hydropower plant development under the Energy Access Project will trigger the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 7.50; in this regard the Government of Ethiopia intends to finalize procedures for informing riparian countries.
The InfoShop and World Bank website will also contain the updated ESMF and the revised Project Information Document, Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet and the World Bank Project Paper for the Additional Financing for the Energy Access Project after Board Approval as per the World Bank disclosure policy.
9. Mitigation Measures
9.1. Rehabilitating the Distribution System
Bio-physical Environment
The main mitigation measure is built into route alignment in the distribution rehabilitation works. This shall be taken care of at the design stage to avoid the need for any land acquisition, resettlement, or any interference with cultural heritage or natural habitats. Therefore, any sensitive areas shall be avoided by re-routing the lines. That is, the distribution lines can also be routed to avoid any direct or visual impact on cultural heritage sites, such as churches, mosques, archaeological and historical sites and away from any viewpoints or other sites of outstanding natural beauty. The project should be aware of any such sites along planned routes.
Before starting detailed line survey, EEPCo will consult the key stakeholders to be aware of any potentially sensitive habitats or protected areas that may be affected by the route. These include: the state authorities, EPA, Ministry of agriculture Natural Resources department, Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research and the Ethiopian Agricultural Research (forestry), Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization (protected areas) and the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (birds and sensitive habitats).
9.2. Drilling of Four Deep Geothermal Wells at Aluto Langano
• Drilling wells at Aluto Langano geothermal project will use circulating surface water not to affect river flow/ground water level.
• Prepare appropriate dumping site for excavated sludge, construction waste and debris.
• Use of environmental clauses for dirt and dust clouds arising from vehicles transporting equipment and materials.
• Use of environmental clauses for noise emitted from the drilling of wells.
• Prepare appropriate dumping site for waste soil during civil engineering works.
Socioeconomic and Cultural
Compensation for Crop Damage during construction
Compensation procedures for damage of properties should be prepared and clarified at the early stage of the project. That is, compensation for crop damage during construction should be paid in cash before construction starts according to current market value.
In order to compensate and valuate property lost to the project, a committee should be formed that will handle the appropriation of land and compensation issue according to Proclamation No. 455/2005 and Regulation No.135/2007.
Land temporarily expropriated should be compensated for and returned to the owners immediately. If there would be project delay and the land return schedule would be delayed accordingly, compensation should be effected for the prolonged time.
Compensation for Loss of Crop-Long term
The project proponent should ensure that appropriate measures are taken to ensure that affected persons are compensated in accordance with the principles and procedures and the national proclamation on compensation and land appropriation (Proc no. 455/2005). Any permanent loss of land, houses and other immovable assets such as perennial crops and grazing pastures due to the construction of compact substations need to be identified and project affected persons (PAPs) compensated prior to commencement of construction activities.
Depending on the availability of land, permanently cultivated land and grazing pastures lost to the Project will be compensated on a land for land basis.
Permanent loss of perennial plantations will be compensated with sufficient cash to the project affected person.
Residential houses, buildings, land, and other fixture losses will be directly and fully compensated at replacement cost.
Protection of Cultural heritage
During surveying of the route alignment cultural, historical, religious and archeological sites will be avoided. When there is “chance findings” the contractor will immediately inform EEPCO on such findings and The Authority for Research and conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) will be informed for further investigation.
“Chance Findings” during the exploration of geothermal fields may also occur. In the same way ARCCH will be informed for further investigation.
The following are procedure when “chance findings” occurs:
a) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately suspend and report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.
b) The contractor shall take the necessary measures for preventing that any person or equipment may damage the article or things and shall provide barricades, fences, and signals and, if necessary, protect against atmospheric agents, as directed by the engineer. Also guard service may be required by the engineer.
c) The supervising engineer shall take the following measures:
• Notify the Project office
• EEPCO notify the relevant Regional department of antiquities and ARRCH
• Request for representative to make site inspection
• Secession of work in the vicinity of the find until the visit of representative; and
• Decision by the department of antiquities on possible salvage or excavation within 48-72-hours of notification
Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational health and safety standards and guidelines for the project should be prepared at the early stage of the project, these standards and guidelines shall be made part of contract document to be signed with any contractor.
To minimize incidence of STDs, especially HIV/AIDS, health education program shall be provided with the involvement of health care institutions (both GOs / NGOs) around the project sites.
In general, all work operations should be considered in a systematic manner to reduce the short term and long term risks to health (disease, injury and death) of the work force.
Concrete Poles
The present proposal is to use concrete poles, rather than timber ones, avoiding adding to the pressure on the scarce wood resources. In addition, the designs specify special foundations in areas with unstable soils, to prevent movement of the poles, minimizing the risk of poles falling over and presenting a hazard to human and livestock, as well as limiting power outages, and maintenance or repair costs to EEPCo.
Protection from Bird Collision and Electrocution.
There are two main approaches to dealing with the issue; that is, design and insulation of distribution poles and attaching “flappers” to the lines so that they can be more easily seen and avoided in flight.
Research carried out on different pole configurations has shown that the armless compact construction design is regarded as being the safest.
However, even with the armless compact design, raptors flying into land on one of the short support brackets can contact both of the lower phase conductors at the same time. Mitigation methods used include increasing the distance between phase conductors and installing molded plastic insulation on conductors.
Increasing the visibility of the line can reduce the second problem of bird flight collisions.
If there are any concerns about possible bird/power line interactions in a particular area, EEPCo will inform local communities to report power line bird deaths if they occur.
Avoidance of PCB Chemicals
It is evident that the existing imported transformers and capacitors (especially those imported before 1989) are suspected of containing PCB chemicals. Therefore, the newly to be imported transformers and capacitors should first be certified as PCB-free and be given much care during the procurement and the importation process.
10. Environmental Management Plan for Energy Access Project Implementation
|Project |Potential Environmental Impacts |Proposed mitigation measure(s) |Institutional Responsibilities |Cost |
|Phase | |(Incl. legislation & regulations) |(Incl. enforcement & |Estimates |
| | | |Coordination) | |
|Pre–construction Phase |Most civil work projects lack detail considerations to |Include the environmental, social, health and safety clauses into the |EEPCo/Designer | |
| |implement the proposed environmental, social, health and |contract document |(Annexes I and II) | |
| |safety mitigation measures |Transformers and capacitors should be checked for PCB-free during | | |
| |Transformers and capacitors are suspected of containing PCB |procurement and prior to importation. | | |
| |chemicals | | | |
| |Cultural heritage |Route alignment during surveying to avoid cultural heritage sites | | |
| | |(historical, archeological sites, etc.) | | |
| | | |EEPCO | |
|Construction Phase |Removal of vegetation |Clearance of vegetation should be minimized to the extent possible. If |Contractor for implementation |Mitigation measures |
| |Soil erosion initiated or aggravated. |it is removed, should be replanted |Environmental and Social experts |to be included as |
| |Soil pollution or contamination due to used oil and hazardous |Using proper erosion control methods including biological and physical |of EEPCo (for monitoring) |bill item in the |
| |waste spillage |means.(energy dissipaters, grassing of slopes, etc) | |contract |
| |Solid waste (dismantled ground wires, etc.) |Protect the crops from being damaged by equipment or machinery | | |
| |Dust emission |Appropriate compensation & mitigation measure to be put in place | | |
| |Land acquisition (expropriation) Permanently and Temporarily |Any damage should be repaired or compensated |Environmental & Social experts of | |
| |Temporary access to homes, businesses & services | |EEPCo | |
| |Noise from construction machinery | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |Recover, re-use and recycling of solid and hazardous waste should be | | |
| | |encouraged on the constriction sites | | |
| | |Limit the traffic to the only authorized access road | | |
| | |Take precautions required to avoid the fall of fragmented or rubbishes | | |
| | |materials on the soil and water. | | |
| | |All the dismantled metals, cable must be collected and transported away| | |
| | |from the site | | |
| | |Used oil and hydraulic fluids must be collected in a closed container | | |
| | |and stored temporarily in a safe place and sent to an authorized | | |
| | |recycling depot | | |
| | |Apply dust abatement measures | | |
| | |Limit time of construction to reduce or minimize the adverse effect of | | |
| | |noise (from religious sites, schools, health centers, etc) | | |
| | | | | |
| | |Inform ARCCH upon “Chance findings” | | |
| | | | | |
| | |Compensation Payment and alternative solution | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors |Contractor for implementation | |
| | | | | |
| | |Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors |Contractors | |
| | |Prepare appropriate Dumping site |/EEPCO | |
| |Impacts on cultural heritage | | | |
| | |Reduction of the volume and appropriate disposal |EEPCO | |
| | |Use of circulating water | | |
| |Crop and grazing pasture damage | | | |
| | | |Environmental and Social experts | |
|Drilling of Four Deep | |Use appropriate dumping site |of EEPCo (for monitoring) | |
|Geothermal Wells at | | |Contractor for implementation | |
|Aluto Langano |Vehicles transporting equipment and materials will raise dirt |Restore the site after the completion of construction activity |Environmental and Social experts | |
| |and dust clouds |Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors |of EEPCo (for monitoring) | |
| | |Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors | | |
| |Noise emitted from geothermal fluid, working noise and |Inform ARCCH upon “Chance findings” |Contractor for implementation | |
| |vibration | |Environmental and Social experts | |
| | | |of EEPCo (for monitoring) | |
| |Excavation sludge, construction waste and debris | | | |
| | | | | |
| |Waste soil | | | |
| | | | | |
| |Surface water/ground water | |Contractor | |
| | | |/EEPCO/ | |
| | | | | |
| |Changes in the topography | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |Soil erosion | | | |
| | | | | |
| |Flora and Fauna | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |Cultural heritage | | | |
|Operation and |Risk of electrocution |Awareness creation among local communities |EEPCo | |
|Maintenance Phase | |Posting warning signs | | |
| |Interaction between bird life and transmission lines |Making poles and lines visible to birds (coloring posts, etc) |Contractor for implementation | |
| | | | | |
| | |Inspect poles regularly | | |
| |Poles may collapse due to several reasons | | | |
11. General Mitigation Issues and EEPCo’s Commitment
The key mitigation factor for minimizing (and, if possible, avoiding) detrimental environmental impacts as a result of the distribution rehabilitation is line alignment. Prior to starting construction EEPCo carries out a line survey and prepares a map showing the routing and estimating quantities so that a contract can be drawn up. The line survey also records any areas that may be adversely affected by the Project. The detail of (sensitive areas) checklist to be considered for site selection is presented in section 6.1.
EEPCo will specifically record where the line crosses any protected areas. The contract also specifies the type of distribution poles to be used and the configuration of the arm and insulators. The poles should be concrete, and a compact armless configuration. The contact will also specify the conductor.
For a proper decision-making, prior to undertaking the detailed line survey, EEPCo will consult the various stakeholders including the MoME, EWNHS, IBCR, EARO, ARCCH, Ministry of Agriculture and the PAPs etc., to consider if there are any “Environmentally Sensitive Areas” recognized by these organizations ( that is, listed in their schedule as areas which harbor protected, threatened or endangered species, areas of particular historic or archaeological interest, primary forests, wetland of national or international importance, national park and protected area) and may be affected by the Program. If there are sensitive areas identified, then the relevant organization can arrange for a site visit and advice EEPCo on possible problem areas and the potential for alternative alignments. In general, decisions are made by EEPCo after consulting the pertinent organization depending on the type of sensitive area(s) identified.
As an additional requirement EEPCo will record any areas where there is a potential for the alignment to affect the visual amenity of a cultural heritage site. EEPCo will also, at the time of the survey, record the need for any unforeseen land acquisition, and impact on the grazing grounds of the pastoralists. Following this consultation process, this information along with the map of the selected routing will be passed to EPA for their review and comments.
EEPCo will report on any recorded bird deaths and indicate on a map where these have occurred. Should any hotspots be identified, EEPCo will report these to the EPA for the input of the latter (to enable the former to decide) and propose appropriate interventions, which may include the localized installation of bird flappers or arm/line insulation.
The major mitigation measure during the drilling of four deep geothermal wells at Aluto Langano is using circulating water not to affect surface or ground water. The project office will preparee dumping sites for excavation sludge, and construction waste, muddy water and debris that will be produced during the excavation of the deep production wells.
Concerning protection of cultural heritage, EEPCO will report to the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, during the construction period of the Project components.
The proposed micro-hydropower plant development under the Energy Access Project will trigger the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 7.50; in this regard the Government of Ethiopia will inform riparian countries.
12. Institutional Arrangements
The implementation responsibility of undertaking EMP rests on the Energy Access Project
To a considerable degree, construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures but the ultimate responsibilities to insure the proposed mitigation measures to be taken properly is of Energy Access Project Office.
The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MoME) will oversee all the environmental activities related to the project.
The offices of the City Municipalities, Woreda Administration, Health Departments and other relevant stake holders will be involved with their specific responsibilities in the environmental and socio-economic activities. Their responsibilities are exercised in the different stages, preconstruction, construction and operation and maintenance.
13. ESMF Implementation and Management
Implementing the ESMF
Environmental and Social Experts of PSP will be responsible to conduct environmental and social monitoring of Energy Access Project.
The implementation of ESMF will be exercised in different stages of the projects, preconstruction, construction and operation phases.
Therefore, the ESMF implementation endeavor can make use of the already designed training program by the Distribution Rehabilitation.
On the other hand, as part of capacity building and technical assistance to implement the work, the Energy Access Project may recruit about 4 to 6 relevant professionals on contract basis for the project duration.
14. Environmental and Social Monitoring and Management
The process of environmental monitoring and management involves several activities with the corresponding responsible actors and stakeholders. The following sections, therefore, present the roles and responsibilities of the actors, the monitoring intervention and the mitigation cost estimate.
14.1. Mitigation Principles and Clauses
The Environmental specification as part of the project contract document shall contain all the necessary clauses relevant to the project. The contract document shall be a binding legal document to be signed by the contractor and Energy Access Project.
(Please refer the Annex - Environmental and Social clauses).
14.2. Work place HIV/AIDS Program
The Ethiopian Government issued a policy, which calls for an integrated effort involving a multi-sectoral response, to control the epidemic. The Ethiopian Government’s HIV/AIDS policy urges communities at large, including government ministries, woreda level government institutions, and the civil society to assume responsibility for carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns.
In line with this policy, EEPCo has taken the initiative to develop and implement an HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention strategy. The strategy will comprise three phases:
(a). Awareness creation campaign for EEPCo’s management personnel.
(b). Awareness creation educational programme and campaign to be organized for EEPCo district staff and projects (2,000 persons);
(c). Continuation and consolidation of awareness creation and education programme and campaign for domestic and international contractors and their work force.
The overall objective of the EEPCo’s HIV/AIDS awareness creation strategy is to contribute to reducing HIV/AIDS infection and incidents. This will not only contribute to strengthening national efforts to halt the epidemic but also support international initiatives to stop the spread of the disease.
Operational Objectives
The operational objectives are:
• To promote continuous sectoral, gender related information, education and communication (IEC) messages about HIV/AIDS infection, protection, counseling and care;
• To increase availability and accessibility of condoms;
• To establish a sectoral policy that will safeguard human and civic rights and avoid discrimination of EEPCo staff who are infected with HIV/AIDS;
• To contribute to the national efforts in establishing indicators that will ensure effective monitoring and evaluation.
EEPCo’s strategy on HIV/AIDS was prepared in 2005, and following its preparation, a number of workshops were held to familiarize its staff with the objectives of the strategy. EEPCo has now received funding support from the National HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office for the implementation of the HIV/AIDS strategy.
14.3 Air Quality Management
With the exception of some dust emission and nuisance caused by heavy truck movements from access roads during the construction periods, the Project will not cause significant impacts on the existing air quality.
For the dusts arising from access roads proper dust abatement measures (periodic spraying of water and traffic speed limit) will be taken by contractors.
14.4 Soil Quality Management
Vehicles and machineries used oils, etc., are considered as the major soil contaminants. They can leach to the ground and contaminate the soil easily.
Therefore, such waste materials should be handled properly until they are taken to their proper disposal areas.
14.5 Water Resource Management
Streams and creeks can be affected by chemicals, used oil spills and untreated discharges during construction period. Used oils and chemicals specially can penetrate to the ground and affect ground water resources.
Liquid wastes will be pretreated before discharging to streams. Chemicals should be properly stored and utilized.
14.6 Noise Abatement
Noise pollution is most related with the noisy operations like, heavy truck movements, use of machinery, drilling machine and heavy equipments.
The schedule of construction works should be adjusted so as not to disturb the sleep of the persons living near. The noise levels would be monitored on site and in the surrounding communities regularly.
The equipment and machinery should be maintained in good state.
14.7 Health and Safety
The contractor throughout the construction period will be required to use appropriate vehicles and comply with legal gross vehicle and axle load limits. They are also required to respect the standard driving speed limit.
The contractor should minimize road safety hazards and inconvenience to other road users by taking all appropriate measures during the construction periods.
During operational phase safety orientation in schools and other Project areas will further minimize impacts on the local communities
14.8 Application of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
The Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of April 2007, which are part of OP/BP 4.01, shall be applied for (i) general EHS, which includes occupational health; (ii) Geothermal Resource Appraisal; and (iii) Electrical Power Distribution. The EHS Guidelines can be easily found on . These guideline requirements have to be integrated in the EMPs.
The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). When one of more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. The General EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector EHS Guidelines which provide guidance to users on EHS issues in specific industry sectors. A complete list of industry sector guidelines can be found at: ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines.
15. Roles & Responsibilities of Major Actors
15.1 Major Actors
The principal actors involved in the management and monitoring of environment and social concerns related to the implementation of the Project are the following:
• the Energy Access Project,
• the Power System Planning /PSP/,
• the Contractor, and
• the Supervision Engineer (SE)
However, it is recognized and obvious that:
• the Community,
• the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MoME),
• Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural heritage (ARCCH)
• Other relevant sector ministries
• Project affected communities
• local NGOs (as required) are also components of other stakeholders who may play an affirmative role in the process of the Project implementation
The major roles and responsibilities of each of the actors are presented in the following sections.
15.2 The Energy Access Project
The Energy Access Project is the owner of the project that undertakes the overall contractual follow-up to ensure the successful implementation of the Project.
The core responsibility of the Project is that it makes sure that compensations are effected; that is, compensations are made at replacement costs and as per the provision in Proclamation No. 455/2005. The Project establishes an exclusive team to implement compensation.
15.3 The Power System planning /PSP/
Power System Planning Office comprises environmentalists and sociologists.
The role and responsibility of the environmental and social experts of PSP mainly focuses on regular monitoring of the Project operations; that is, to ensure that proposed mitigation measures have been implemented.
15.4. The Contractors
The Contractors of the Project are responsible to undertake the construction works as per the design and the EMP. In simple projects environmental and social clauses will be part of the bidding documents and part of the contracts of the contractors. In complex projects the contractors will need to prepare their own Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The Contractors are responsible for the implementation of their ESMP and need to appoint qualified environmental and/ or social specialists.
After preparing the ESMPs it needs to be approved by the Supervision Engineers and submitted to Bank of clearance and public disclosure before staring physical activities.
15.5 The Supervision Engineer (SE)
The SE is responsible for the day-to-day monitoring of the Program implementation. By contractual arrangement, the Supervision Engineers will be responsible for adequate implementation of the environmental and social clauses of the ESMP.
The SE approves or rejects, as the case may be, the proposals and undertakings of the contractor in relation to the requirements of the contract documents.
15.6 The Community
The Community has the right to be consulted to ensure the overall project acceptability without which the Project would not be sustainable.
In general, the community should be involved at different stages of the Project implementation up to decision-making level.
15.7 Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural heritage (ARCCH)
The Authority will be informed whenever there are significant cultural heritage sites in the project areas for further investigation.
15.8 Ministry of Mines and Energy (MoME)
Ministry of Mines and Energy is the regulatory body delegated to review the ESIA document, give approval and monitor the performance of development projects.
15.9 Local NGOs
In project areas where there exists NGOs involved in energy-related interventions, the EEPCo may approach the NGOs for their possible contributions especially for the sustainability of the Project. NGOs are important specifically during the operation phase of the Project.
16. Implementation of Compensation
As stipulated in the Ethiopian legal framework and the WB Safeguard Policies, development projects should not impoverish the people within the project areas. Rather, the PAPs should gain from the project and one aspect of their achievement is that adequate compensation should be effected prior to project implementation.
On this basis, therefore, the Energy Access Project should assign a team, for the Project life, responsible for the effective and efficient implementation of the compensation estimated as per the valuation methods/techniques.
17. Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring is an essential component of project implementation. It helps to ensure that the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and helps to anticipate possible environmental hazards and or detect unpredicted impacts over time. Construction contracts will include environmental monitoring and management procedure and plan and this must be prior to the commencement of any construction activities.
The Environmental and Social Experts of PSP should perform environmental and social monitoring during all stages of the project, especially during the construction stage of the Project, mainly focusing on the following issues to be monitored:
• removal of vegetation,
• noise levels,
• soil erosion,
• water quality,
• accidents/health,
• rehabilitation of work site,
• preservation of cultural/religious heritage, and
• effective implementation of compensation
18. Reporting Procedure
During the implementation of the Project, reports mainly originate from the SEs who is after the day-to-day progress of the works.
The SE’s submits reports to the Energy Access Project (EAP) and the PSP for their follow-up and review and comment on the reports.
EEPCo will submit copies of reports to the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MoME) for the prompt action of the latter.
EEPCo will submit copies of reports to the donor-WB.
The feedback of reports from Energy Access Project (EAP) and PSP should be provided to the SE’s within the time stipulated in the contract document.
Figure 2: summarizes the reporting procedure/flow within EEPCo as well as
between EEPCo and other pertinent stakeholders.
Feedback Report
Report Feedback
Report
Feedback
Report Report
Feedback
19. Estimated Environmental Mitigation Costs
Environmental Cost Estimate
The cost estimate for compensation is based on the cost of the initial Energy Access Project February 2002. Therefore, updating that cost with an inflation rate of 18.9%, and adding proportional cost for the fourth project component, the total estimated cost for meeting the estimated compensation and for management of environmental activities is about USD 1,189,000.00 (Birr 16,157,083.20)
On the other hand, the estimated cost for environmental monitoring, escalating and updating from 2002 cost, is about USD 23,072.20 (Birr 313,523.51) and this is assumed to enable the Environmental and Social Experts of EEPCo to conduct periodic monitoring works on project sites.
Therefore, the total estimated environmental cost is USD 1,212,072.20 (Birr 16,470,606.71)
• 1 USD = Birr 13.5888 (February 9, 2010 Exchange Rate, CBE)
• November 2009 Non food inflation Rate 18.9% (Central Statistical Agency)
20. Submission / Clearance of ESMF
The ESMF document will be submitted to Ministry of Mines and Energy for their comments and approval.
The disclosure of ESMF will be released on EEPCo's website and in the World Bank’s InfoShop and announced on the Ethiopian newsletters to the public.
Bibliography and References
Dire Dawa Provisional Administration and Federal urban Planning Institute, Spacial Development Framework for the city of Dire Dawa, Addis Ababa and DireDawa, July 2006.
Dire Dawa Provisional Administration and Federal Urban Institute Dire Dawa IDP Preparation Project Report on History, Culture and Tourism of Dire Dawa, June 2005.
EEPCo. (2005). Environmental and Social Management Framework. Addis Ababa
EEPCo. (No date). Universal Electrification Access Program
EEPCo, Facts in brief, 2008/09.
EPA. (1992) Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia,
EPA. (2003). Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines. Addis Ababa.
EPA. (2003). State of The Environment Report for Ethiopia, Environmental protection Authority, August 2003, Addis Ababa.
FDRE. (1995). The Constitution. Proclamation No. 1/1995. Addis Ababa
FDRE. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Proc. No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa
FDRE. (1997). Environmental Policy. EPA / MEDaC. Addis Ababa
FDRE. (2002). Establishment of Environmental Organs. Proc. No. 295/2002. Addis Ababa
FDRE. (2005). Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation. Proc. No. 455/2005. Addis Ababa
FDRE, Central Statistical agency, Statistical Abstract, 2008, Addis Ababa.
Federal Urban Planning Institute, Bahir Dar Metropolitan City Administration, Bahir Dar Integrated Development Plan. (BDIDP), July 2006
Federal Urban Planning Institute, Report on the Integrated Development Plan of Awassa Town, December 2006
Masters, G.M. (2003). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science. Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi.
National Urban Planning Institute, Report on the Development Plan of Dessie Town, September, 2000, Addis Ababa.
National Urban Planning Institute, Report on the Development Plan of Jima Town, September, 1997, Addis Ababa.
National Urban Planning Institute, Mekele Development Plan (Final Report), Executive Summary, October, 1993, Addis Ababa.
Nazareth Master Plan, Final Report, National Urban Planning Institute, December 1995, Addis Ababa.
Schnoor, J. L. (1996). Environmental Modeling: Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water, Air and Soil. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
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WB. OP/BP 4.01. Environmental Assessment
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WB. OP/BP 4.36. Forests
WB. OPN 11.03. Cultural Property
Annex
Environmental and Social Clauses
(Additional Financing for Energy Access Project)
1. General
a) The Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP.
| |
|The Contractor shall prepare method statements indicating the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after |
|completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. |
| |
|The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective|
|feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, |
|adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. |
b) Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer (SE) for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), regional environmental authorities or other relevant stake holders may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy of rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of all works.
c) The Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP.
d) If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.
2. Dust abatement
a) The contractor shall minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth moving sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities.
b) During the performance of the work and any operations appurtenants thereto, the contractor shall carry out proper and efficient measures, such as sprinkling with water or other means, whenever necessary to reduce the dust nuisance, and to prevent dust which has originated from his operations from damaging crops, cultivated fields, and dwellings or causing a nuisance to persons. The contractor will be held liable for any damage resulting form dust originating from his operations.
3. Noise due to construction activities
The contractor shall ensure the noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.
The national noise limit standard for the residential area in day time is 55 dB while at night is 45dB.
4. River, Stream and Creek obstruction
a) The contractor shall ensure the existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.
b) The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams, rivers and other natural water bodies / reservoirs.
c) Bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works will not be released directly into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs without prior treatments and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
5. Quarrying, earth burrowing, etc.
a) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.
b) At the end of the construction phase, all construction sites shall be landscaped and rehabilitated to acceptable standards. The stated areas shall be first landscaped, dressed with topsoil and covered with tree planting, field sods or grass seeding.
6. Protection of archeological and historical sites
d) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately suspend and report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.
e) The contractor shall take the necessary measures for preventing that any person or equipment may damage the article or things and shall provide barricades, fences, and signals and, if necessary, protect against atmospheric agents, as directed by the engineer. Also guard service may be required by the engineer.
f) The supervising engineer shall take the following measures:
• Notify the relevant department of antiquities
• Request for representative to make site inspection
• Secession of work in the vicinity of the find until the visit of representative; and
• Decision by the department of antiquities on possible salvage or excavation within 48-72-hours of notification
7. Vegetation and wildlife
a) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities.
b) The contractor shall care, in planning, constructing, maintaining and operating temporary works such as camps, roads, spoil, stockpile and construction facilities areas, to avoid unnecessary damage to areas of particular environmental interest, such as patches of remaining forest, valuable trees and erosion sensitive areas, as well as areas in which the presence of wildlife has been noted.
c) In case some part of forest or single trees has to be removed, or where erosion problems that may affect some portion of the permanent or temporary works are expected, and in any case where in the engineer's opinion it is beneficial for the land conservation, landscaping, seeding and planting of trees, as well as executing drainages and water control works may be required to the contractor, who shall carry out the work according to the prescriptions contained in the pertinent sections of these specifications.
d) No valuable trees or crops shall be damaged or removed by the contractor during the execution of the works without the prior consent of the engineer.
e) Hunting in the proximity of camps and facilities and in general in the project area is strictly prohibited, even if allowed by local rules or regulation in force in Ethiopia and or in the project region.
8. Use of material
The contractor, in as much as possible, shall use local materials to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.
9. Worksite/Camp site Waste Management
a) All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be banded in order to contain spillage. Used oil and hydraulic fluid generated on the construction sites must be collected in a closed container and stored temporarily in a safe place and sent to an authorized recycling depot.
b) All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.
c) The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams, rivers, and other water supplies, at or in the vicinity of the site and shall comply with applicable laws, orders and regulations in force in the country of the works concerning the control and abatement of water pollution.
d) Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.
e) Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.
f) If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, for landfill and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and dressed with top soil and then planted with species indigenous to the locality.
g) The contractor shall provide all sanitary facilities (e.g. garbage collection and disposal, drinking water facilities, etc.) are provided in construction workers camps.
10. Material Excavation and Deposit
a) The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.
b) The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land.
c) New extraction sites:
• Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural and historical sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value.
• Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection.
• Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.
• Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.
• Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing and to avoid any unnecessary damage on other resources.
d) Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.
e) Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits.
f) The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.
a) Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.
11. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention
a) To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.
b) Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.
c) Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.
d) Revegetate the stockpiles with recommended grass species to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes.
e) Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.
f) The contractor shall reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.
g) The contractor shall collect toxic materials from construction areas and keep protect in designated sites until proper disposal. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.
h) Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.
i) Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.
j) Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.
k) Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.
l) Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.
m) Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.
12. Water Resources Management
a) The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.
b) Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.
c) Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, permission has to be obtained from relevant authorities.
d) No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.
e) Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses without pre treated.
f) Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface runoff shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.
13. Traffic Management
a) Location of access roads shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.
b) Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.
c) Access roads shall be watered regularly to suppress dust emission.
14. Disposal of Unusable Elements
a) Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.
b) Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.
15. Repair of Private Property
a) Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.
b) In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.
16. Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS- MP)
Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works.
The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:-
a) For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff, and,
b) For the Client, supported where necessary by SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance.
The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:-
• a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;
• a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;
• a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and
• The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.
The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.
16.1. Health and Safety
a) In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of HIV/AIDS.
b) Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points.
c) Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.
16.2. Traffic safety
a) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.
b) The contractor shall be responsible for the safety along the roads related to the site, and he shall take all necessary precautions for the protection of the work and the safety of the public on the roads affected by his activities.
c) Roads subject to interference by the work shall be kept open or suitable detours shall be provided and maintained by the contractor, who shall provide, erect, and maintain all necessary barricades, suitable and sufficient flashlights, flagmen, danger signals, and signs.
d) The contractor shall submit his weekly activities schedule and the locations of his work along the existing public roads to the authorities concerned, and obtain all necessary approvals prior to commencement of the respective work.
e) At the road crossings or in heavy traffic locations, the contractor shall carry out the work within the working hours as directed by the engineer, and after the completion of the work he shall immediately make the necessary backfill and pavement at the crossings.
f) The contractor shall provide temporary passes and bridges to give an access to the existing villages, houses, etc., to the satisfaction of the engineer and the authorities concerned whenever he disturbs such existing way during the execution of the works.
17. Reporting
The Contractor shall prepare monthly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:-
• EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;
• Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc., as a result thereof);
• Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;
• Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and
• Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.
It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client.
18. Training of Contractor’s Personnel
The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:-
• EHS in general (working procedures);
• Emergency procedures; and
• Social and cultural aspects (awareness creation )
19. Cost of Compliance
It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.
Ethiopia’s Environmental Policy
The policy was issued (through the approval by the Council of Ministers) in 1997 mainly based on the environmental concerns stipulated in the Constitution. The Policy has based itself on several guiding principles in order to ensure the consistency and sustainability of the subsequent policies and strategies for the formulation and implementation of programs.
The key guiding principles of the Policy are:
a) Every person has the right to live in healthy environment;
b) Sustainable environmental conditions and economic production systems are impossible in the absence of peace and personal security. This shall be assured through the acquisition of power by communities to make their own decisions - on matters that affect their life and environment,
c) The development, use and management of renewable resources shall be based on sustainability,:
d) The use of non - renewable resources shall be minimized and where possible their availability extended (e.g. through recycling);
e) Appropriate and affordable technologies which use renewable and non- renewable resources efficiently shall be adopted, adapted, developed and disseminated;
f) When a compromise between short - term economic growth and long- term environmental, protection is necessary, then development activities shall minimize degrading and polluting impacts on ecological and life support systems. When working out a compromise, it is better to err on the side of caution to the extent possible as rehabilitating a degraded environment is very expensive and bringing back a species that has gone extinct is impossible;:
g) Full environmental and social costs (or benefits foregone or lost) that may result through damage to resources or the environment as a result of degradation or pollution shall be incorporated into public and private sector, planning and accounting, and decisions shall be based on minimizing and covering these costs;
h) Market failures with regard to the pricing of natural human - made and cultural resources, and failures in regulatory measures shall be corrected through the assessment and establishment of user fees, taxes, tax reductions or incentives;
i) Conditions shall be created that will support community and individual resource users to sustainable manage their own environment and resources;
j) As key actors in natural resource use and management, women shall be treated equally with men and empowered to be totally involved in policy, program and project design, decision making and implement – policy;
k) The existence of a system which ensures uninterrupted continuing access to the same piece (s) of land and resource creates conducive conditions for sustainable natural resource management;
l) Social equity shall be assured particularly in resource use;
m) Regular and accurate assessment and monitoring of environmental conditions shall be undertaken and the information widely disseminated within the population;
n) Increased awareness and understanding of environmental and resource issues shall be promoted by policy makers, by government officials and by the population, and the adoption of a "conservation culture" in environmental matters among all levels of society shall be encouraged;
o) Local, regional and international environmental interdependence shall be recognized;
p) Natural resource and environmental management activities shall be integrated laterally across al sectors and vertically among all levels of organization;
q) Species and their variants have the right to continue existing, and are, or may be, useful now and / or for generations to come;
r) The wealth of crop and domestic animal as well as micro-organism and wild plant and animal germplasm is an invaluable and inalienable asset that shall be cared for; and
s) The integrated implementation of cross - sectoral and sectoral federal, regional and local policies and strategies shall be seen as a prerequisite to achieving the objectives of this policy on Natural Resources and the Environment
Specifically, regarding the energy sector of the country, the Document stipulated the following policies.
a. To adopt an inter-sectoral process of planning and development which integrates energy development with energy conservation, environmental protection and sustainable utilization of renewable resources;:
b. To promote the development of renewable energy sources and reduce the use of fossil energy resources both for ensuring sustainability and for protecting the environment, as well as for their continuation into the future;:
c. To make institutions and industries which consume large amounts of wood fuel establish their own plantations or make contractual arrangements with plantations to meet their wood requirements;
d. To encourage government leases for private entrepreneurs to plant fuel woodlots in peri-urban areas;
e. To ensure that feasibility studies for hydroelectricity facilities and other significant generating facilities include rigorous environmental impact assessment to allow informed decision - making that maximizes benefits to the community and to the country at large and eliminates or at least minimizes damage to the natural resources base and / or to environmental well – being;:
f. To review current institutional, pricing and regulatory arrangements in the energy sector to suggest reforms that will better meet com-unity energy needs and maximize the opportunities for private commercial and community sector initiatives to develop and market environmentally sound energy sources;
g. To recognize that water resources play an important role to meet Ethiopia’s energy demand and that, by generating power causes no pollution on the environment;
h. To focus extension programs on farm and homestead tree planting to ensure that each homestead grows enough trees to satisfy its wood requirements; and
i. To locate, develop, adopt or adapt energy sources and technologies to replace biomass fuels.
-----------------------
Laying Under ground cable in the first phase of Energy Access Project,
Distribution Rehabilitation Project in Addis Ababa City
MoME
EEPCo CEO
WB
EAP
PSP
SE
Contractor
Distribution Sys.Exc.Officer
E2416
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