Microbiology I - Logan Class of December 2013
Microbiology I
Exam #2
• Virology
o Replication
▪ Release genetic information into the cell ( damage the host cell
▪ Insert themselves into the cell ( Damage the host cell
o Cytopathic Diseases (Table 14.7)
▪ Virions
▪ No Vaccines for aids because its envelope changes too rapidly
▪ Target cell ( CD4
▪ Some viruses use reverse transcriptase to put viral DNA into the cell’s DNA.
▪ EX: AIDS
o Bacteria
▪ DNA
▪ Double Stranded
▪ Circular
▪ Microbial
▪ Diseases
▪ Identification ( staining uses
▪ Pathogenicity
▪ Cytopathic Attack
▪ Phages
▪ Bacterial Virus
▪ Lysogeny
▪ Integration of phage DNA into Host DNA
▪ Causes no harm to the host cell for many generations
• Lysogeny vs. Nonlysogenic Cycle Handout
▪ Many Many bacteria have their pathogenicity determined by the kind of phages associated with them in a lysogenized form
▪ Individually, Bacteria and Phages are non-pathogenic
▪ Together, Bacteria and Phages are DEADLY
▪ EX:
▪ Diptheria
▪ Plague
▪ Pneumonia
• Figure 4.3 & cell bio handout
• Bacteria shape and sizes – P. 86
o Some Unusually Large
▪ Eulopiscium Fishelsoni
▪ 600 x 80 micrometer
▪ Thiomargarita Namibia
▪ 750 micrometer in diameter
o SHAPES:
▪ Cocci
▪ Round/spherical
▪ Streptococcus Pneumoniae
▪ Diplococci
▪ Capsulated
▪ Gram +
▪ Streptococcus Pyogenes
▪ Strep Throat
▪ Pus
▪ 50-60 cells
▪ Filamentous
▪ Gram +
▪ Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
▪ Cocci
▪ Gram –
▪ May be single
▪ Can be diplococci
▪ Can be tetrads
▪ Inside macrophages
▪ Sarcinae
▪ 8 cells
▪ 2 rows of 4 cells
▪ Sarcina Lutea
▪ Merisopedia is Tetrads forming a plate
▪ Carpet form
▪ Staphylococcus Aureus
▪ Staphules
▪ Bunches of grapes
▪ Most common pus forming bacteria
▪ Gram +
▪ Golden Yellow Colonies
▪ MRSA
▪ Bacilli
▪ Bacillus = the genus
▪ Straight Rods
▪ Flat ends
▪ Round End
▪ Fusiform
▪ All Gram + bacteria
▪ B. Subtilis
▪ Arranges as streptobacillary
▪ Many short bacilli form a long chain
▪ 2 strands cross over each other as in an X shape
▪ Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
▪ Diptheria
▪ Diphtheroid Arrangement
▪ Picket Fence Type
▪ Chinese Lettering
▪ Pallisading
▪ Pleomorphic
▪ No Specific Shape
▪ Curved rods of some sort
▪ Mycoplasmae
▪ Do not have a complete cell wall
▪ Vibrio Cholerae
▪ Short Curved rod
▪ Looks like a semilunar
▪ Cholera Dehydrating
▪ Gram –
▪ Spirrilum Minor
▪ .5 x 100 micrometers
▪ Member of the spirillaceae family
▪ Causes rat bite fever
▪ Flagella on its ends
▪ Spirochaetes
▪ Treponema Pallidum
▪ Syphilis Agent
▪ Exception to Koch’s Postulates
▪ Borrelia Burgdorfer
▪ Lyme Disease Agent
▪ Deer Tick
▪ Leptospiria Interrogans
▪ Jaundice Like
▪ Leptospirosis
▪ Dogs & Cats
▪ Dogworm
▪ Has a hook on the end of the spiral
• Prokaryotic Cell
o Microbiological Clinical Situations:
▪ Viruses:
▪ Shapes, sizes, structures, and components of:
▪ Mycoplasma
▪ Chlamydiae
▪ Uearplasma
▪ Rickettsiae
▪ Cyanobacteria
▪ Conventional Bacteria
▪ Staph
▪ Strep
▪ Toxoid
▪ Altered form of an exotoxin
▪ Loses its ability to cause disease
▪ Does NOT lose its ability to be recognized as an antigen
▪ EX: vaccines
▪ Diptheria
▪ Tetanus
▪ Clostridium Tetani
▪ Meningeococcus
▪ N. Meningitidis
▪ Most Deadly ENDOtoxin
▪ Gram –
o Staining
▪ Primary Stain
▪ Crystal Violet
▪ Gentian Violet
▪ Gram +
▪ Retains the primary dye
▪ Blue/Purple color
▪ Peptidoglycan cell wall:
▪ Thick, heavy, highly cross-linked
▪ Counter Stain
▪ Safranin
▪ Eosin
▪ Gram –
▪ More damaged by alcohol wash
▪ Red/Pink Color
▪ Little Peptidoglycan
▪ Lightly cross linked cell wall
▪ Potassium-Iodine Stain
▪ Mordant
▪ Chemical that would facilitate the binding of a primary dye to unknown component in a cell that is inherently able to bind the dye
▪ Outcome = cell retaining dye
▪ Acid Fastness – P. 86
▪ Staining Technique
▪ Ability of bacteria to retain bright red stain from Carbol Fuchsin after washing the slide with alcohol/HCl
▪ Methylene blue = counterstain
▪ Gram –
▪ Mycobacterium
▪ No cardia
▪ Actinomyces
▪ Clinically:
▪ TB:
▪ Cough
▪ Weightloss
▪ Night sweats
▪ Blood in sputum
▪ Acid fast bacilli in sputum
▪ Waxes & mycolic acid in cell wall that retains red stain
▪ Spore Staining – P. 73
▪ Schoefer-Fulton Procedure
▪ Perfringens
▪ Clostridium Tetanus
▪ Melanchite Green Stain Adheres to spores
▪ Tough Spore Structure
▪ Slide is steamed to force stain inside the cell
▪ Due to a thick cell wall
▪ Counterstain = Safranin
▪ Red color
▪ Capsular – P. 72
▪ Gram –
▪ Capsule surrounds the outer perimeter of the cell wall
▪ Capsule is a major pathogenic determinant
▪ Polysaccharide, protein, uronic acid makeup
▪ Smooth, pearly wet colonies
▪ EX:
▪ Strep pneumoniae
▪ Haemophilus influenzae
▪ Klebsiella pneumonia
▪ Can mutate and become uncapsulated
▪ Rough/dry colony forming
▪ Bordetellapertussis
▪ Negative Staining Technique:
▪ Capsule remains white and is seen on a dark background of india ink
▪ Cell is stained from:
▪ Methylene Blue
▪ Safranin
▪ Eosin
▪ Quelling Test
▪ Used for serotyping of capsulated organisms
▪ Identifying the strain
▪ Depends on the ability of a capsule to swell in presence of homolygous antibodies
▪ Flagellar Staining
▪ P. 93
▪ Know the arranglement
▪ Atrichous
▪ No Flagella
▪ Einar Leifson Staining Procedure
▪ 1st disc by Van Iterson
▪ Tannic Acid
▪ Thickening Agent for flagella
▪ Carbol Fuchsin
▪ Dark Red/Purple
▪ Counterstain Options:
▪ Safranin
▪ Methylene Blue
• Pink Eye
o Not related to Chlamydia
o Eye infected by haemophilus Aegyptius
▪ Commonly seen in summer
▪ Treated with Tetracycline
• Chlamydia
o Energy Parasites
o Hypotrophy
▪ No ATP synthesis
o Elephantiasis
▪ Lymphogranuloma Veneria (LGV)
▪ Treated with tetracycline/surgery
▪ Frei Test
▪ Skin Test using lygranum (killed pus material from bubo)
▪ Injected into skin on arm and watched for
▪ Erythema: (+) response ( red inflammation occurs
o Pleomorphism
▪ No Specific Shape
▪ L Form
▪ E. Coli has a cell wall
▪ Can Be converted into a form with NO cell wall
▪ Protoplast
▪ Sphaeroplast
▪ Incomplete cell wall
o Nitrosoguanidine (NTG)
▪ Forces bacteria to have an:
▪ Incomplete cell wall
o Mycoplasmae & Ureaplasma
▪ Cannot form a cell wall
▪ Genetically deficient
▪ Carries genes for cell wall
▪ May form a formal wall under the right circumstances
o Serum
▪ Blood in a non-citrated oxalate
▪ Clotting on bottom
▪ Clear fluid on top
▪ Contains antibodies
o Plasma
▪ Fibrin in plasma changes into fibrinogen for clotting
• Unique/Atypical Bacteria HANDOUT
o Chlamydiae
o Mycoplasmae
o Ureaplasmae
o Rickettsiae
▪ Most heterotrophic
▪ One Rickettsiae exits that is culturable
▪ Rickettsiae Quintana
▪ 1-3 micrometers
▪ Occurs during wars/floods/famines/camping
▪ Places we cannot maintain cleanliness
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