Advanced Higher – Cell and Molecular Biology
Advanced Higher – Cell and Molecular Biology
Can I:
Structure, function and growth of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
❑ Identify the structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describe the function of each structure
❑ Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic (both plant and animal) cells
❑ Describe the stages of Interphase (G1, S and G2) in the cell cycle
❑ Describe the process of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and cytokinesis
❑ Define the mitotic index
❑ Explain the control of the cell cycle with reference to the purposes and position of cell checkpoints and the role of the mitosis promoting factor (MPF)
❑ Explain how abnormal cell division occurs resulting in cancer cells
❑ Define cell differentiation and explain how it occurs
❑ Describe the techniques used to culture mammalian cells and explain some of the difficulties maintaining cell cultures
❑ Describe the requirements to culture bacterial and fungal cells and compare this to mammalian cells
❑ Describe the techniques used in plant tissue culture, comparing the totipotency of plant and animal cells and the formation of protoplasts
Structure and function of cell components
❑ Describe the monomer structures of glucose
❑ Describe the structure of disaccharides and explain their formation.
❑ Describe the structure of a polysaccharide and make a comparison between starch, cellulose and glycogen
❑ Describe the functions of carbohydrates
❑ Describe the structure of glycerol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
❑ Describe the formation of ester linkages in fats
❑ Describe the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids, including their hydrophilic / hydrophobic nature
❑ Describe the structure of steroids
❑ Describe the functions of lipids
❑ Describe the generalised structure of amino acids and the functional group that gives the classes polar, non-polar, acidic and basic
❑ Describe the synthesis and relative strength of peptide bonds
❑ Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure in proteins, the types of bonds formed in each structure and the relative strength of these bonds
❑ Describe the functions of proteins
❑ Describe the structure of DNA and RNA
❑ Describe the function of polymerase and ligase
❑ Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
❑ Identify the types of membrane proteins and describe the functions they have
❑ Describe the composition of the cytoskeleton and describe its function
Molecular interactions in cell events
❑ Describe the functions of different groups of enzymes including proteases, nucleases, ATPases and kinases
❑ Explain the specificity of an enzyme related to induced fit
❑ Describe the control of enzyme activity by competitive and non-competitive inhibitors, enzyme modulators and covalent modifications
❑ Explain the role of end-product inhibition in the control of metabolic pathways
❑ Explain the function and mechanism of a sodium-potassium pump
❑ Describe extracellular hydrophobic signalling as illustrated by steroid hormones
❑ Describe extracellular hydrophilic signalling as illustrated by peptide hormones and neurotransmitters
Applications of DNA technology
❑ Describe the use of and techniques in genetic linkage mapping, physical mapping and DNA sequencing in sequencing the human genome
❑ Make comparisons between the human genome and genomes of other species
❑ Describe the techniques used to detect genetic disorders and the development of screening tests.
❑ Define gene therapy and describe some of the practical difficulties
❑ Describe the process of DNA profiling and identify its forensic use
❑ Describe the process of creating transgenic plants, using tomato plants as an example
❑ Explain some of the moral and ethical issues relating to the use of transgenics
❑ Describe the production of bovine somatotrophin (BST) by genetic engineering and its use in cattle
Advanced Higher – Environmental Biology
Can I:
Circulation in ecosystems
❑ Describe energy fixation and explain how this relates to primary productivity and how primary productivity can be measured
❑ Describe the role producers, consumers/heterotrophs and decomposers have in energy flow in an ecosystem
❑ Define trophic levels and explain the transfer of energy between them and the efficiency of this transfer
❑ Explain the relationship between energy and pyramids of productivity, biomass and numbers
❑ Define decomposition and explain its importance in the ecosystem
❑ Describe some of the organisms involved in decomposition, the by products they create and the limiting factors
❑ Explain the importance of nutrient cycling in ecosystems
❑ Describe the chemical transformations in the nitrogen cycle and the organisms involved
❑ Describe the effect of water saturation and anaerobic conditions on nitrogen cycling
❑ Identify the limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems and the associated problems of enriching with this factor
Interactions in ecosystems
❑ Define biotic and abiotic interactions, density-dependent and density-independent factors and interspecific and intraspecific interactions
❑ Define predation
❑ Describe predator/prey population cycles and identify the factors that regulate them
❑ Explain the role of predators in reducing the population density of the prey species and the effect this has in the ecosystem
❑ Describe camouflage and warning colouration adopted by prey species and explain Batesian and Mullerian mimicry
❑ Describe the effects of grazing on plant communities and on diversity
❑ Define exploitation competition and interference competition
❑ Explain the concept of a fundamental niche and explain how and why it differs from a realised niche
❑ Identify, with examples, the damaging effects of exotic species
❑ Explain the importance of survival of some weak competitors
❑ Define parasitism and describe the difference between obligate parasites and facultative parasites
❑ Explain the need for stability in the parasite-host relationship
❑ Describe the methods of parasite transmission and parasite specificity as evidence of evolutionary adaptation
❑ Define commensalism and give some examples of this relationship
❑ Define mutualism and give some examples of this relationship
❑ Describe positive, negative and neutral interactions between species
❑ Describe the effects of host health and environmental factors in changing the balance in symbiotic relationships and explain how humans manage this
❑ Describe the tolerance and compensation mechanisms for coping with variation in the environmental conditions
❑ Describe patterns of growth, development and reproduction and their consequences for habitat and niche occupancy
❑ Define dormancy explaining the difference between predictive and consequential dormancy
❑ Describe some forms of dormancy and explain its importance to surviving environmental adversity
❑ Define homeostatic control in conformers and regulators, using osmoregulation and thermal control as examples
❑ Define the terms osmoconformer, osmoregulator, poikilotherm and homeotherm
❑ Explain the ability of regulators and conformers to occupy habitats
Human Impact on the environment
❑ Define autogenic succession (primary and secondary succession), allogenic succession and degradative (heterotrophic) succession
❑ Describe the increase of complexity of ecosystems through succession and explain how this increase is shown
❑ Describe how complexity can be lost from an ecosystem using monoculture, eutrophocation, toxic pollution and oxygen depletion as examples
❑ Describe the effects of intensive food production
❑ Explain the finite nature of some of the worlds sources of energy and the need for conservation and the use of alternative sources
❑ Describe global warming and the greenhouse effect and its effects on the abundance and distribution of species e.g. zooxanthellae and coral bleaching
❑ Describe the effects of changes in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and explain how this might occur
❑ Describe biological magnification in food chains using DDT and heavy metals as examples
Advanced Higher – Biotechnology (optional module)
Can I:
Biotechnological Techniques
❑ Explain the requirements for growing culture, including obtaining pure cultures and growth conditions in laboratory culture and fermenters
❑ Describe the conditions needed to scale up from petri dish to full scale production
❑ Describe the stages of growth of microbes in culture and the calculation of growth rate constants
❑ Describe the measurement of growth using cell counts, dilution plating and turbidometric methods
❑ Describe diauxic growth and explain how it arises using the lac operon as an example
❑ Describe, with examples, the use of microbes in the production of enzymes
❑ Describe the procedure, conditions and limitations of culturing animal cells
❑ Describe the growth of explants and plant cell lines in a fermenter
❑ Describe protoplast isolation using cellulases and pectinases
❑ Describe the use of hybridisation to form new varieties of plants and the use of tissue culture in plant propagation
Applications of biotechnological processes
❑ Describe the use of micro-organisms and enzymes in silage production
❑ Describe methods to enhance nitrogen fixing
❑ Describe the role of nutraceuticals in competing with pathogens, anti cancer activity, reducing blood cholesterol and improving lactose intolerance
❑ Describe the types of yeast extracts and their uses and explain the autolysis of yeast to produce a number of flavours
❑ Describe the use of cellulases, pectinases and amylases in the production of fruit drinks
❑ Describe the use of microbial fermentation and product recovery in the production of antibodies
❑ Explain the difference between bacteriastatic and bacteriacidal modes of antibiotic action
❑ Describe the preparation of polyclonal sera and its disadvantages.
❑ Describe monoclonal antibody production
❑ Describe the uses of monoclonal antibodies in the detection and treatment of disease and the diagnosis of pregnancy
Advanced Higher – Animal Behaviour (optional)
Can I:
Measuring behaviour
❑ Describe some methods of observing animal behaviour
❑ Define the terms latency, frequency, duration and intensity
❑ Describe the need to be factual and objective when recording animal behaviour
❑ Define anthropomorphism and explain the problems associated with it
❑ Explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour using nest building by birds in spring as an example
Development of Behaviour
❑ Describe the difference between innate and learned behaviour and the role each plays in the behaviour of vertebrates and invertebrates
❑ Explain the comparison between life span of an adult invertebrate with that of a primate and relate to time to learn behaviour
❑ Define imprinting and give examples
❑ Define sign stimuli and fixed action patterns and give examples using Stickleback behaviour and feeding of young by parent birds
❑ Describe the variation and consequent natural selection of behaviour patterns as illustrated by nest building in birds, shoaling in fish and herding in mammals
❑ Describe the single gene effect on behaviour
❑ Describe some behavioural adaptation to human influences
Behavioural Interactions
❑ Describe predation strategies in solitary and co-operative hunting
❑ Describe the modification of behaviour to optimise gain and minimise energy expenditure in foraging behaviour
❑ Describe some defence strategies including mimicry, camouflage, crypsis, masquerading and disruptive camouflage/colouration, vigilance and escape responses
❑ Explain male versus female investment in terms of sperm and egg production, external and internal fertilisation and parental investment
❑ Describe courtship and display behaviours, including male-male rivalry and female choice
❑ Describe how inbreeding is avoided in social groups
❑ Define agonistic and appeasement behaviour and explain the advantages of this behaviour in the establishment of a social hierarchy
❑ Explain the concept of the selfish gene
❑ Define kin selection and reciprocal altruism
❑ Explain the social organisation in primates
Advanced Higher – Physiology, Heath and Exercise (optional module)
Can I:
Exercise and the cardiovascular system
❑ Describe the components of the cardiovascular system and their functions
❑ Describe normal values for blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output
❑ Describe the following cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis, thrombosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertension and stroke
❑ Describe the incidence of heart disease in the UK and compare this to the incidence in other countries
❑ Describe the risk factors in cardiovascular disease and explain which ones are able to be modified and which are non-modifiable
❑ Describe the effects of exercise on heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cardiac output, recovery time and the distribution of blood to the tissues during exercise
❑ Define cardiac hypertrophy and explain how it is achieved and the advantages
❑ Describe protective effects of exercise
❑ Describe some tests of exercise levels and indicate their application to stress testing and cardiac patients rehabilitation
Exercise and metabolism
❑ Identify the sources of food energy, describe what the energy is used for and the units it is measured in
❑ Describe energy balance and state how it can be calculated
❑ Explain the link between diet, coronary heart disease and obesity
❑ Define basal metabolic rate (BMR), describe the basic body processes associated with BMR and describe how it is measured
❑ Identify the factors affecting total energy expenditure
❑ Describe how energy expenditure is measured
❑ Describe methods for measuring body composition
❑ Explain the difference between being overweight related to large muscle or bone mass and that due to excess fat
❑ Explain the problem of rising incidence of obesity in the UK and possible causes and treatments for obesity
❑ Describe the role of exercise in weight control programmes
❑ Describe the effect of frequency, intensity, duration and the type of exercise on body composition and weight control
❑ Define osteoporosis and describe the effects on the bones and the groups of people it effects
❑ Describe the effects of exercise on bone mass and the advantages of this
❑ Describe the role of insulin and glucagons in the control of blood sugar levels
❑ Describe Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and describe the health condition it is normally associated with
❑ Describe the effect of exercise on NIDDM
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