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1. Define ICT in the context of rmation Communication Technology (ICT) is viewed as both means and an end for development. With roughly two-third of the world economy based on services, and the rise of India, Philippines, and other nations as global IT players, many developing countries have accepted ICT as a national mission. Even within manufacturing and industry, ICT has an increasingly important role to play. During 1995-2002, when the US Economy posted impressive overall growth, nearly one-third of the growth in productivity was attributable to ICT. While the growth rates of ICT even in developing countries are impressive, the base upon which these apply very low.2. Trace the Development of ICTAGES:Pre-mechanical (B/N3000B.C and 1450 A.D) The earliest age of information technology. When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyphs which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags.Now that people were writing a lot of information down they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form.-period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.Mechanical (between 1450 and 1840.)First start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.Electromechanical (between 1840 and 1940)These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cardsElectronic (between 1940 and right know)The electronic age is what we currently live in. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal comptuer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.TIMELINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ICTYEARDESCRIPTION1939Hewlett Packard foundedDavid Packard and Bill Hewlett found Hewlett-Packard in a Palo Alto, California Garage.First Product was the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, which rapidly becomes a popular piece test equipment for engineers.1943Project WhirlwindDuring the WWII, the U.S. Navy approached the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews.The team first build a large analog computer, but found out it inaccurate and inflexible. After designers saw a demonstration of the ENIAC computer, they decided on building a digital computer.1944Harvard Professor Howard Aiken completed the Harvard Mark-1 a room-sized, relay-based calculator.It used to produce mathematical tables but was soon superseded by stored program computers.1945John von Neumann wrote “First Draft of a report on the EDVAC” in which he outlined the architecture of a stored-program computer.EDVAC Programming1948IBM SSECIBM’s Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator computed scientific data in public display near the company’s Manhattan headquarters.1950ERA1101 is he first commercial computer built by the Engineering Research Associates1953The first used Core memory installed by Jay Forrester on the Whirlwind Computer.It is more reliable, faster, and easier to make.1954The IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator established itself as the first mass-produced computer.It allows much faster access to stored material than drum memory machines.1957FORTRAN coding (Formula Translator)Enable a computer to perform repetitive task.The first commercial FORTRAN program ran at Westinghouse, producing a missing comma diagnostic. A successful attempt followed.1962First interactive computer gameMIT students Slug Russell, Shag Graetz, and Alan Kotok wrote SpaceWar! Considered the first interactive computer game.1964First networked computersBASIC programming Language by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny, an easy-to-learn programming language, for their students at Dartmouth College.BASIC was the forerunner for the advanced programming languages in use today.1967LOGO was invented by Seymour Papert for computer language for children. The LOGO is controlled by the actions of a mechanical “turtle” that is traced in a path of paper.Electronic turtles made their designs on a video display monitor.1969First UNIX operating system UNIX combined many of the timesharing and file management features offered by Multics, from which it took its name. Victor Scheinman?s Stanford Arm made a breakthrough as the first electrically powered, computer-controlled robot arm.1974The Stanford Arm could assemble a Ford Model T water pump, guiding itself with optical and contact sensors.Scheinman went on to design the PUMA series of industrial robots for Unimation, robots used for automobile assembly and other industrial tasks.1971First email sentRay Tomlinson of the research firm Bolt, Beranek, and Newman sent the first e-mail when he was supposed to be working on a different project.Tomlinson was accredited with being the one to decide on the”@” sign for use in his message over a military network called ARPANET. 1972First modern video gameFirst modern video gameFirst modern video game Nolan Bushnell hired young engineer Al Alcorn to design a car driving game, but when it became apparent that this was too ambitious for the time, he had Alcorn to design a version of ping-pong instead.1975Microsoft are bornBill Gates and Paul Allen form a partnership called Microsoft.Like most start-ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a massive vision - a computer on every desktop and in every home.1975Betamax video standard introduced by Sony and was released in Japan on May 10, 1975.'Beta' comes from the fact that when the tape ran through the transport, it looked like the Greek letter beta (β). 'Max' was to suggest that the videocassette performed at maximum capability.Later versions of Betamax could record and play video at two different speeds - normal and half-speed (termed 'long play'). Normal speed recording allowed for 1 hour of content and half-speed allowed for over two hours.A Betamax cassetteThe Betamax initially retailed for just over $1,000.1976Video Home System (VHS) video standard introducedDeveloped by the JVC Company as a rival of Sony’s BetamaxIn the late 1970's to the early 1980's, Betamax and VHS competed in what is now remembered as the 'videotape format war' where both products fought for dominance in the market.Even though Betamax offered better video quality, VHS won the format war and Betamax became largely obsolete.Cheaper prices and longer recording times are considered the reasons as to why VHS outlived Betamax.1976Apple are bornSteve Wozniak designed the Apple I, a single-board computer. With specifications in hand and an order for 100 machines at $500 each from the Byte Shop, he and Steve Jobs got their start in business.About 200 of the machines sold before the company announced the Apple II as a complete computer.1977Home gaming is bornAtari released the Atari Video Computer System (VCS) - later renamed the Atari 2600.The VCS was the first widely successful video game system, selling more than twenty million units throughout the 1980s.The VCS used the 8-bit MOS 6507 microprocessor and was designed to be connected to a home television set. When the last of Atari’s game consoles were made in 1990, more than 900 game titles had been released.1980First hard disk drive (HDD)Seagate Technology created the first hard disk drive for microcomputers, the ST506. The disk held 5 megabytes of data, five times as much as a standard floppy disk, and fit in the space of a floppy disk drive.The hard disk drive itself is a rigid metallic platter coated on both sides with a thin layer of magnetic material that stores digital data.Seagate quickly drew such big-name customers as Apple Computer and IBM. Within a few years, it had sold 4 million units.1981MS-DOS releasedThe MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) basic software for the newly released IBM PC, established a long partnership between IBM and Microsoft, which Bill Gates and Paul Allen had founded only six years earlier.1982Commodore introduces the Commodore 64.The C64, as it was better known, sold for $595, came with 64KB of RAM and featured impressive graphics. Thousands of software titles were released over the lifespan of the C64.By the time the C64 was discontinued in 1993, it had sold more than 22 million units and is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest selling single computer model of all time.1984Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface, with a single $1.5 million commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl.Based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, the Macintosh included many features at an affordable price of $2,500.Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite.1986Pixar is foundedPixar was originally called the Special Effects Computer Group at Lucasfilm (launched in 1979).The group created the computer animated segments of films such as “Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.”Same year the Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs paid 10 million dollars to Lucasfilm to purchase the Group and renamed it Pixar. Over the next decade, Pixar made highly successful (and Oscar-winning) animated films. It was bought by Disney in 2006.1988Robert Morris? worm flooded the ARPANET (first computer virus)The 23-year old- Robert Morris a son of a computer security expert for the National Security Agency, sent a non-destructive worm through the Internet, causing problems for about 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts linked to the network.As a punishment, He was sentenced to three years of probation, 400 hours of Community Service, and a fine of $10,050.1989Maxis released SimCity (first Simulator Game), a video game that helped launch of series of simulators Will Wright(cofounder) built on his childhood interest in plastic models of ships and airplanes, eventually starting up a company with Jeff Braun and designing a computer program that allowed the user to create his own city.A number of other Sims followed in the series, including SimEarth, SimAnt, and SimLife.1990The World Wide Web (www) was born when Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HyperText Markup Language.HTML, as it is commonly known, allowed the Internet to expand into the World Wide Web, using specifications he developed such as URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol).A browser, such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer, follows links and sends a query to a server, allowing a user to view a site.At same year, Windows 3.0 was launched Microsoft shipped Windows 3.0 on May 22. Compatible with DOS programs, the first successful version of Windows finally offered good enough performance to satisfy PC users.For the new version, Microsoft revamped the interface and created a design that allowed PCs to support large graphical applications for the first time.Microsoft released Windows amid a $10 million publicity blitz.1993 “Doom” (First Person Shooter games introduced (FPS)) is released by id Software. An immersive first-person shooter-style game, it became popular on many different platforms before losing popularity to games like Halo and Counter-Strike.Doom players were also among the first to customize the game’s levels and appearance. Doom would spawn several sequels and a 2005 film.At same year, The Mosaic web browser (First Graphical Internet Browser) is released. It is the first commercial software that allowed graphical access to content on the internet.Designed by Eric Bina and Marc Andreessen at the University of Illinois’s National Center for Supercomputer Application. Mosaic was originally designed for a Unix system running x—windows.By 1994, Mosaic was available for several other operating systems such as the Mac OS, Windows and AmigaOS.1994Yahoo is founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo a graduate student of Standford University. Yahoo started out as "Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web" before being renamed.Yahoo originally resided on two machines, Akebono and Konishiki, both named after famous Sumo wrestlers.Yahoo would quickly expand to become one of the Internet’s most popular search engines.1996The launching of Hotmail founded by Sabeer Bathia and Jack Smith, is commercially launched on Independence Day in the United States, symbolically representing freedom from Internet service providers.Now, Hotmail is already owned and operated by the Microsoft Company.1998Microsoft released Windows 98. Some U.S. attorneys tried to block its release since the new O/S interlaces with other programs such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and so effectively closes the market of such software to other companies.The main selling points of Windows '98 were its support for USB and its support for disk partitions greater than 2 GB.Same year, Google launched, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998.In May 2011, unique visitors of Google surpassed 1 billion for the first time.Operating revenue in 2010 exceeded $29 billion.2000Sony releases the Playstation 2.The PS2 is the best-selling console of all time, having reached over 150 million units sold as of January 31, 2011. This milestone was reached 10 years and 11 months after the system was released in Japan on March 4, 2000.Further, Sony said it had 10,828 titles available for the system and that 1.52 billion PS2 titles had been sold since launch.2003Apple opens their first iTunes store it is a software-based online digital media store.Opening as the iTunes Music Store on April 28, 2003, with over 200,000 items to purchase, it is, as of April 2008, the number-one music vendor in the United States.On February 24, 2010, the store served its 10 billionth song download; this milestone was reached in just under seven years of being online.2004Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow computer science students Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes.Facebook is a social networking service and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook Inc.As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 800 million active users and a value of around 41 billion US dollars.2005YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim they were all early employees of Paypal.The first You Tube video was entitled “Me at the Zoo” and shows founder Karim at the San Diego Zoo. It was uploaded on April 23, 2005 and still can be viewed on the site.July 2006 the company announced that they were receiving 100 million video views per day. By May 2010 more than 14 billion videos had been viewed.2007First iPhone announced.Created by the Apple Company, the device at an estimated development cost of US $ 150 million over 30 months.The iPhone went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00 pm local time, while hundreds of customers lined up outside the stores nationwide.On March 2, 2011, at the iPad 2 event, Apple announced that they have sold 100 million iPhones worldwide.For more information just click the URL: Timeline of ICT and Technology (1939 - Present Day). The ICT Lounge. ................
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