Microbiology I - Logan Class of December 2013



Microbiology I

Exam #2

• Virology

o Replication

▪ Release genetic information into the cell ( damage the host cell

▪ Insert themselves into the cell ( Damage the host cell

o Cytopathic Diseases (Table 14.7)

▪ Virions

▪ No Vaccines for aids because its envelope changes too rapidly

▪ Target cell ( CD4

▪ Some viruses use reverse transcriptase to put viral DNA into the cell’s DNA.

▪ EX: AIDS

o Bacteria

▪ DNA

▪ Double Stranded

▪ Circular

▪ Microbial

▪ Diseases

▪ Identification ( staining uses

▪ Pathogenicity

▪ Cytopathic Attack

▪ Phages

▪ Bacterial Virus

▪ Lysogeny

▪ Integration of phage DNA into Host DNA

▪ Causes no harm to the host cell for many generations

• Lysogeny vs. Nonlysogenic Cycle Handout

▪ Many Many bacteria have their pathogenicity determined by the kind of phages associated with them in a lysogenized form

▪ Individually, Bacteria and Phages are non-pathogenic

▪ Together, Bacteria and Phages are DEADLY

▪ EX:

▪ Diptheria

▪ Plague

▪ Pneumonia

• Figure 4.3 & cell bio handout

• Bacteria shape and sizes – P. 86

o Some Unusually Large

▪ Eulopiscium Fishelsoni

▪ 600 x 80 micrometer

▪ Thiomargarita Namibia

▪ 750 micrometer in diameter

o SHAPES:

▪ Cocci

▪ Round/spherical

▪ Streptococcus Pneumoniae

▪ Diplococci

▪ Capsulated

▪ Gram +

▪ Streptococcus Pyogenes

▪ Strep Throat

▪ Pus

▪ 50-60 cells

▪ Filamentous

▪ Gram +

▪ Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

▪ Cocci

▪ Gram –

▪ May be single

▪ Can be diplococci

▪ Can be tetrads

▪ Inside macrophages

▪ Sarcinae

▪ 8 cells

▪ 2 rows of 4 cells

▪ Sarcina Lutea

▪ Merisopedia is Tetrads forming a plate

▪ Carpet form

▪ Staphylococcus Aureus

▪ Staphules

▪ Bunches of grapes

▪ Most common pus forming bacteria

▪ Gram +

▪ Golden Yellow Colonies

▪ MRSA

▪ Bacilli

▪ Bacillus = the genus

▪ Straight Rods

▪ Flat ends

▪ Round End

▪ Fusiform

▪ All Gram + bacteria

▪ B. Subtilis

▪ Arranges as streptobacillary

▪ Many short bacilli form a long chain

▪ 2 strands cross over each other as in an X shape

▪ Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

▪ Diptheria

▪ Diphtheroid Arrangement

▪ Picket Fence Type

▪ Chinese Lettering

▪ Pallisading

▪ Pleomorphic

▪ No Specific Shape

▪ Curved rods of some sort

▪ Mycoplasmae

▪ Do not have a complete cell wall

▪ Vibrio Cholerae

▪ Short Curved rod

▪ Looks like a semilunar

▪ Cholera Dehydrating

▪ Gram –

▪ Spirrilum Minor

▪ .5 x 100 micrometers

▪ Member of the spirillaceae family

▪ Causes rat bite fever

▪ Flagella on its ends

▪ Spirochaetes

▪ Treponema Pallidum

▪ Syphilis Agent

▪ Exception to Koch’s Postulates

▪ Borrelia Burgdorfer

▪ Lyme Disease Agent

▪ Deer Tick

▪ Leptospiria Interrogans

▪ Jaundice Like

▪ Leptospirosis

▪ Dogs & Cats

▪ Dogworm

▪ Has a hook on the end of the spiral

• Prokaryotic Cell

o Microbiological Clinical Situations:

▪ Viruses:

▪ Shapes, sizes, structures, and components of:

▪ Mycoplasma

▪ Chlamydiae

▪ Uearplasma

▪ Rickettsiae

▪ Cyanobacteria

▪ Conventional Bacteria

▪ Staph

▪ Strep

▪ Toxoid

▪ Altered form of an exotoxin

▪ Loses its ability to cause disease

▪ Does NOT lose its ability to be recognized as an antigen

▪ EX: vaccines

▪ Diptheria

▪ Tetanus

▪ Clostridium Tetani

▪ Meningeococcus

▪ N. Meningitidis

▪ Most Deadly ENDOtoxin

▪ Gram –

o Staining

▪ Primary Stain

▪ Crystal Violet

▪ Gentian Violet

▪ Gram +

▪ Retains the primary dye

▪ Blue/Purple color

▪ Peptidoglycan cell wall:

▪ Thick, heavy, highly cross-linked

▪ Counter Stain

▪ Safranin

▪ Eosin

▪ Gram –

▪ More damaged by alcohol wash

▪ Red/Pink Color

▪ Little Peptidoglycan

▪ Lightly cross linked cell wall

▪ Potassium-Iodine Stain

▪ Mordant

▪ Chemical that would facilitate the binding of a primary dye to unknown component in a cell that is inherently able to bind the dye

▪ Outcome = cell retaining dye

▪ Acid Fastness – P. 86

▪ Staining Technique

▪ Ability of bacteria to retain bright red stain from Carbol Fuchsin after washing the slide with alcohol/HCl

▪ Methylene blue = counterstain

▪ Gram –

▪ Mycobacterium

▪ No cardia

▪ Actinomyces

▪ Clinically:

▪ TB:

▪ Cough

▪ Weightloss

▪ Night sweats

▪ Blood in sputum

▪ Acid fast bacilli in sputum

▪ Waxes & mycolic acid in cell wall that retains red stain

▪ Spore Staining – P. 73

▪ Schoefer-Fulton Procedure

▪ Perfringens

▪ Clostridium Tetanus

▪ Melanchite Green Stain Adheres to spores

▪ Tough Spore Structure

▪ Slide is steamed to force stain inside the cell

▪ Due to a thick cell wall

▪ Counterstain = Safranin

▪ Red color

▪ Capsular – P. 72

▪ Gram –

▪ Capsule surrounds the outer perimeter of the cell wall

▪ Capsule is a major pathogenic determinant

▪ Polysaccharide, protein, uronic acid makeup

▪ Smooth, pearly wet colonies

▪ EX:

▪ Strep pneumoniae

▪ Haemophilus influenzae

▪ Klebsiella pneumonia

▪ Can mutate and become uncapsulated

▪ Rough/dry colony forming

▪ Bordetellapertussis

▪ Negative Staining Technique:

▪ Capsule remains white and is seen on a dark background of india ink

▪ Cell is stained from:

▪ Methylene Blue

▪ Safranin

▪ Eosin

▪ Quelling Test

▪ Used for serotyping of capsulated organisms

▪ Identifying the strain

▪ Depends on the ability of a capsule to swell in presence of homolygous antibodies

▪ Flagellar Staining

▪ P. 93

▪ Know the arranglement

▪ Atrichous

▪ No Flagella

▪ Einar Leifson Staining Procedure

▪ 1st disc by Van Iterson

▪ Tannic Acid

▪ Thickening Agent for flagella

▪ Carbol Fuchsin

▪ Dark Red/Purple

▪ Counterstain Options:

▪ Safranin

▪ Methylene Blue

• Pink Eye

o Not related to Chlamydia

o Eye infected by haemophilus Aegyptius

▪ Commonly seen in summer

▪ Treated with Tetracycline

• Chlamydia

o Energy Parasites

o Hypotrophy

▪ No ATP synthesis

o Elephantiasis

▪ Lymphogranuloma Veneria (LGV)

▪ Treated with tetracycline/surgery

▪ Frei Test

▪ Skin Test using lygranum (killed pus material from bubo)

▪ Injected into skin on arm and watched for

▪ Erythema: (+) response ( red inflammation occurs

o Pleomorphism

▪ No Specific Shape

▪ L Form

▪ E. Coli has a cell wall

▪ Can Be converted into a form with NO cell wall

▪ Protoplast

▪ Sphaeroplast

▪ Incomplete cell wall

o Nitrosoguanidine (NTG)

▪ Forces bacteria to have an:

▪ Incomplete cell wall

o Mycoplasmae & Ureaplasma

▪ Cannot form a cell wall

▪ Genetically deficient

▪ Carries genes for cell wall

▪ May form a formal wall under the right circumstances

o Serum

▪ Blood in a non-citrated oxalate

▪ Clotting on bottom

▪ Clear fluid on top

▪ Contains antibodies

o Plasma

▪ Fibrin in plasma changes into fibrinogen for clotting

• Unique/Atypical Bacteria HANDOUT

o Chlamydiae

o Mycoplasmae

o Ureaplasmae

o Rickettsiae

▪ Most heterotrophic

▪ One Rickettsiae exits that is culturable

▪ Rickettsiae Quintana

▪ 1-3 micrometers

▪ Occurs during wars/floods/famines/camping

▪ Places we cannot maintain cleanliness

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