Slide 1: in the field of military intelligence, symbology ...



Part One

Slide 1: in the field of military intelligence, symbology is used to track both friendly and enemy information on a map. The purpose of this program is to introduce you to basic symbology, its function and how to construct basic symbols. The reference for symbology is Field manual 1-02, titled operational terms and graphics. Specifically chapter five covers the construction of unit symbols.

Slide 2: by the end of this program you will be able to take incoming message traffic such as that received from scouts and turn it into military symbols.

Slide 3: As shown here, a sitmap is a temporary graphic portrayal of friendly and enemy units and activities as they actually exist on the battlefield. Intelligence sections are primarily concerned with tracking enemy information such as unit locations, unit identifications, obstacles and ground movement. It is also sometimes useful to plot friendly information such as command posts and headquarters reconnaissance and other collection assets. This information is plotted on a situation map, commonly referred to as a sit map.

Slide 4: In order to plot this information to create an overlay. An overlay is a piece of acetate placed over the map on which information is plotted. Overlays are also issued as part of operation orders and provided to lower and adjacent units. Therefore, when we create overlays, some items must be included.

Slide 5: This information is called marginal information. Marginal information is composed of registration marks, classification, titling data and a legend.

Slide 6: Registration marks are placed in the upper left and lower right hand corner’s and are included to assist when lining up an overlay on the map. It is very frustrating to complete an overlay and not be able to line it up with the map. Also, if you have to provide your overlay to somebody else, they will have to know how to line up the overlay. Registration marks are drawn on the overlay and correspond with grid coordinates on the map. In this example, the upper registration mark corresponds with the intersection of the 18 and 42 grid line while the bottom registration mark corresponds with the intersection of 88 and 66 grid lines

Slide 7: The classification of the overlay is placed centered on the top and bottom of the overlay. The classification is the highest classification of whatever is on your overlay and to make it stand out it is drawn in red.

Slide 8: Many times overlays are issued as part of operation orders. Titling data is used so the recipient of an overlay knows what map the overlay is associated with. Most of the information from the tiling data comes from the MAP the overlay was created on. As you can see the classification also is entered first in the tiling data in red. Then, the title of the overlay the daytime group it was created is included. The map reference information tells the user of your overlay what map is associated with your overlay. And finally the prepared by information tells the research written to contact if they have questions about your overlay. Directly below the tiling data is the legend.

Slide 9: The legend is used to describe any nonstandard symbols or colors used on your overlay. While literally hundreds of symbols exist to show all kinds of military information if for some reason you have to create your own symbols explain it in the legend.

Slide 10: Once you have created your overlay you can now add military symbols. According to FM 1 – 02 a military symbol is a graphic sign usually on a map, display or diagram, to represent a particular military unit, installation, activity, or other item of military interest.

Slide 11: Military symbols are very easy to create once you learn the basic steps.

Slide 12: Friendly ground units are blue rectangles, while enemy ground units are red diamonds. Need definition of ground unit

Slide 13: Headquarter units are very similar to ground units with the exception they receive a staff so the symbol looks like a flag. Friendly headquarters are shown in blue and enemy headquarters are shown in red.

Slide 14: Graphic control measures such as checkpoints can also be very useful. However, unlike most friendly symbols, friendly graphic control measures are drawn in black since they are considered operational graphics. Enemy graphic control measures continue using the red color.

Slide 15: Proposed unit locations are drawn in dotted lines. Proposed unit locations are useful because you can also use them to plot suspected or possible unit locations. Proposed locations continue to use the blue for friendly and red for enemy color convention.

Slide 16: When drawing units on a map placement is critical. Symbols should be placed as accurately as possible. Ground units are plotted center of mass, meaning that the unit location is the center of the symbol.

Slide 17: Headquarters units are plotted at the base of the staff. Since headquarters normally take up less ground space than ground units they are plotted much more accurately. That is why ground units are plotted center of mass and headquarter units are plotted at the base of the staff.

Slide 18: Graphic control measures, like most symbols with arrows, are plotted so the location is at the tip of the arrow.

Slide 19: Often the map gets crowded when many units must be plotted very close together. When this happens we use a technique called offsetting. Offsetting allows you to show the location of a unit or headquarters by drawing lines from the symbol to its location. As shown here, ground units are offset by drawing a line from the bottom center of the symbol and with a maximum of one break, the line is drawn to the unit’s location..

Slide 20: Headquarters units are offset by extending the line from the bottom of the staff to the headquarters location. It’s important when offsetting ground units to bring a line from the center; otherwise it will look like a headquarters unit.

Slide 21: Graphic control measures are offset by extending the line from the tip of the arrow down, and then with one break, bringing the line to its current location.

Slide 22: When plotting multiple headquarters units at the same location the technique of stacking is used.

Slide 23: It is important to remember that stacking is only used with headquarters units

Slide 24: When multiple headquarters are at the exact same location you can stack the headquarters as shown here. When stacking, the highest echelon is at the top of the stack.

Slide 25: With symbology, you can also show units current activity for example units moving.

Slide 26: For ground units you show movement by bringing a line from the bottom of the center of the symbol, and then draw a line to the unit’s current location just like you were standing off to symbol. However, at the end of the line you put an arrow, which shows both the location and direction of movement. So in this example, both units are located at the tip of the arrows and are moving north east.

Slide 27: For headquarters units the arrow comes from the bottom of the staff and again the tip of the arrows shows both the location and direction of movement. In this example, the friendly headquarters is moving northwest, while the enemy headquarters is moving southeast. Both are located at the tip of the arrows.

Slide 28: Another activity, you can show in symbology is units attacking.

Slide 29: To show a unit attacking the arrow comes from the side of the symbol and once again, the tip of the arrow shows both the location and direction of attack. In this example, the friendly unit is attacking north, while the enemy unit is attacking north east.

Slide 30: Colors are important in symbology. The most commonly used colors are as follows.

Slide 31: As you have seen friendly units are shown in blue.

Slide 32: Enemy units are shown in red.

Slide 33: all obstacles are shown in green, regardless of whether friendly or enemy units constructed the obstacle.

Slide 34: Contaminated areas through nuclear or biological or chemical use are shown in yellow

Slide 35: Most friendly operational graphics, such as checkpoints, as well as registration marks, titling data, and the legend are drawn in black.

Slide 36: Now that we know the basics of symbology and creating overlays, we are ready to begin creating military symbols. Each symbol is composed of seven primary fields. Each field holds an important piece of information about the unit. For now, we will briefly discuss each field. However, fields will be discussed in much more detail in part two of this lesson.

Slide 37: Field one, positioned in the center of the symbol, indicates the unit type, or what role the particular units plays on the battlefield. Once you learn a few basic symbols, they may be combined to identify exact roles on the battlefield.

Slide 38: Field two, centered above the symbol, shows the unit’s size.

Slide 39: Field three, placed on the lower left side of the symbol, shows the unit’s designation. One way to think of the unit designator is as the name of the unit.

Slide 40: Field four, placed on the lower right side of the symbol, shows the unit’s chain of command, or who it belongs to.

Slide 41: Filed five, centered on the left hand of the symbol, shows the major equipment associated with the unit. For example, if a unit is equipped with T-80 tanks, T-80 would go in this field.

Slide 42: Field six, positioned in the upper left hand corner shows the date time group, or DTG, the unit was last sighted at it current location.

Slide 43: Field seven, positioned to the right of the units size in field two, shows weather the unit has been reinforced with addition forces, shown with a plus sign, or has had units taken away or detached, shown with a minus sign.

Slide 44: This concludes part one. Let’s briefly review what we’ve covered.

Slide 45: The purpose of symbology is to translate incoming message traffic into military symbols that can be posted on a Situation map, or SITMAP.

Slide 46: Sitmaps are examples of overlays. An overlay is a piece of acetate or plastic placed over a map on which military information is posted.

Slide 47: Marginal information is posted on an overlay which includes registration marks, the classification, titling data and the legend.

Slide 48: We also defined military symbols as a graphic sign usually on a map, display or diagram, to represent a particular military unit, installation, activity, or other item of military interest.

Slide 49: We also discussed some basic symbols and how to place them on a map. We will cover the creation of symbols in part two in greater detail.

Slide 50: You can also show unit activity through symbology, such as units moving or attacking.

Slide 51: Finally, we went over the seven principle fields. These fields will be the basis for part two of the lesson.

Before moving on to part two, there will be a short, five question quiz on what we’ve covered so far. At the conclusion of the quiz, your can either move on to part two or review certain items covered in part one.

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