Instructions: Use your textbook, IB Bioninja or other ...



Summer Work 2017IB Biology Syllabus-Anatomy Section IName________________________________Instructions: Use your textbook, IB Bioninja or other internet resource to complete this study guide for the Anatomy core sections of the IB syllabus. Another great resource is the IB Biology Study Guide: 2014 edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program available on Amazon for around $25. This guide will help you IMMENSELY in the class.Upon returning to school, you will receive a grade for this assignment and we will REVIEW the sections. You will have an Anatomy Test on Wednesday, August 23. It is in your best interest to LEARN this content COMPLETELY over the summer and treat the review days in class as just that—REVIEW. Mrs. Alexander and Mrs. Starr WILL NOT be going over all of the details of each section. Use good study skills and remember that this information WILL be on the IB exam in May 2018. Please record below ANY RESOURCE that you used to complete this assignment:List any questions that you have or things that you do not understand completely below:Digestion—IB SyllabusAssessment Statement:Study Material:Explain why digestion of large food molecules is essential. Explain why digestion of large food molecules is essential.Explain the need for enzymes in digestion.What is an enzyme and how do they work?Explain the purpose of the following enzymes:Lipase:Endopeptidase:Amylase:What organ secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine?State the source, substrate, products and optimum pH conditions for one amylase, one protease and one lipase. EnzymeSourceSubstrateProductpHDraw and label a diagram of the digestive system.Draw and label a diagram of the digestive system.Explain, in detail, the process of digestion, including enzymes at the appropriate points in the process.Outline the function of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Stomach:Small intestine:Large intestine:Distinguish between absorption and assimilation. Describe and provide an example of absorption and assimilation in the digestive process.Explain how the structure of the villus is related to its role in absorption and transport of the products of digestion. What is villi?How do villi increase absorption and transport in digestion?Draw and label a diagram of a villus; include epithelium, lacteal, goblet cells, blood capillary, layer of microvilli on the surface of epithelium.Identify tissue layers in transverse sections of the small intestine viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph2014855254000Label and describe the following:Serosa:Muscle Layer:Submucosa: Mucosa: Explain the processes occurring in the small intestine that results in the digestion of starch and transport of the products of digestion to the liverExplain the process and include enzymes necessary for the processes to occur in the breakdown of starch. Also include storage molecule in the liver in your answer. Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestineWhat is dialysis tubing?Describe an experiment that you could do to model absorption of digested food in the intestine. Use a labeled sketch in your answer.IB Syllabus—Circulatory SystemAssessment Statement:Study Material:Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers associated with blood vessels, valves and the route of blood through the heart. Draw your diagram below. Be sure to label the four chambers of the heart, blood vessels and the route of blood flow. Use color to help you.Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves. Explain how the heart pumps blood through the cardiac cycle.Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the arteries, capillaries, and veins.For the following blood vessels, describe their structure and function and the amount of pressure each undergoes. Include a cross-sectional, labeled sketch for each.Arteries:Capillaries:Veins:State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. What is the function of the coronary arteries?What is the function of the pulmonary arteries? Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline).Describe the Cardiac Cycle.Where is the pacemaker located? What is the function of the pacemaker?What is the hormone that increases heartrate?State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets.Give a description of the following:Plasma:Erythrocytes:Leukocytes:Platelets:Describe the functions of the phagocytes and lymphocytes.State that the following are transported by the blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat.Explain how blood flow helps the body maintain homeostasis.Explain how William Harvey overturned theories developed by the ancient Greek philosopher Galen on movement of blood in the body.Outline the experiments of William Harvey. Outline causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteriesWhat is coronary artery disease? List three causes.What is the consequence of this disease?IB Biology Syllabus-Defense Against Infectious Disease Assessment Statement:Study Material:Define pathogen.What is a pathogen? Give an example in your answer. Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses. What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?Why can you use antibiotics on bacteria but not viruses?Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defense against pathogens. What type of barrier does the skin provide the body?How do mucous membranes protect the body?Explain the role of a lysozyme in mucous membranes. Outline how the phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body tissue.Outline, with sketches, how phagocytes ingest foreign invaders.What is non-specific immunity?What is pus?Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.Antigens:Antibodies:Outline Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in miceFlorey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice. Explain the ethical implications of this experiment. Would this experiment be allowed today?Explain antibody production. Explain antibody production. Include the type of cell where antibodies are made and the role of the antigen in the production.Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system. HIV attacks ____________________ which produce antibodies. Explain how this affects the immune system.Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS.What is the cause of AIDS?How is AIDS transmitted?List TWO social implications of AIDS.Describe the process of blood clotting.Describe the process of blood clotting.What are the CAUSES and CONSEQUENCES of blood clotting in the coronary arteries?Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity. Challenge and Response Mechanism:Clonal selection:Memory Cells:Define active and passive immunity.Active Immunity:Passive Immunity:Explain antibody production.How are antibodies produced?Explain how antigens on the surface of red blood cells can stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood type.Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.What are monoclonal antibodies?How are they produced?Explain one common way that monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnosing medical issues.Define HCG.Explain how monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test.Explain the principle of vaccination.What is a vaccine? How are vaccines produced?Explain how vaccines work. Include terms primary response and secondary response in your answer.Name the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccinations.Watch Ted Talk: “How We Conquered the Deadly Smallpox Virus?” Summarize video.Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.Benefits:Dangers:Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes. Define epidemiology. What two resources can be used to generate tables and charts for national vaccination programs?What caveats do you need to remember to analyze trends in vaccination programs? IB Biology Syllabus—Gas ExchangeAssessment Statement:Study Material:Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange, and cell respiration. Ventilation:Gas Exchange:Cell Respiration:Explain the need for a ventilation system. Why do we have a ventilation system?Describe the features of the alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange. Name FOUR features of alveoli that allows for efficient gas exchange. Be sure to outline the importance of Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes and the role of blood capillaries in gas exchange.Draw and label an alveolus.Draw and label an alveolus. Include Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes and capillaries in your drawing.Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and external intercostals muscles, the diaphragm, and abdominal muscles. Explain the mechanism of ventilation (inhaling and exhaling) of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and external intercostals muscles, the diaphragm, the thorax, and abdominal muscles.Monitoring of ventilation in humans at rest and after mild and vigorous exercise. Describe the difference between ventilation of humans at rest and after mild vigorous exercise.Explain how epidemiological studies have contributed to our understanding of the causes of the lung cancer How have epidemiological studies aided our understanding of causes and consequences of lung cancer?Explain the causes and consequences of emphysema. What is emphysema?How does emphysema physiologically effect the lungs?What are the TWO main causes of emphysema?IB Biology Syllabus- Nerves, Hormones, and HomeostasisAssessment Statement:Study Material:State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed of cells called neurons that can carry rapid electrical impulses. What are the parts of the CNS?Where are peripheral nerves located?How do neurons differ from other types of cells?Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron. Draw, label, and describe the motor neuron. Include the axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, nucleus, cell body, dendrites, and synapse.What does myelination allow? What is salutatory conduction?State that nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to the CNS by sensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons, and from the CNS to effectors by motor neurons. When is a nerve impulse initiated?Define and explain how impulses are conducted through the following neurons.Sensory NeuronRelay NeuronEffector NeuronHow are presynaptic neurons depolarized?Define resting potential and action potential (depolarization and repolarization).Differentiate between resting potential and action potential, include depolarization and repolarization). Describe the steps below using the the diagrams on the right side. Generation of Action Potential What do neurons pump across their membranes to generate a resting potential? What are nerve impulses? What causes the propagation of nerve impulses?Explain how a nerve impulse passes along a non-myelinated neuron. How does a nerve impulse pass along a non-myelinated neuron?Explain the principles of synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmissionDifferentiate between chemical and electrical synapse.NeurotransmittersIn the diagram below, describe in detail the steps of synaptic transmission.State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones and are transported in the blood. What is the function of the endocrine system?Name and describe the two glands that are important to the endocrine system. State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment between limits, including blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water balance. What is homeostasis?Explain how homeostasis maintains the internal environment between limits, include blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water balance. Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms.How do negative mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis and provide one example in your answer?Explain the control of body temperature, including the transfer of heat in blood, and the roles of the hypothalamus, sweat glands, skin arterioles, and shivering. Explain the role of thyroxin in maintaining homeostasis. Which gland secretes thyroxin?How does the circulation of blood help to maintain homeostasis?Describe the role of the hypothalamus in controlling body temperature. What do sweat glands, skin arterioles, and shivering have to do with maintaining body temperatures?What does leptin control? Explain how leptin affects the hypothalamus. Explain, based on clinical studies in obesity, how leptin failed to control the disease. Which gland secrets melatonin and what does it do? How can it alleviate jet lag, include the causes of jet lag?Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin, and α and β cells in the pancreatic islets. What is the normal range of blood glucose concentration?Define: GlucagonInsulinExplain the functions of both the Alpha and Beta Cells in maintaining blood glucose concentration levels?Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes. Scientific Name of diabetes:Differentiate between Type I and Type II Diabetes, must include causes and treatment of each type.Draw and label diagrams of the adult female and male reproductive systems. Draw a diagram of the adult female reproductive system. Label and describe the function of the following: ovary, uterus, bladder, urethra, vulva, large intestine, vagina, cervix, oviduct.Draw a diagram of the adult male reproductive system. Label and describe the following: Sperm duct, bladder, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, epididymis, scrotum, testis, foreskin, urethra, penis, erectile tissue.Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen, and progesterone.What do hormones control in the menstrual cycle?Give the purpose of the following hormones. Include where it is secreted in your answer.Follicle Stimulating Hormone:Luteinizing Hormone:Estrogen:Progesterone: Explain the negative feedback and positive feedback of a menstrual cycle.Negative Feedback:Positive Feedback:Explain the effects of estrogen and progesterone on pre-natal female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Explain the effects of estrogen and progesterone in females. Describe 2 examples of each primary and secondary characteristics.Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF).List and describe the steps of IVF, include the use of drugs to suspend secretion of hormones, the use of artificial doses of hormones, and how they establish a pregnancy.Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.Describe the gene on the Y chromosome that causes embryonic development of the gonads into testes and secrete testosterone.Explain the function and location of the SRY gene. How can someone have the SRY gene and be a female?Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrium. -4445182245List three roles of testosterone in males. Testosterone is responsible for the following three things in males:______________________ development of male genitaliaPromotes development of _____________________characteristics:Describe 2 examples of each primary and secondary characteristics.maintenance of __________ driveDevelopments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus- William Harvey was hampered in his observational research into reproduction by lack of equipment. The microscope was invented 17 years after his deathHarvey used deer to test Aristotle's theory of reproduction. Explain his findings, include why he used to deer, his expected results, his results, why was his experiment considered both successful and unsuccessful? Explain how the microscope could have improved his research. ................
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