Advanced Higher – Cell and Molecular Biology



Advanced Higher – Cell and Molecular Biology

Can I:

Structure, function and growth of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

❑ Identify the structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describe the function of each structure

❑ Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic (both plant and animal) cells

❑ Describe the stages of Interphase (G1, S and G2) in the cell cycle

❑ Describe the process of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and cytokinesis

❑ Define the mitotic index

❑ Explain the control of the cell cycle with reference to the purposes and position of cell checkpoints and the role of the mitosis promoting factor (MPF)

❑ Explain how abnormal cell division occurs resulting in cancer cells

❑ Define cell differentiation and explain how it occurs

❑ Describe the techniques used to culture mammalian cells and explain some of the difficulties maintaining cell cultures

❑ Describe the requirements to culture bacterial and fungal cells and compare this to mammalian cells

❑ Describe the techniques used in plant tissue culture, comparing the totipotency of plant and animal cells and the formation of protoplasts

Structure and function of cell components

❑ Describe the monomer structures of glucose

❑ Describe the structure of disaccharides and explain their formation.

❑ Describe the structure of a polysaccharide and make a comparison between starch, cellulose and glycogen

❑ Describe the functions of carbohydrates

❑ Describe the structure of glycerol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

❑ Describe the formation of ester linkages in fats

❑ Describe the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids, including their hydrophilic / hydrophobic nature

❑ Describe the structure of steroids

❑ Describe the functions of lipids

❑ Describe the generalised structure of amino acids and the functional group that gives the classes polar, non-polar, acidic and basic

❑ Describe the synthesis and relative strength of peptide bonds

❑ Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure in proteins, the types of bonds formed in each structure and the relative strength of these bonds

❑ Describe the functions of proteins

❑ Describe the structure of DNA and RNA

❑ Describe the function of polymerase and ligase

❑ Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

❑ Identify the types of membrane proteins and describe the functions they have

❑ Describe the composition of the cytoskeleton and describe its function

Molecular interactions in cell events

❑ Describe the functions of different groups of enzymes including proteases, nucleases, ATPases and kinases

❑ Explain the specificity of an enzyme related to induced fit

❑ Describe the control of enzyme activity by competitive and non-competitive inhibitors, enzyme modulators and covalent modifications

❑ Explain the role of end-product inhibition in the control of metabolic pathways

❑ Explain the function and mechanism of a sodium-potassium pump

❑ Describe extracellular hydrophobic signalling as illustrated by steroid hormones

❑ Describe extracellular hydrophilic signalling as illustrated by peptide hormones and neurotransmitters

Applications of DNA technology

❑ Describe the use of and techniques in genetic linkage mapping, physical mapping and DNA sequencing in sequencing the human genome

❑ Make comparisons between the human genome and genomes of other species

❑ Describe the techniques used to detect genetic disorders and the development of screening tests.

❑ Define gene therapy and describe some of the practical difficulties

❑ Describe the process of DNA profiling and identify its forensic use

❑ Describe the process of creating transgenic plants, using tomato plants as an example

❑ Explain some of the moral and ethical issues relating to the use of transgenics

❑ Describe the production of bovine somatotrophin (BST) by genetic engineering and its use in cattle

Advanced Higher – Environmental Biology

Can I:

Circulation in ecosystems

❑ Describe energy fixation and explain how this relates to primary productivity and how primary productivity can be measured

❑ Describe the role producers, consumers/heterotrophs and decomposers have in energy flow in an ecosystem

❑ Define trophic levels and explain the transfer of energy between them and the efficiency of this transfer

❑ Explain the relationship between energy and pyramids of productivity, biomass and numbers

❑ Define decomposition and explain its importance in the ecosystem

❑ Describe some of the organisms involved in decomposition, the by products they create and the limiting factors

❑ Explain the importance of nutrient cycling in ecosystems

❑ Describe the chemical transformations in the nitrogen cycle and the organisms involved

❑ Describe the effect of water saturation and anaerobic conditions on nitrogen cycling

❑ Identify the limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems and the associated problems of enriching with this factor

Interactions in ecosystems

❑ Define biotic and abiotic interactions, density-dependent and density-independent factors and interspecific and intraspecific interactions

❑ Define predation

❑ Describe predator/prey population cycles and identify the factors that regulate them

❑ Explain the role of predators in reducing the population density of the prey species and the effect this has in the ecosystem

❑ Describe camouflage and warning colouration adopted by prey species and explain Batesian and Mullerian mimicry

❑ Describe the effects of grazing on plant communities and on diversity

❑ Define exploitation competition and interference competition

❑ Explain the concept of a fundamental niche and explain how and why it differs from a realised niche

❑ Identify, with examples, the damaging effects of exotic species

❑ Explain the importance of survival of some weak competitors

❑ Define parasitism and describe the difference between obligate parasites and facultative parasites

❑ Explain the need for stability in the parasite-host relationship

❑ Describe the methods of parasite transmission and parasite specificity as evidence of evolutionary adaptation

❑ Define commensalism and give some examples of this relationship

❑ Define mutualism and give some examples of this relationship

❑ Describe positive, negative and neutral interactions between species

❑ Describe the effects of host health and environmental factors in changing the balance in symbiotic relationships and explain how humans manage this

❑ Describe the tolerance and compensation mechanisms for coping with variation in the environmental conditions

❑ Describe patterns of growth, development and reproduction and their consequences for habitat and niche occupancy

❑ Define dormancy explaining the difference between predictive and consequential dormancy

❑ Describe some forms of dormancy and explain its importance to surviving environmental adversity

❑ Define homeostatic control in conformers and regulators, using osmoregulation and thermal control as examples

❑ Define the terms osmoconformer, osmoregulator, poikilotherm and homeotherm

❑ Explain the ability of regulators and conformers to occupy habitats

Human Impact on the environment

❑ Define autogenic succession (primary and secondary succession), allogenic succession and degradative (heterotrophic) succession

❑ Describe the increase of complexity of ecosystems through succession and explain how this increase is shown

❑ Describe how complexity can be lost from an ecosystem using monoculture, eutrophocation, toxic pollution and oxygen depletion as examples

❑ Describe the effects of intensive food production

❑ Explain the finite nature of some of the worlds sources of energy and the need for conservation and the use of alternative sources

❑ Describe global warming and the greenhouse effect and its effects on the abundance and distribution of species e.g. zooxanthellae and coral bleaching

❑ Describe the effects of changes in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and explain how this might occur

❑ Describe biological magnification in food chains using DDT and heavy metals as examples

Advanced Higher – Biotechnology (optional module)

Can I:

Biotechnological Techniques

❑ Explain the requirements for growing culture, including obtaining pure cultures and growth conditions in laboratory culture and fermenters

❑ Describe the conditions needed to scale up from petri dish to full scale production

❑ Describe the stages of growth of microbes in culture and the calculation of growth rate constants

❑ Describe the measurement of growth using cell counts, dilution plating and turbidometric methods

❑ Describe diauxic growth and explain how it arises using the lac operon as an example

❑ Describe, with examples, the use of microbes in the production of enzymes

❑ Describe the procedure, conditions and limitations of culturing animal cells

❑ Describe the growth of explants and plant cell lines in a fermenter

❑ Describe protoplast isolation using cellulases and pectinases

❑ Describe the use of hybridisation to form new varieties of plants and the use of tissue culture in plant propagation

Applications of biotechnological processes

❑ Describe the use of micro-organisms and enzymes in silage production

❑ Describe methods to enhance nitrogen fixing

❑ Describe the role of nutraceuticals in competing with pathogens, anti cancer activity, reducing blood cholesterol and improving lactose intolerance

❑ Describe the types of yeast extracts and their uses and explain the autolysis of yeast to produce a number of flavours

❑ Describe the use of cellulases, pectinases and amylases in the production of fruit drinks

❑ Describe the use of microbial fermentation and product recovery in the production of antibodies

❑ Explain the difference between bacteriastatic and bacteriacidal modes of antibiotic action

❑ Describe the preparation of polyclonal sera and its disadvantages.

❑ Describe monoclonal antibody production

❑ Describe the uses of monoclonal antibodies in the detection and treatment of disease and the diagnosis of pregnancy

Advanced Higher – Animal Behaviour (optional)

Can I:

Measuring behaviour

❑ Describe some methods of observing animal behaviour

❑ Define the terms latency, frequency, duration and intensity

❑ Describe the need to be factual and objective when recording animal behaviour

❑ Define anthropomorphism and explain the problems associated with it

❑ Explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour using nest building by birds in spring as an example

Development of Behaviour

❑ Describe the difference between innate and learned behaviour and the role each plays in the behaviour of vertebrates and invertebrates

❑ Explain the comparison between life span of an adult invertebrate with that of a primate and relate to time to learn behaviour

❑ Define imprinting and give examples

❑ Define sign stimuli and fixed action patterns and give examples using Stickleback behaviour and feeding of young by parent birds

❑ Describe the variation and consequent natural selection of behaviour patterns as illustrated by nest building in birds, shoaling in fish and herding in mammals

❑ Describe the single gene effect on behaviour

❑ Describe some behavioural adaptation to human influences

Behavioural Interactions

❑ Describe predation strategies in solitary and co-operative hunting

❑ Describe the modification of behaviour to optimise gain and minimise energy expenditure in foraging behaviour

❑ Describe some defence strategies including mimicry, camouflage, crypsis, masquerading and disruptive camouflage/colouration, vigilance and escape responses

❑ Explain male versus female investment in terms of sperm and egg production, external and internal fertilisation and parental investment

❑ Describe courtship and display behaviours, including male-male rivalry and female choice

❑ Describe how inbreeding is avoided in social groups

❑ Define agonistic and appeasement behaviour and explain the advantages of this behaviour in the establishment of a social hierarchy

❑ Explain the concept of the selfish gene

❑ Define kin selection and reciprocal altruism

❑ Explain the social organisation in primates

Advanced Higher – Physiology, Heath and Exercise (optional module)

Can I:

Exercise and the cardiovascular system

❑ Describe the components of the cardiovascular system and their functions

❑ Describe normal values for blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output

❑ Describe the following cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis, thrombosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertension and stroke

❑ Describe the incidence of heart disease in the UK and compare this to the incidence in other countries

❑ Describe the risk factors in cardiovascular disease and explain which ones are able to be modified and which are non-modifiable

❑ Describe the effects of exercise on heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cardiac output, recovery time and the distribution of blood to the tissues during exercise

❑ Define cardiac hypertrophy and explain how it is achieved and the advantages

❑ Describe protective effects of exercise

❑ Describe some tests of exercise levels and indicate their application to stress testing and cardiac patients rehabilitation

Exercise and metabolism

❑ Identify the sources of food energy, describe what the energy is used for and the units it is measured in

❑ Describe energy balance and state how it can be calculated

❑ Explain the link between diet, coronary heart disease and obesity

❑ Define basal metabolic rate (BMR), describe the basic body processes associated with BMR and describe how it is measured

❑ Identify the factors affecting total energy expenditure

❑ Describe how energy expenditure is measured

❑ Describe methods for measuring body composition

❑ Explain the difference between being overweight related to large muscle or bone mass and that due to excess fat

❑ Explain the problem of rising incidence of obesity in the UK and possible causes and treatments for obesity

❑ Describe the role of exercise in weight control programmes

❑ Describe the effect of frequency, intensity, duration and the type of exercise on body composition and weight control

❑ Define osteoporosis and describe the effects on the bones and the groups of people it effects

❑ Describe the effects of exercise on bone mass and the advantages of this

❑ Describe the role of insulin and glucagons in the control of blood sugar levels

❑ Describe Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and describe the health condition it is normally associated with

❑ Describe the effect of exercise on NIDDM

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download