Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dyspnea, effort intolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary edema, palpitations, fatigue, dependent edema, JVD, hepatomegaly, ascites, S3, S4, lateral PMI (cardiomegaly) In early phases, only objective evidence may be signs of circulatory insufficiency occurring with imposed stress (physical exercise). ................
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