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Master Notes
Global 10: Lesson Plans
Unit 1: 9th Grade Review
Day 1: History Introduction
1. Seating Chart
2. 15,000 years of History
3. Rules [nb p.1]/Syllabus [wb p.3-4]/video policy [wbp.5]/Retraining [wb/nb p.2], Desk Writing
4. Vocab [nb p.228-242, depends)]
HW: permission slip [wb p. 4,5]
Day 2: The Social Sciences
1. Bellringer/collect Permission Slip [wb p.4,5]
2. Notes 1 pg ½ (fill-in) [nb p.9-10]
3. Social Science Mosaic [wb p.7-8]
HW: Geography Pretest [wb p.9]
Day 3: The First Civilizations
1. Bellringer, Review HW [wb p.9]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.11-13]
3. Video: Beginning of the End plus Questions [wb p.10]
HW: Code of Hammurabi Cartoon [wb p.11]
Day 4: Ancient Civilizations-Golden Ages
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb. p.11]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.14-16]
3. Golden Age Acrostic Poem [wb p.12-13]
HW: A Struggle for Power Reading/Quiz [wb p.14-15]
Day 5: Belief Systems
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.14-15]
2. Notes 2 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.17-19]
3. History Memory
HW: Vocab [nb p228-242 – depends]
Day 6: The Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.228-242]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.20-22]
3. Multiple Choice Practice [wb p.16-18]
HW: The Feudal Systems The Feudal System Chart [wb p.19], Advances in the Middle Ages Chart [wb p.20], Map Lesson The Spread of Islam [wb p.21]
***Extra page wb p.16***
Day 7: The Middle Ages Around the World
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.19-21]
2. Notes 2 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.23-25]
3. Reading: Constantinople the Crossroads of Europe & Asia [wb p.22-23]
4. Begin HW
HW: Natural Resources & State Building Reading/Questions [wb p.24-25]
Day 8: The Renaissance
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.24-25]
2. Notes 1 ¾ pg (fill-in) [nb p.26-27]
3. Video: Exploring the Renaissance plus Questions [wb p.26]
HW: Middle Ages & Renaissance Chart [wb p27], Protestant Reformation Cartoon [wb p.28]
Day 9: The Age of Exploration
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.27,28]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.28-30]
3. DBQ Short Answer Practice [wb p.29-32] & T.O.D. DBQ Outline [wb p.34]
HW: Finish Outline [wb p.34], Vocab [nb p.228-242 – depends]
Day 10: The Enlightenment
1. Bellringer, Check T.O.D. DBQ Outline [wb p.34]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.31-32]
3. Map Europe 1815 plus questions [wb p.35-36]
HW: vocab [nb p.228-242 – depends]
Day 11: The French Revolution
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.228-242]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.33-34]
3. Thematic Essay Practice [wb p.37-38], T.O. Outline [wb. 39]
HW: Vocab [nb p.228-242 – depends] , Study for Test, Review Sheet Unit 1 [nb p.35-38]
Day 12: Review Day- Unit 1, 9th Grade Review
1. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Review Sheet Unit 1 [nb p.35-38]
Day 13: Unit 1, 9th Grade Review Test
1. Test
Unit 2: The Industrial Revolution
Day 14: The Industrial Revolution Begins
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 pg [nb p.39]
3. Video: The Industrial Revolution plus Questions [wb p.40]
HW: The Industrial Revolution Reading/Quiz/Chart [wb p.41-43]
Day 15: The Industrial Revolution - Causes
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.41-43]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.40]
3. The Steam Engine Reading/Questions [wb p.44-46]
HW: Iron Ore Production Chart [wb p.48], Vocab #1-7 [nb p.243]
Day 16: The Industrial Revolution – Britain
1. Bellringer, Check HW
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.41-42]
3. Video: Engineering an Empire – Britain’s Industrial Revolution Plus Questions [wb p.49]
HW: Impact of Railroads [wb p.50], The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Timeline [wb p.51]
Day 17: The Factory System
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.50-51]
2. Notes [nb p.43]
3. Assembly Line Activity and Worksheet [wb p.52]
HW: Life in a New England Factory Reading/Questions [wb p.53]
Day 18: The Industrial Revolution – Hardships
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.53]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.44-45]
3. Testimony on Child Labor in Britain [wb p.54]
HW: Journal: The Industrial Revolution [wb p.55]
Day 19: The Industrial Revolution Spreads
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.55]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.46-47]
3. The Industrial Revolution Cause & Effects Poster [wb p.56-57]
HW: Age of Industry Timeline [wb p.58], Vocab #8-18 [nb p.243-244]
Day 20: Life During the Industrial Revolution
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.58]
2. Station Activity: Life During the Industrial Revolution [wb p.59-63]
3. Last 5 minutes review stations
HW: The Emergence of Mass Society Table [wb p.64]
Day 21: New Ways of Thinking
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.64]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.48-49]
3. Power to the People Reading/Questions [wb p.65-69]
HW: New Economic and Social Theories Worksheet [wb p.70], Vocab #19-24 [nb p.242]
Day 22: Women & Society, 1800’s
1. Bellringer, Check HW
2. Notes 1 pg
3. Unit 2 The Industrial Revolution Review Sheet
HW: Emmeline Pankhurst Reading/Questions, Vocab #1-25
*** Extra Page of Notes, nb p.51***
Day 23: DBQ – The Industrial Revolution
1. Bellringer,
2. DBQ Short Answer Questions [wb p.72-76]
HW: Finish Short Answers [wb p.72-76]
Day 24: DBQ – The Industrial Revolution
1. Bellringer,
2. DBQ T.O.D. Outline [wb p.77]
HW: Finish Outline [wb p.77]
Day 25: DBQ – The Industrial Revolution
1. Bellringer,
2. DBQ Essay [wb p.78-79]
HW: Finish Essay [wb p.78-79]
Day 26: DBQ – The Industrial Revolution
1. Bellringer,
2. DBQ Peer Grading (Rubrics) [wb p.80-81]
3. Turn in DBQ Essay
HW: Unit 2 Review Sheet [nb p.52-53], Study for Test
Day 27: Review Day – Unit 2, The Industrial Revolution
1. Jeopardy
HW: Study, Unit 2 Review Sheet [wb p.52-53]
Day 28: Unit 2, The Industrial Revolution Test
1. Test
Unit 3: The Rise of Nationalism
Day 29: The Rise of Nationalism
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.54]
3. The Plot to Turn Back the Clock Play/Questions [wb p.82-86]
4. Journal: New Ideas in Politics [wb p.87]
HW: New Ideas in Politics Reading/Quiz/Map [wb p.88-90]
Day 30: Latin American Nationalism
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.88-90]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.55-56]
3. History Freestyle: Latin American Revolutions [wb p.91-92]
HW: Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture [wb p.93]
Day 31: Germany’s Unification
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.93]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.57-58]
3. Iron & Blood Reading/Questions [wb p.94-98]
HW: Bismarck and His Strategies Reading/Questions [wb p.99]
Day 32: Italy’s Unification
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.99]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.59]
3. What is Nationalism Reading/Questions [wb p.100-102]
HW: Culture & Nationalism Italy & Germany Diagram [wb p.104-107]
Day 33/34/35: Nationalist Leaders Group Project
1. Bellringer, Check HW
2. Group Work/Worksheet [wb p.104-107]
Day 36/37: Nationalist Leaders Group Project
1. Bellringer, Group Presentations (need Rubric)
2. Notes [wb p.60-62]
3. Watch Presentation on TV
Day 38: Russia 1800, Czars & Revolutions
1. Bellringer, Check Group Presentation Worksheet [wb p.104-107]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.63-64]
3. Journal: Europe Moves Towards War [wb p.108]
4. The Execution in Semyonovsky Square Reading/Questions [wb p.109]
HW: Vocab #1-19 [nb p.244-245]
Day 39: Britain 1800’s
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.244-245 #1-19]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.65]
3. Video: Engineering an Empire – Britain 1800s [wb p.110]
4. London Street Portrait using The London Street Markets Reading & Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 [wb p.111-114]
HW: Finish Portrait [wb p.114]
Day 40: Irish Nationalism
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.114]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.66]
3. Video: Irish Potato Famine plus Questions [wb p.115-116]
HW: The Irish Potato Famine Reading/Questions [wb .117], From a Lecture on the Causes of the Irish Famine Reading/Questions [wb p.118]
Day 41: Nationalism Spreads
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.117-118]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.67]
3. Thematic Essay: T.O. Outline [wb p.119-122, Rubric [wb p.123-124]
HW: Unit 3 – The Rise of Nationalism Review Sheet [nb p.68-69], Study for Test, Finish Unit 3 Vocab #1-24 [nb p.244-245
Day 42: Review Day- Unit 3, The Rise of Nationalism
1. Bellringer, Check Thematic T.O. Outline
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Unit 3 – The Rise of Nationalism Review Sheet [nb p.68-69]
Day 43: Unit 3, The Rise of Nationalism Test
1. Test
Unit 4: The Age of Imperialism
Day 44: The Age of Imperialism Begins
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.70-71]
3. The Englishman’s Burden Reading/Questions [wb p.3-5]
HW: The West Moves East Reading/Quiz/Chart [wb p.6-8]
Day 45: The Partition of Africa
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.6-8]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.72-73]
3. Movie: History vs. Hollywood - Zulu plus Questions [wb p.9]
4. The White Man’s Burden Poem/Questions [wb p.10-11]
HW: Map Review Africa 1914 [wb p.12-14]
Day 46: European Imperialism – China
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.12-14]
2. Notes 1 ¾ pg (fill-in) [nb p.74-75]
3. A Dance of Death Reading/Questions [wb p.15-16]
HW: The Boxer Rebellion Reading/Quiz [wb p.17-18]
Day 47: European Imperialism – India
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.17-18]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.76-77]
3. Video: Queen Victoria plus Questions [wb p.19]
HW: The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 Reading/Questions [wb p.20], Vocab #1-13 [nb p.246]
Day 48: European Imperialism Around the World
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.20]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.78-79]
3. History Freestyle: European Imperialism [wb p.21-22]
HW: Two Views on the Suez Canal Reading/Questions [wb p.23]
Day 49: Japan – The Meiji Restoration
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.23]
2. Notes 1 ¾ pg (fill-in) [nb p.80-81]
3. Movie: History vs. Hollywood The Last Samurai plus Questions [wb p.24]
4. Recognizing a Stereotype Reading/Question [wb p.25]
HW: Japan Modernizes Worksheet [wb p.26]
Day 50: Imperialism – Impacts
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.26]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.82]
3. Cause & Effect Imperialism Poster [wb p.27-28]
HW: The Effects of Imperialism [wb p.29], Finish Unit 4 Vocab #1-22 [wb p.246-247]
***extra page of notes nb p.83***
Day 51: DBQ – Imperialism
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Short Answer Questions [wb p.30-34]
HW: Finish Short Answers [wb p.30-34]
Day 52: DBQ – Imperialism
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ T.O.D. Outline [wb p.35]
HW: Finish Outline [wb p.35]
Day 53: DBQ – Imperialism
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Essay [wb p.36-37]
HW: Finish Essay [wb p.36-37]
Day 54: DBQ – Imperialism
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Peer Grading (Rubrics) [wb p.38-39]
3. Turn in DBQ Essay
HW: Study for Test, Unit 4 The Age of Imperialism Review Sheet [nb p.84-85]
Day 55: Review Day- Unit 4 The Age of Imperialism
1. Bellringer,
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Unit 4 The Age of Imperialism Review Sheet [wb p.84-85]
Day 56: Unit 4, The Age of Imperialism Test
1. Test
Unit 5: World War I
Day 57: Europe 1900 – Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.86-87]
3. How to Start a War Reading/Questions [wb p.90-91]
4. Complete Review Maps [nb p.205-227]
HW: World War I Alliances [wb p.42]
Day 58: The Powder Keg
1. Bellringer
2. Video: Powder Keg Europe 1914-1918 [wb p.43]
HW: vocab #1-4 [nb p.247]
Day 59: World War I Causes
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.247 #1-4]
2. Give student note cards before, do at end of notes
3. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.88-89]
4. History Storyboard: Causes of WWI [wb p.44-45]
HW: Newspaper Headlines Assassination of the Archduke [wb p.46], Cartoon Causes of WWI [wb p.47]
Day 60: WWI – A Modern War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.46-47]
2. Notes 1 page [nb p.90-91]
3. The Balance of Power in 1914 [wb p.48]
4. World War I Technologies Chart (in notes) [nb p.92, wb p.49]
HW: Finish Chart [nb p.92/wb p.49], vocab #5-9 [nb p.247]
Day 61: WWI in Color
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.247, #5-9]
2. Video: World War I in Color – Slaughter in the Trenches [wb p.50]
HW: WWI Map [wb p.51-52]
Day 62: The Great War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.51-52
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.93-94]
3. Map Europe 1914 [wb p.53-54]
HW: The World at War Reading/Questions [wb p.55-56]
Day 63: WWI Peace?
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.55-56]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.95-96]
3. Newspaper WWI Peace/Questions [wb p.57]
4. The Great War WWI Casualties Chart [wb p.58]
HW: Peace After World War I Map [wb p.59], Unit 5 World War I Review Sheet [nb p.97-98], Study for Test, Finish Unit 5 Vocab #1-17 [nb p.247]
Day 64: Review Day- Unit 5 World War I
1. Bellringer,
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Unit 5 World War I Review Sheet [nb p.97-98]
Day 65: Unit 5 World War I
1. Test
Unit 6: The Rise of Dictators
Day 66: World Struggles – Post WWII
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.99-100]
3. Map Europe 1930’s [nb p.219, wb p.3]
HW: The Mexican Revolution Diagram [wb p.4], Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Reading/Questions [wb p.5-6]
Day 67: Palestine or Israel?
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.5-6]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.101]
3. Video: War on Imperialism – The Palestine Conflict plus Questions [wb p.7]
HW: The Balfour Declaration Letter [wb p.8], Jewish Immigration into Palestine Graph [wb p.9]
Day 68: Indian Independence Movement
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.8-9]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.102-103]
3. Salt & Satyagraha Reading/Questions [wb p.10]
HW: Independence for India Reading/Quiz [wb p.11-12]
Day 69: Mohandas Gandhi
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.11-12]
2. Movie: History vs. Hollywood Gandhi plus Questions [wb p. 13-14]
HW: Mohandas Gandhi – Hind Swaraj Reading/Questions [wb p.15]
Day 70: The Great Depression & Totalitarianism
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.15]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.104]
3. Holding a Debate Quote/Questions [wb p.16]
4. Video: Great Depression plus Questions [wb p.17]
HW: The End of World Peace [wb p.18-19] Reading/Questions, Vocab #1-15 [nb p.248-249]
Day 71: The Russian Revolution 1917
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.18-19]
2. Notes 1 ¾ pg (fill-in) [nb p.105-106]
3. A Cold Winter in Russia – Choose Your Destiny Reading/Questions [wb p.20-26]
HW: Changes in Russia/Quiz [wb p.27-28]
Day 72: The Rise of the Soviet Union
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.27-28]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.107-108]
3. Video: Vladimir Lenin [wb p.29]
HW: Russia After the Revolution Reading/Quiz/Map [wb p.30-31, Changes in Russia Map [wb p.32]
Day 73: The Soviet Union Under Stalin
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.30-32]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.109-110]
3. History Freestyle: The Rise of Joseph Stalin [wb p.33-34]
HW: Growing Up in Stalin’s Russia Reading/Questions [wb p.35]
Day 74: The Chinese Civil War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.35]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.111-112]
3. Nationalist vs. Communist Poster [wb p.36-37]
HW: The Long March Across China Reading/Questions [wb p.38]
Day 75: Japan 1900’s – Militarism & Expansion
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.38]
2. Notes 1 ½ (fill-in) [nb p.113-114]
3. A Justification of Japanese Expansion Reading/Questions [wb p.39-40]
HW: Cartoon Japanese Invasion of Manchuria [wb p.41]
Day 76: Western Democracies – Post WWI
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.41]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.115-116]
3. The Monster Rests Reading/Questions [wb p.42-44]
HW: Europe After the War Reading/Questions [wb p.45]
Day 77: Italy the Rise of Fascism
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.45]
2. Notes 1 ½ pg (fill-in) [nb p.117-118]
3. Vocab #16-41 [nb p.249-250]
HW: Fascism in Italy Reading/Quiz/Chart [wb p.46-48]
Day 78: Benito Mussolini
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.46-48]
2. Video: Mussolini – Italy’s Nightmare plus Questions [wb p.49]
3. If time review maps [nb p.205-227]
HW: None
Day 79: Hitler & the Rise of Nazi Germany
1. Bellringer, Check HW
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.119-120]
3. The Depression 1931 Choose Your Destiny [wb p.50-56]
HW: The Rise of the Party Chart [wb p.57], German Inflation of the Early 1920’s Graph [wb p.58], Finish Unit 6 Vocab # 1-46 [nb p.248-250]
Day 80: Political Systems
1. Bellringer, Check HW[wb p.57-58]
2. Thematic Essay: Political Systems [wb p.59-62, Rubric [wb p.63-64
HW: Hitler Comes to Power Venn Diagram [wb p.65], Study for Test, Unit 6 Review Sheet [nb p.121-122]
Day 81: Review Day- Unit 6 The Rise of Dictators
1. Bellringer,
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Unit 6 Review Sheet [nb p.121-122]
Day 82: Unit 6 The Rise of Dictators
1. Test
Unit 7: WWII
Day 83: The Holocaust
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.123]
3. Video: Kristallnacht plus Questions [wb p.66]
HW: The Holocaust Reading/Quiz/Chart [wb p.67-69]
Day 84: Horrors of the Holocaust
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.67-69]
2. Movie: History vs. Hollywood Jacob the Liar [wb p.70]
HW: Interpreting a Chart Holocaust Deaths [wb p.71], Albert Einstein Reading/Questions [wb p.72]
Day 85: WWII – Causes
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.71-72]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.124-125]
3. History Storyboard: The Causes of WWII [wb p.73-74]
HW: Activities & Inquires WWII Map [wb p.75], Chamberlain & Churchill Quote/Questions [wb p.76]
Day 86: WWII – Axis Successes
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.75-76]
2. Notes 2 page (fill-in) [nb p.126-127]
3. The Big Three Poster [wb p.77-78]
HW: World War II Reading/Questions [wb p.79-81]
Day 87: WWII – The European Theatre
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.79-81]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.128-129]
3. WWII Europe Map (in notes) [nb p.220]
4. Vocab #1-23 [nb p.251-252]
HW: The D-Day Landing Map [wb p.82]
Day 88: WWII in Color
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.82]
2. Video: History in Color European Theatre plus Questions [wb p.83]
3. Video: History in Color Pacific Theatre plus Questions [wb p.84]
HW: None
Day 89: WWII – The Pacific Theatre
1. Bellringer,
2. Notes [nb p.130-131]
3. Prisoners of War in Europe and Asia Reading/Questions [wb p.85]
HW: Map: WWII in the Pacific [wb p.86]
Day 90: WWII in Cartoons
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.86]
2. WWII Cartoon Station Activity [wb p.87-89]
Day 91: WWII – Results
1. Bellringer, Check Station Activity [wb p.87-89]
2. Notes 1 pg [nb p.132]
3. Lives Lost in WWII: Military and Civilian Casualties Table [wb p.90]
HW: Finish Unit 7 Vocab #1-26 [nb p.251-252]
***Extra Page of Notes nb p.133***
Day 92: DBQ – Outcomes of War
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Short Answer Questions [wb p.91-97]
HW: Finish Short Answers [wb p.91-97]
Day 93: DBQ – Outcomes of War
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ T.O.D. Outline [wb p.98-99]
HW: Finish Outline [wb p.98-99]
Day 94: DBQ – Outcomes of War
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Essay [wb p.100-102]
HW: Finish Essay [wb p.100-102]
Day 95: DBQ – Outcomes of War
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Peer Grading (Rubrics) [wb p.103-104]
3. Turn in DBQ Essay
HW: Unit 6 – WWII Review Sheet [wb p.134-135], Study for Test
Day 96: Review Day- Unit 7 World War II
1. Bellringer,
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Unit 6 – WWII Review Sheet [wb p.134-135]
Day 97: Unit 7 World War II
1. Test
Unit 8: The Cold War
Day 98: The Cold War Begins
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 ¾ pg (fill-in) [nb p136-137]
3. From the novel Fail-Safe Reading/Questions [wb p.105]
4. Journal: The Cold War [wb p.106]
HW: The Cold War Reading/Quiz/Map [wb p.107-109]
Day 99: The Berlin Crisis
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.107-109]
2. Notes 1 ½ (fill-in) [nb p138-139]
3. Map the Cold War Plus Questions [nb p.222, wb p.110]
HW: Cold War Chills Reading/Questions [wb p.111]
Day 100: The Korean War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.111]
2. Notes 1 ½ (fill-in) [nb p.140-141]
3. Video: The Korean War plus Questions [wb p.112]
HW: Korea Reading/Questions [wb p.113-114]
Day 101: The Cold War – Overview
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.113-114]
2. Cold War Station Activity [wb p.115-120]
Day 102: The Iron Curtain
1. Bellringer, Check Station Worksheet [wb p.115-120]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.142]
3. From The Gulag Archipelago Reading/Questions [wb p.121]
4. Characteristics of Communist Rule in European Countries Chart [wb p.122]
HW: Different Brands of Communism Reading/Questions [wb p.123-124]
Day 103: China’s Communist Revolution
1. Bellringer, Check HW [123-124]
2. Notes 1 ½ (fill-in) [nb p.143-144]
3. Vocab #1-21 [nb p.242-253]
HW: Communism Comes to China Reading/Quiz/Table [wb p.125-127]
Day 104: Mao Zedong
1. Bellringer
2. Video: Mao Zedong plus Questions [wb p.128]
Day 105: The Cold War – Western Democracies
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.145]
3. Modern Economic Systems Chart (in notes) using Modern Economic Systems Worksheet [nb p.147, wb p.129]
HW: Developments in Western Europe Reading/Questions [wb p.130-132]
Day 106: The Cuban Missile Crisis
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.130-132]
2. Notes 2 pg [nb p.148-149]
3. Thirteen Days of Terrors Reading/Questions [wb p.133]
HW: Living in the Atomic Age: The American Family Takes Shelter Diagram [wb p.134]
Day 107: The Atomic Age
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.134]
2. Duck and Cover Video
3. Movie: History vs. Hollywood 13 Days plus Questions [wb p.135-136]
HW: Vocab 22-28 [nb p.253-254]
Day 108: The Vietnam War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.253-254, #22-28]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.150-151]
3. The Lesson Reading/Questions [wb p.137-140]
HW: The War in Vietnam Reading/Questions [wb p.141-142]
Day 109 Cambodian Genocide
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.141-142]
2. Notes ½ page (fill-in) [nb p.152]
3. Video: Pol Pot plus Questions [wb p.143-144]
HW: Vocab #29-34 [nb p.254]
Day 110: The Space Race
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.254, #29-34]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.153]
3. Video: The Space Race plus Questions [wb p.145]
HW: The Space Race [wb p.146]
Day 111: The Fall of the Soviet Union & the End of the Cold War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.146]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.154-155]
3. Cold War Thermometer [wb p.147-148]
HW: The Collapse of Communism Timeline [wb p.149], Study for Test, Unit 7 The Cold War Review Sheet [nb p.156-157]
Day 112: Review Day- Unit 8 The Cold War
1. Bellringer,
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for Test, Unit 7 The Cold War Review Sheet [nb p156-157]
Day 113: Unit 8 The Cold War Test
1. Test
Day 114: Thematic Essay – Economic Systems
1. Thematic Essay [wb p.150-153]
2. Peer Grading [wb p.154-155]
HW: Finish Unit 8 Vocab #1-42 [nb p.252-254
Unit 9: Modern Times
Day 115: Russia– Post Cold War
1. Bellringer
2. Notes 1 pg [nb p.158]
3. Nuclear Proliferation Cartoon [wb p.3]
4. Cartoon Russia’s Market Economy [wb p.4]
HW: The Reorganization of the Soviet Union Reading/Questions [wb p.5-6]
***Extra Page of Notes nb p.159***
Day 116: Eastern Europe – Post Cold War
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.5-6]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [wb p.160-161]
3. Video: Kosovo Conflict plus Questions [wb p.7]
HW: Developments in Eastern Europe Reading/Questions [wb p.8]
Day 117: China – Modern Times
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.8]
2. Notes 1 pg [nb p.161-162]
3. Analyzing Primary Sources Reading/Questions [wb p.9]
HW: China Reading/Questions [wb p.10-11]
Day 118: Tiananmen Square
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.10-11]
2. Video: Tiananmen Square plus Questions [wb p.12-13]
HW: Beijing 1989 Reading/Questions [wb p.14]
Day 119: Tiananmen Square Cont…
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.14]
2. Notes ¾ pg [nb p.163]
3. History Freestyle: Tiananmen Square [wb p.15-16]
Day 120/121/122: Human Rights Abuses Group Project
1. Bellringer, Group Work/Worksheet [wb p.17-20]
Day 123/124: Human Rights Abuses Group Project
1. Bellringer, Notes [nb p.164-166]
2. Group Presentations, need Rubric, wb p.19]
3. Watch Presentation on TV
Day 125: Japan – Post WWII
1. Bellringer, Check Group Presentation Worksheet [wb p.17]
2. Notes 1 [nb p.167]
3. Map: Asia plus Questions [wb p.21, nb p.224]
HW: Japan & Southeast Asia Reading/Questions wb p.22]
Day 126: The Asian Tigers & Globalization
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.22]
2. Notes 1 ¾ (fill-in) [nb p.168-169]
3. Mapping Economic & Political Ties in the World Today Diagram [wb p.23]
4. World Motor Vehicle Production Chart [wb p.24]
HW: Vocab #1-14, [nb p.255]
Day 127: The Partition of India
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.255, #1-14]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.170-171]
3. Map Independence for India [wb p.25]
4. Map Review: Asia [wb p.26-28]
HW: India Pakistan & Bangladesh Reading/Questions [wb p.29-30]
Day 128: The Partition of India – Pakistan
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.29-30]
2. Notes 1 1/2 pg [nb p.172-173]
3. India vs. Pakistan Poster [wb p.31]
HW: The Kashmir Dispute Reading/Questions [wb p.32-33]
Day 129: The Middle East – Modern Times
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.32-33]
2. Notes 1 ½ [nb p.174-175]
3. Map: The Middle East and Questions [nb p.225, wb p.34]
HW: Who’s Got the Oil Diagram [wb p.35], Iran Reading/Questions, Vocab #15-26 [wb p.255-256]
Day 130: World & Regional Organizations
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.35]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.176-177]
3. Charter of the United Nations Reading/Questions [wb p.38]
HW: Major Provisions of the Treaty on European Union [wb p.39], The United Nations and Peacekeeping Diagram [wb p.40]
Day 131: Conflict in Iraq
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.39-40]
2. Notes 1 ½ (fill-in) [nb p.178-179]
3. Video: Horrors of Hussein [wb p.41]
HW: Iraq Reading/Questions [wb p.42-43]
Day 132: The Creation of Israel
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.42-43]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.180]
3. Video: The Creation of Israel plus Questions wb p.44]
HW: Israel Reading/Questions [wb p.45-48]
Day 133: The Arab-Israeli Conflict
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.45-48]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.181-182]
3. Arab-Israeli Freestyle [wb p.49-50]
HW: Map Changes in the Map of the Middle East [wb p.51-53]
Day 134: The Rise of Terrorism
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.51-53]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.183-184]
3. Afghanistan Reading/Questions [wb p.55-56]
HW: Terrorism Around the World Chart [wb p.57], Vocab #27-45 [nb p.256-257]
Day 135: African Nationalism
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.57]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.185-186]
3. Map Africa and Questions [wb p.58, nb p.226]
HW: Selected Statistics for Selected African Countries [wb p.59], Arable Land in Africa 1994 [wb p.60]
***PRACTICE REGENTS EXAM***
Day 136: South Africa – Apartheid
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.59-60]
2. Video: Anti-Apartheid Movement plus Questions [wb p.61]
3. Do Vocabulary #46-51 [nb p.257]
HW: Nelson Mandela Reading/Questions [wb p.62]
Day 137: South Africa – Apartheid cont…
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.62]
2. Notes 1 pg (fill-in) [nb p.187-188]
3. History Storyboard: South African Apartheid [wb p.63-64]
HW: Interpreting Graphs South Africa [wb p.65]
Day 138: Human Rights Violations
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.65]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.189-190]
3. Video: The Devil Came on Horseback plus Questions [wb p.66]
HW: Map Review Africa [wb p.67]
Day 139: Latin American Challenges
1. Bellringer, Check HW [wb p.67]
2. Notes 1 ½ (fill-in) [wb p.191-192]
3. Map: Latin America plus Questions [wb p.68, nb p.227]
HW: Vocab 52-61 [nb p.257-258]
Day 140: Environmental Issues
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.257-258, #52-61]
2. Notes 2 pg (fill-in) [nb p.193-194]
3. Environmental Challenges Grid (in notes) [wb p.69, nb p.195]
HW: Vocab 62-66 [nb p.258]
Day 141: Current Affairs
1. Bellringer, Check HW [nb p.258, #62-66]
2. Notes 2 ½ (fill-in) [nb p.196-198]
3. Last Day of Notes Party?
HW: Unit 9 Current Affairs Review Sheet [nb p.201-204], Finish Unit 9 Vocab #1-68 [nb p.255-258
***extra page of notes nb p.199, 200***
Day 142: DBQ – Genocide, Environmental Issues, Weapons of Mass Destruction (optional)
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Short Answer Questions
HW: Finish Short Answers
Day 143: DBQ – Genocide, Environmental Issues, Weapons of Mass Destruction (optional)
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ T.O.D. Outline
HW: Finish Outline
Day 144: DBQ – Genocide, Environmental Issues, Weapons of Mass Destruction (optional)
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Essay
HW: Finish Essay
Day 145: DBQ – Genocide, Environmental Issues, Weapons of Mass Destruction (optional)
1. Bellringer
2. DBQ Peer Grading (Rubrics)
3. Turn in DBQ Essay
4. Year end teacher evaluation
HW: Study for test, Unit 9 Review Sheet [nb p.201-204]
Day 146: Review Day- Unit 9 Current Affairs
1. Bellringer
2. Jeopardy
HW: Study for test, Unit 9 Review Sheet [nb p.201-204]
Day 147: Unit 9 Current Affairs Test
1. Test
Day 148: Thematic Essay – Trade Organizations (optional)
1. T.O. Outline
2. Thematic Essay
3. Peer Grading
-----------------------------------------------
***Remaining Time***
Unit 9: Global Studies Exam Review
***Uses Regent Review Book***
MONDAY: Review Book Pages
TUES: 1-25 Practice Regents
WED: Game – bingo, matching
THUR: 26-50 practice Regents
FRI: Game - Jeopardy
Last Day: Exam
1. New York State Regents Exams
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The Social Sciences
➢ Archeology
▪ The study of early people by examining things they leave behind (called Artifacts)
▪ Archeologists want to learn the activities of people
➢ Anthropology
▪ The study of people and their culture
▪ Anthropologists want to learn how people lived their lives
➢ History
▪ The study of how people lived in the past by looking at written evidence
▪ Historians want to learn why events happened
▪ Focuses on turning points: an event that causes a significant historical change
▪ Uses timelines: puts dates in chronological order (oldest dates to most recent)
❖ BC/BCE dates count down to 0
❖ AD/CE dates count up from 0
❖ Century (100 years), ex. 20th Century = 1900’s, 7th Century = 600’s
▪ Uses primary sources: 1st hand written accounts, ex. diary, autobiography
▪ Also uses secondary sources: 2nd hand written accounts, ex. almanac, encyclopedia
▪ Focuses on the difference between facts & opinions
❖ Facts: information that can be proven with evidence (ex. Columbus founded the Americas in 1492 A.D.)
❖ Opinions: information that cannot be proven with evidence (ex. Columbus is the greatest explorer of 1492 A.D.)
➢ Geography
▪ The study of the Earth, its people, & its resources
▪ Often looks at climate: the weather conditions of an area, ex. tropical, desert
▪ Geographers want to learn how places affect the way people live
3 Types:
❖ Human Geography: studies how the environment affects human patterns
o Demography: shows the size/growth of human populations
o Topography: shows the surface features of the land, ex) hills, desert
❖ Physical Geography: the study of the natural features of the Earth's surface, including land, climate, and vegetation
❖ Political Geography: the study of how location affects how people are ruled
▪ Often uses maps
❖ Political Map: map that shows cities and capitals
❖ Physical Map: map that shows landforms (ex. mountains & rivers)
❖ Cartogram: map that shows regions not drawn to actual scale, but to scales based on statistics like population
➢ Economics
▪ The study of what people produce, who gets goods, & who uses the goods & services
▪ Economists want to learn why people produce and use resources
➢ Political Science
▪ The study of relations between governments and other governments, and between governments and peoples
▪ Political scientists want to learn about how people are ruled
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The Beginning
➢ Prehistory: the time before written history
➢ The Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Period): 2,500,000 – 10,000 B.C.
▪ Earliest human remains found in Africa
▪ Early humans used simple stone tools
▪ They were hunters and gatherers
▪ The people were nomadic (nomads): traveled from place to place
➢ The New Stone Age (Neolithic Revolution): 10,000 – 4,000 B.C.
[pic]
▪ People first began to settle down
▪ Humans first began to farm
▪ People first began to domesticate (tame) animals
➢ The First Civilizations: 4,000 – 1200 B.C.
▪ First civilizations that began in river valleys
▪ They developed governments, complex religion, writing, etc.
River Valley Civilizations, (4000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
➢ Ancient Egypt, 2700 – 1100 B.C.
▪ Egypt: Geography
❖ Began along the Nile River
❖ Annual floods from the Nile provided fertile soil for its people
❖ It was protected by deserts to the east and west
▪ Culture
❖ It was ruled by pharaohs (Egyptian leaders)
❖ Egyptians were polytheistic (believed in many gods)
▪ Achievements
❖ Built the pyramids ( giant tombs for dead pharaohs
❖ Developed mummification ( a process to preserve the dead for the afterlife
❖ Created hieroglyphics ( a form of picture writing, written on papyrus: a paper-like material
➢ Mesopotamia, ~3000 B.C.
▪ Mesopotamia: Geography
❖ The area is also called the Fertile Crescent
❖ It began along the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
❖ It had few natural barriers, which encouraged constant invasions of Mesopotamia
▪ Culture
❖ It was made of independent city-states (city & the surrounding area)
❖ The 1st Mesopotamian civilization began in the city-state of Sumer
❖ Mesopotamians were polytheistic
▪ Achievements
❖ Built ziggurats: pyramid step shaped temples dedicated to the gods
❖ They created cuneiform: a form of picture writing
❖ Babylonians of Mesopotamia created the Code of Hammurabi: a set of laws based on “an eye for an eye”
❖ Phoenicians: were called the “carriers of civilization” for developing the first alphabet
➢ Indus Valley Civilization (India), ~2500 B.C.
▪ India: Geography
❖ It developed along the Indus River in India
❖ Indus Valley’s natural barriers:
• It had the Himalayas Mountains to the north
• India is a peninsula: it has water surrounding 3 of its sides
❖ It has monsoons (seasonal winds) that bring rain for crops & suffering from floods to Indians
▪ Culture
❖ Early Indians were polytheistic
❖ Indus Valley cities included Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
❖ It was invaded by the Aryans
➢ Shang Dynasty (China), 1600 – 1100 B.C.
▪ China: Geography
❖ It developed along the Huang He River (also called the Yellow River & “The River of Sorrows”)
❖ Natural barriers cut off China from the rest of the world
• Himalayas Mts. to the west, jungles to the south, Pacific Ocean to the east, Gobi Desert to the north
▪ Culture
❖ It was known as the Middle Kingdom because Chinese thought China was the center of the Earth
❖ China was ruled by dynasties (ruling families)
❖ The Chinese were polytheistic
▪ Achievements
❖ Chinese writing used 10,000 characters
[pic]
➢ Golden Age
▪ A period of peace, expanding culture/borders, & increased achievements for a civilization
India: Golden Age, 321 B.C. – 550 A.D.
➢ Maurya Empire: 1st Indian empire
▪ Asoka: Maurya ruler who wrote his laws on stone pillars
➢ Gupta Empire, 320 – 550 A.D.
▪ Gupta developed writing numbers & the concept of zero
▪ Created stupas: dome shaped shrines
▪ Influenced by Hinduism
▪ Used the caste system: a Hindu social class system
❖ Individuals were born into their castes and could not move to another caste
❖ Untouchables were the lowest caste: they did society’s worst jobs
China: Golden Age, 210 B.C. – 220 A.D.
➢ Han Dynasty
▪ China’s dynasty cycle: described the rise and fall of ruling families in China
▪ Mandate of Heaven: Chinese emperors believed they were given the right to rule from the gods - when leaders became unpopular the mandate could be taken away
▪ Han followed Confucianism
❖ A belief system that focused on social order
❖ It stressed filial piety: showing respect for ones parents
▪ They expanded the Great Wall
▪ The Han opened the Silk Road, a trade route that linked trade from China to Europe
▪ Created the civil service system which were tests to give the most qualified government jobs
▪ Developed many achievements including paper, silk, & porcelain
Ancient Greece, 1750 B.C. - 133 B.C.
➢ Greece: Geography
▪ It was a peninsula surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea
▪ It had many mountains and small islands that created separate & unique Greek city-states
➢ Greek city-states
▪ Sparta: developed a warrior society
▪ Athens
❖ Focused on learning
❖ It created a direct democracy: a government where people voted on every law
➢ Achievements
▪ Greeks began the Olympic Games
▪ Greek architecture: used giant columns, ex: Athens built the Parthenon
▪ Art: focused on the athletic human body
▪ Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle
▪ Literature: Homer: wrote the epics (long poems) the Iliad and Odyssey
➢ Alexander the Great
▪ United the Greeks & created a large empire
▪ Developed Hellenism or the Hellenistic Era: blended Greek, Persian, Indian, & Egyptian cultures
Ancient Rome 509 B.C. - 476 A.D.
➢ Rome: Geography
▪ It developed in Italy which was a peninsula & located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea
➢ Roman Republic
▪ Rome was first a republic: a government ruled by a Senate
▪ During Rome fought the Punic Wars: Roman Republic vs. Carthage (its general Hannibal attacked Italy)
▪ Roman Social Classes
❖ Plebeians (low class), Patricians (high class)
▪ Developed the Twelve Tables: Roman set of laws
▪ Rome built a huge system of roads and aqueducts (form of irrigation)
➢ Roman Empire
▪ After 500 years Rome became an empire (ruled by an emperor)
▪ Augustus (Octavian) became its 1st Roman emperor
▪ Pax Romana took place during the Roman Empire: it was a 200 years period of Roman peace
▪ Emperor Constantine: was the 1st Roman emperor to convert to Christianity & allowed religion freedom
▪ Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople
▪ The Roman Emperor Diocletian split the empire into Eastern and Western Empires
➢ Fall of Rome, 476 A.D.: Causes
▪ The Roman rich ignored the poor & raise taxes
▪ Germanic barbarians from the north invaded the Roman Empire
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Judaism (called Jewish) (
➢ Founder: Abraham
➢ Location it began: Palestine, 2000 B.C.
➢ Holy Book: Torah
➢ Place of Worship: synagogue
➢ Symbol: Star of David
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Monotheistic: believed in one god
▪ Follow the Ten Commandments (religious rules)
➢ Other:
▪ Diaspora: is the spreading of the Jewish people throughout Asia/Europe because of persecution
Hinduism (called Hindus) (
➢ Founder: it has no single founder
➢ Location it began: India
➢ Holy Books: Vedas, Upanishads
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Believe in reincarnation: a belief that one is reborn into another body after death
▪ Hindus wish to reach Brahman: when reached they believe the cycle of rebirth ends
▪ Believe a person’s karma (life actions) & following a person’s dharma (caste rules) determines ones caste (social class)
Buddhism (called Buddhists) (
➢ Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”)
➢ Location it began: India, 500’s B.C.
➢ Holy Book: Tripitaka
➢ Symbol: the wheel
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Believes in dharma, karma, & reincarnation like Hinduism
▪ Rejects the caste system
▪ Follows the Four Noble Truths & Eightfold Path: rules of Buddhism
❖ Based on nonviolence
▪ Goal of Buddhists is to reach Nirvana which ends the cycle of rebirth
Christianity (called Christians) (
➢ Founder: Jesus, 30 A.D.
➢ Location it began: Palestine
➢ Holy Book: Bible
➢ Place of Worship: church/cathedral
➢ Symbol: the cross
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Monotheistic
▪ Follow the Ten Commandments
▪ Preaches that all people are equal
➢ Branches
▪ Roman Catholic
▪ Eastern Orthodox
▪ Protestant
Islam (called Muslims) (
➢ Founder: Muhammad, 622 A.D.
➢ Location it began: Saudi Arabia
➢ Holy Book: Quran (Koran)
➢ Place of Worship: mosque
➢ Symbol: Crescent
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Monotheistic
▪ Follows the 5 Pillars of Faith which state:
❖ To give to the poor, believe in 1 god (Allah), fast during Ramada, pray 5 times a day, take a hajj (travel to Mecca) once in ones lifetime
▪ Preaches all people are equal
➢ Branches
▪ Sunni
▪ Shiite
Shinto (Shintos)[pic]
➢ Location it began: Japan, 400s A.D.
➢ Beliefs: worshipped the spirits in nature
Animism (Animists)
➢ Location it began: Africa
➢ Beliefs: worshipped the spirits in nature
Confucianism (Confucists) [pic]
➢ Location it began: China, 551 B.C.
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Focuses on social order
▪ Follows the Five Relationships: Confucian duties to live by
▪ Stresses filial piety: respecting ones parents
Taoism/Daoism (Taoists) (
➢ Location it began: China, 500s B.C.
➢ Beliefs:
▪ Stressed being in harmony with nature
▪ Stresses the Ying & Yang of nature
Sikhism (Sikhs) [pic]
➢ Location it began: India, 1400’s A.D.
➢ Beliefs: blends Islam & Hinduism
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Middle Ages in Europe, 500-1500 A.D.
➢ The fall of the Roman Empire began the Middle Ages (“The Dark Ages”) in Europe
➢ Learning stopped, constant warfare, little trade, people moved from cities to the country
➢ Charlemagne
▪ Charlemagne was a Germanic (barbarian leader) who spread Christianity to the Germanic tribes
➢ A barter system developed: an economic system where individuals traded one good for another good since the use of money in medieval Europe disappeared
➢ The Rise of Feudalism
▪ Feudalism was a system where the poor work the land of the rich in return for the rich’s protection
▪ This class system was hierarchical: based on a certain order, each class had responsibilities
▪ Feudalism’s social classes:
❖ 1. monarch (king), 2. lord, 3. vassal (lesser lord), 4. knight (warrior), 5. serf (peasant)
❖ Fiefs: land lord gave to vassal for their loyalty
❖ Chivalry: the knight’s warrior code
❖ Manor: where people lived in feudal Europe, included castle, church, farms, serf’s homes
❖ Manorialism: an economic system based on agriculture (farming) & where all knew their role
• The system was self-sufficient: did not need outside help to survive
➢ The Roman Catholic Church: provided leadership in feudal Western Europe
▪ The Pope was its leader & based in Rome
▪ The Pope had the power to excommunicate: kick church member out of the church
▪ Catholics church members paid a tithe (10% church tax)
➢ Feudal Europe’s Recovery
▪ Hanseatic League: was an organization of German cities working together to control trade in Northern Europe
▪ Guilds developed which were trade organizations, ex: carpenters guilds
❖ Apprentice (trainee) to master (experienced)
▪ Architecture: Gothic Architecture developed, ex. Notre Dame Cathedral
➢ Medieval England
▪ Developed a common law: laws everyone had to follow
▪ Created the Magna Carta: a document that said the king must follow the law
▪ Created the Parliament: English legislature
Middle Ages: Muslim World
➢ Islam began in Saudi Arabia
➢ Muslim Empires spread to the Middle East, North Africa, India, Spain in Europe, and into the Byzantine Empire
➢ They preserved Greek, Roman, Hindu, & Buddhist knowledge
➢ Muslims developed great advances in mathematics (developing algebra) and medicine (much better than feudal Europe)
➢ Mughal India, (1556-1867 A.D.)
▪ Akbar the Great (a Muslim): modernized the Indian army
➢ Ottoman Empire, (1400-1900 A.D.)
▪ The Ottomans captured Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire
▪ 1500’s it dominated the Mediterranean Sea, conquered Egypt/Syria, & laid siege to Vienna
▪ Suleiman I: gained complete control of the Ottoman government
The Crusades, 1096 – 1297 A.D.
[pic]
➢ Seljuk Turks (Muslim) invaded the Byzantine Empire (Orthodox Christian)
➢ Pope Urban II (Catholic Christian) called for a crusade (holy war)
▪ Goal: to capture the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem)
▪ 1st Crusade: Christian crusaders captured the Holy Land, but in the following crusades they were defeated by Muslims armies
▪ Long-term result: the crusades increase trade between Europe and the Middle East
The Black Death, mid 1300’s
➢ The Black Death was a disease spread by rats along trade routes that killed 1/3 of Europe’s population
➢ Trade stopped in feudal Europe
Reconquista, mid-1400’s
➢ The Reconquista was when Christian Spanish re-conquered Spain from the Muslim Spanish (Moors)
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The Byzantine Empire, 500 - 1453 A.D.
➢ The Byzantine Empire used to be the Eastern Roman Empire and survived the fall of Rome
➢ Capital: Constantinople
▪ The city was located in the center of trade between Europe and Asia
➢ The Byzantines preserved ancient Greek & Roman knowledge
➢ Developed the Justinian Code: Byzantine code of laws
➢ Built the Hagia Sophia: a magnificent church
➢ Eastern Orthodox Church (Orthodox Christianity)
▪ It is a branch of Christianity
▪ It split with the Roman Catholic Church
▪ It rejected the Pope as the head of the Christian Church
▪ Priests could marry
▪ People prayed to icons/mosaics
The Mongols, 1200’s
➢ The Mongols were a nomadic people from Central Asia
➢ Its great leaders: Genghis Khan & Kubla Khan
➢ They conquered most of Asia
➢ They began the Pax Mongolia: a 150 year period of peace that made trade along the Silk Road safe again
Ancient Japan, 600-1800 A.D
➢ Japan: Geography
▪ It was an archipelago: chain of islands
▪ 4/5 of Japan is mountainous with little fertile land
▪ It has a irregular coastline: jagged coasts
▪ It is located on the Ring of Fire: earthquakes, tsunamis are common
➢ Japan’s Early History
▪ Religion: Shinto - worshipped the spirits of nature
▪ It was influenced by China and Korea
▪ Japan developed feudalism:
❖ 1. Emperor (had little real power), 2. Shogun (noble with real power), 3. Daimyo (lesser lord), 4. Samurai (armored warriors), 5. Peasants
❖ Bushido: Samurai warrior code
▪ Mongols invaded Japan, but were destroyed by the kamikaze (divine wind)
Ancient China: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
➢ Ming Dynasty: pushed the Mongols out of China
➢ Zheng He: 1405-1433 A.D. led ships to explore the Indian Ocean for China and traded with civilizations in those areas
Ancient Russia, 800’s A.D.
➢ Ancient Russia was greatly influenced by the Byzantine Empire
➢ Byzantines gave Russians:
▪ The cyrillic alphabet
▪ Orthodox Christianity which became the Russian Orthodox Church
▪ Byzantine art, music, architecture
➢ Ruled by czars: Russian rulers
➢ It was invaded by the Mongols: this slowed Russia’s development
Ancient Africa
➢ Africa: Geography
▪ Savanna (grassy plains): Africa’s largest climate
▪ It had few natural harbors & few navigatable rivers
➢ Africa’s Early History
▪ The Great Rift Valley: location where the 1st evidence of humans is found
▪ The Bantu Migration (500 B.C. – 1500 A.D.): West Africans migrated throughout South and East Africa because of desertification (deserts spreading) in search of farmland
▪ Religion: Animism - worshipped the spirits in nature
▪ Had a Traditional Economy: an economic system where people depended on the land to live, children have the same jobs as their parents
▪ Typically practiced substance farming: producing just enough to get by
▪ Ibn Battuta: Arab Muslim traveler who wrote about his journeys to East & West Africa
▪ Trans-Saharan Trade Route
▪ Trade route over the Sahara Desert
▪ Gold and salt was traded
▪ Mansa Musa: 1312 A.D. Mali leader, converted to Islam, & took a hajj to Mecca
The Americas
➢ Olmec: oldest American civilization
➢ Maya, 300-900 A.D.
▪ Developed in Mexico
▪ Built pyramids
➢ Aztec, 1200-1500 A.D.
▪ Develops in Mexico
▪ Capital was Tenochtitlan
▪ Polytheistic & practiced human sacrifice
▪ Created floating gardens
➢ Inca, 1400-1500 A.D.
▪ Ruled along the Andes Mountains in present day Peru (South America)
▪ Used step terraces: steps carved into the hills to farm
▪ Created a large system of roads like Ancient Rome
▪ Manchu Pichu: is its most famous city
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The Renaissance, 1300 – 1500’s A.D.
➢ The Renaissance began in the Italian city-states (Venice/Florence)
➢ It is a period of rebirth in Europe
➢ It saw an increasing questioning spirit & a focus on education
➢ A new way of thinking developed called humanism: it focused on the individual
▪ It was based on the ancient Greek & Roman Civilizations
Renaissance People
➢ Leonardo da Vinci: “The Renaissance Man”, painter (Mona Lisa), sculptor, engineer
➢ Michelangelo: painter (Sistine Chapel)
➢ Machiavelli: writer who stated that “the end justifies the means”
➢ William Shakespeare: English writer
The Printing Press, 1450 A.D.
➢ The printing press was created by the Chinese
➢ Johannes Gutenberg developed the 1st successful printing press in Europe
▪ His 1st copied book was the Gutenberg Bible
➢ Books became cheaper & increased knowledge
The Protestant Reformation, 1500’s A.D.
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➢ The Catholic Church during the Middle Ages was very corrupt
▪ The church sold indulgences: people paid to be forgiven of their sins
➢ Martin Luther, a German monk, posted the 95 Theses: reasons the Catholic church needed reforms on the door of a German church
➢ Luther’s actions began the Protestant Reformation
▪ Protestant branch of Christianity developed: meaning to “protest the pope”
➢ Henry VIII: King of England
▪ Henry VIII wanted a divorce, but the Pope refused
▪ He divorces anyways & passed the Act of Supremacy: creating the Church of England (Anglican Church/Protestant) in which the English king is the head of the church
➢ Elizabeth I: was a strong Protestant Queen of England
Counter Reformation, 1500’s A.D.
➢ Catholics tried to stop the spread of the Protestant religion
➢ They began the Inquisition: a Catholic church court that tortured & killed non-Catholics
➢ Results for Europe:
▪ Southern Europe (Spain, Italy): were Roman Catholic
▪ North Europe (Germany, England): were Protestant
The Scientific Revolution, 1500 – 1600’s
➢ Science during the Middle Ages was based on the churches ideas
➢ The Scientific Revolution
▪ During the Scientific Revolution new ways of thinking about science developed
▪ Nicolus Copernicus: developed the heliocentric model which stated that the Earth revolved around the sun
▪ Galileo: invented the telescope
▪ Isaac Newton: developed the idea of gravity
▪ Rene Descartes: developed the scientific method
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The Age of Exploration, late 1400’s-1700
➢ Marco Polo, an Italian, visited China and his journals about his travels increased European interest in China/India
➢ Europe wanted spices from Asia
➢ Italians and the Muslim Empires controlled the spice trade before 1500’s A.D.
➢ Henry the Navigator, a Portuguese prince, built schools for sailors in Portugal
➢ Portugal and then Spain were the first to explore the oceans
➢ Explorers were aided by cartographers (map-makers), the astrolabe (instrument that showed latitude), caravels (ships that could cross oceans), gunpowder
➢ Explorers:
▪ Bartholomeu Diaz: reached the tip of Africa, 1488
▪ Christopher Columbus: discovered the Americas, 1492
▪ Vasco da Gama: sailed to India, 1497
▪ Ferdinand Magellan: 1st to circumnavigate (circle) the world
The Encounter, 1492 A.D.
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➢ In 1492 Europeans met the natives of Americas
➢ This began the Columbian Exchange
▪ The Columbian Exchange saw increased cultural diffusion between the Americas & Europe/Asia/Africa
▪ America gave potatoes/corn: led to population growth in Europe/Asia
▪ Europe gave technology (guns), disease (90% of natives die), horses, & sugarcane
➢ Spain dominated the Americas, known as the “New World”
➢ Conquistadors (Spanish conquerors) came to Americas for wealth (gold/silver)
▪ Hernan Cortez conquered the Aztec Empire
▪ Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire
Colonial Empires
➢ India: was conquered by the British
➢ China: treated Europeans as barbarians
➢ Japan: closed ports to foreign trade
➢ Latin America: was conquered by the Spanish
▪ The Spanish convert natives to the Catholic Church
▪ They issued encomiendas: king forced natives to work on plantations (large farms)
▪ Spanish colonies social classes: 1. Peninsulares (born in Spain)
2. Creoles (born in America, Spanish decedent)
3. Mestizos (European/Native descent)
4. Mallattoes (African/Native mix)
5. Natives/Africans
The Slave Trade, 1500-1800 A.D.
➢ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: slaves came from Africa to the Americas along the Middle Passage, a trade route carrying slaves across the Atlantic Ocean
➢ It was part of the Triangular Trade Route: which saw Africa give slaves ( Americas give raw materials like cotton, sugarcane ( Europe give manufactured goods like textiles ( Africa… (repeat the process)
Commercial Revolution, 1600-1800 A.D.
➢ Money reappeared in Europe: feudalism began to decline in Europe
➢ Wealth was now based on gold rather than land
➢ It led to the growth of capitalism: investing money to make more money
➢ Joint Stock Companies developed: people pooled money to create large businesses
➢ Banks developed to loan and store money
Mercantilism
➢ Mercantilism was a new economic policy used by European kings during the Age of Exploration
▪ Nations wanted to collect gold/silver
▪ Nations wanted colonies
❖ Colonies were created to provide raw materials to the parent country
❖ Colonies could only sell and buy products from the parent country
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The Enlightenment 1600 - 1700’s A.D.
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➢ The Enlightenment began after the Scientific Revolution
➢ The Enlightenment questioned how people should be ruled & what type of government is best
▪ It believed the power of government should come from those that are governed
▪ It stressed natural law: laws that manage human actions
➢ Enlightenment Thinkers
▪ John Locke: said all people have natural rights (life, liberty, & property)
▪ Montesquieu: said to prevent tyranny (1 person with total power) governments needed a separation of powers and checks and balances
▪ Voltaire: he stressed the freedom of speech
▪ Rousseau: said government should follow the majority’s opinion
▪ Adam Smith: supported the idea of laissez faire or “hands off” which stated that businesses should be ran without government interference
Age of Absolutism 1500-1700’s
➢ Thomas Hobbes: said people are violent and thus need a strong government
▪ He stated that people must join a social contract: individuals lose some rights to create order
➢ Absolute monarch: is a king with total control of the government and people
▪ They rule by divine right: stating that God gave the king the power to rule
➢ Absolute Monarchs
▪ Phillip II of Spain (a Catholic)
❖ Sent the Spanish Armada (fleet of ships) to defeat Protestant England, but lost
▪ Louis XIV of France (a Catholic)
❖ He was called the “sun king” because he was all-powerful & stated “I am the state”
❖ Built the Versailles Palace as his capital, created a large army, improved the economy
▪ Peter the Great of Russia
❖ Followed a policy of westernization: making Russia more like Europe (“The West”)
➢ Enlightenment England
▪ England created the Petition of Right: a document that said the king must ask Parliament before raising taxes, the king of England ignored it
▪ English Civil War, 1642-1651
❖ Protestants (Parliament’s supporters) vs. Catholics (King’s supporters)
▪ Glorious Revolution: 1688 William and Mary (Protestant) take power
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❖ During this event no one died
❖ William & Mary were forced to sign the English Bill of Rights: created a constitutional monarchy - government where the king’s power is limited by a constitution
❖ Parliament was given more power than the king
➢ Enlightened despots: absolute monarch who followed Enlightenment reforms
▪ Catherine the Great of Russia: built schools
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Pre-Revolution France
➢ The French estate system (social class system)
▪ 1st Estate: made of the clergy (church officials) – they did not pay taxes
▪ 2nd Estate: made of the nobles - they did not pay taxes
▪ 3rd Estate: made of the middle class (bourgeoisie) and lower class (rural peasants, city workers), 98% of population, they paid taxes
➢ Problems in France
▪ Enlightenment thinkers questioned the French government (an absolute monarchy)
▪ It had poor harvests & food prices increased
▪ French absolute monarch’s practiced deficit spending: spent more than they made
▪ The 1st and 2nd Estates refused to pay taxes
➢ King Louis XVI called the Estate General (French legislative body)
▪ The 1st and 2nd Estate always voted against the 3rd Estate
▪ In response the 3rd Estate created the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath, promising to make a constitution for France
➢ The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
▪ 800 citizens of Paris broke into the Bastille prison & freed political prisoners of the king
The French Revolution, 1799-1789 A.D.
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➢ The National Assembly
▪ It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man: said all French male citizens were equal
▪ It ended nobles’ rights: now nobles had to pay taxes
▪ It created the Constitution of 1791: protected people’s natural rights & creating a limited monarchy – a government where the kings power is restricted
➢ In 1789 the women of Paris marched to Versailles: they wanted King Louis XVI to fix France’s hunger problems
➢ Eventually King Louis XVI & his wife Mario Antoinette were executed using the guillotine: a killing machine
➢ France ended its monarchy & became a Republic
➢ The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794
▪ The Reign of Terror was began by Maximilian Robespierre
▪ 40,000 French citizens were executed
➢ The Constitution of 1795 set up a new French government
▪ The government was weak and ineffective
Rise of Napoleon, 1799-1815
➢ In 1799 Napoleon took over the French government in a coup d’état: a military takeover
➢ In 1804 he made himself emperor with complete power
➢ He created the Napoleonic Code: a code of laws that included Enlightenment ideas
➢ In 1804 he conquered much of Europe
➢ He tried to invade Russia, but his French army was destroyed by the Russian winter
➢ In 1813 Napoleon was defeated by an alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, & Prussia
➢ Napoleon’s Legacy
▪ Napoleon spread the ideas of the French Revolution throughout the world
▪ He increased nationalism (having pride in ones country) throughout Europe’s nations
Congress of Vienna, 1815 A.D.
➢ Congress of Vienna put monarchs who were defeated by Napoleon back in power
➢ It tried to restore the balance of power in Europe: making sure no one country was all-powerful
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The Industrial Age Begins, mid-1700’s
❑ The Commercial Revolution, 1600-1700’s
o The barter system/feudalism declined & money began to reappear in Europe
o Capitalism developed: an economic system that stressed individuals making decisions & profit
▪ Laissez-faire economics: theory developed by Adam Smith based on supply & demand that stated that the government should not get involved with business
❑ Industrialization was a long, slow, uneven process that began in Britain
o It spreads from Britain to the rest of Europe, North America, and then the world
The Industrial Revolution
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❑ Pre-1750 Europe
o Most people worked the land using simple handmade tools & human/animal power
o Most people lived in small, rural villages
o Many knew little of the world beyond their village
❑ The Industrial Revolution, 1800’s
o It caused a population shift: people moved from rural farms to the cities (urbanization)
o By the 1850’s rural villages turned into industrial towns & cities
o People traveled rapidly by trains or steamships
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The Industrial Revolution: Causes
1. The Agrarian Revolution, 1600-1700’s
o During the Agrarian Revolution in the 1700’s British farmers mixed different soils & used crop rotation to increase crop production
o Jethro Tull invented the seed drill: it deposited seeds into rows rather than scattering them
o This reduced the risk of famine
2. Population Explosion during the 1800’s
o The Agrarian Revolution led to population growth
o During the 1800’s better hygiene, sanitation, & improved medical care slowed deaths from disease
3. The Enclosure Movement, 1700’s
o Rich landowners created enclosures: fencing off millions of acres formerly shared by peasant farmers
▪ They replaced small strip farms with large fields
o Farm production rose
o It required less workers and as a result peasants lost their jobs
▪ Jobless farmers migrated (moved) to the cities
4. An Energy Revolution, 1700’s
o Pre-Industrial Revolution: work was done by the muscles of humans or animals
o In the 1700’s the 1st factories were powered by giant water wheels
o In time new sources of energy, such as coal, were harnessed
▪ In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines
▪ In 1769 James Watt improved Newcomen’s steam engine: Watt’s steam engine became an important power source of the Industrial Revolution
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❖ The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
Why Britain?
1. Geography
o Britain had a rich supply of natural resources
▪ Large supplies of coal to power steam engines
▪ Large supplies of iron to build new machines
o Is an island that had many natural harbors for trade
o It had rivers for transportation & water power
2. Human Resources
o The Agrarian Revolution freed individuals from farm labor, now they needed jobs
o Increases in Britain’s population during the 1800’s created a large supply of workers
3. Economic Conditions
o In the 1700’s trade from Britain’s overseas colonies created a strong economy
o Its population explosion increased demand for British goods created in the factories
4. Political Conditions
o Britain had a stable government ruled by Parliament
The Age of Iron & Coal
❑ Iron was a key to the early Industrial Revolution: it was needed for machines & steam engines
❑ Producing iron required large amounts of fuel
o In the 1700’s Britain turned to coal for power
The Textile Industry
❑ Britain’s largest industry was in textiles
o The textile industry is where the Industrial Revolution started in Britain
❑ The Domestic System
o Under the domestic system wool was spun into yarn by farm families, yarn was then sent to weavers who used hand looms, then fabric was taken to fullers for cleaning, then to a dyer to add color: very slow process
❑ Major Inventions
o In 1733 John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle
▪ The Flying Shuttle caused weavers to work so fast they outpaced spinners
o 1764 James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny
▪ It spun yarn as fast as weavers using a Flying Shuttle
❑ The 1st factories
o These new inventions were too large & expensive to be used in homes
o Instead, spinners & weavers came each day to factories: places that brought workers & machines together to produce large quantities of goods
o The 1st factories were located near rapidly moving streams to use water power
Revolution in Transportation
❑ Factories needed faster & cheaper methods of moving goods around Britain
❑ In the early 1800’s steam-powered locomotives were developed to pull carriages along rails
o This led to the growth of railroads
o By the 1870’s rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, & the eastern U.S.
o They aided industrialization & urbanization
❑ In the 1800’s steam powered ships could carry cargo across oceans
Industrial Revolution: Results
❑ The Industrial Revolution began a chain reaction
❑ More demand for goods led to the creation of more factories which created more goods
❑ With a greater supply of goods, prices fell
❑ Lower prices meant more people could buy goods, which created more demand for goods
❑ This led to a higher standard of living for many people where industrialization was taking place
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New Methods of Production, mid-1800’s
❑ To increase factory production new ways to produce products faster & more efficiently were developed
❑ Manufactures developed interchangeable parts: identical pieces that could be used in place of one another
o This made assembly & repair easier
❑ The assembly line was developed
o On the assembly line workers on factory lines added parts to a product as it moved on a belt
o Production became faster & cheaper, decreasing the price of goods
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The New Industrial City, 1800’s
❑ The Industrial Revolution brought about rapid urbanization: people moving to cities
❑ City streets were lined with government buildings, theatres, & department stores
o The new industrial cities had wide streets which were harder for protesters to block & easier to bring in troops
❑ The rich lived in the outer edges of the city
❑ The poor crowed into slums near the city’s center close to the factories
o Families were cramped into single rooms in tenement (apartment) buildings with no sewage system
o Cholera & other diseases spread rapidly
o Crime & alcoholism were common
The Factory System
❑ The factory was the heart of the new industrial city
❑ Before the Industrial Revolution the amount of work in rural villages depended on the season
❑ In factories during the Industrial Revolution:
o People worked long hours (12-16 a day)
o Accidents from machines were common
o Coal dust destroyed the lungs of miners
o If a worker got sick or injured they lost their job
❑ Women made up much of the new industrial workforce
o They could be paid less than male workers
o They still had to care for their families
❑ Factories & mines used children workers
o Often hired orphans who worked long hours
Factory Reforms
❑ In response to low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, & a constant threat of unemployment (losing ones jobs) workers began to protest & demand reforms
o By the early 1800’s workers grouped together for strength into labor unions
o Labor unions led protests for reforms, but were crushed & made illegal throughout Europe
❑ In the 1800’s reforms did happen:
o In the early 1830’s a British lawmaker, Michael Sadler, convinced Parliament to investigate the conditions faced by children in the factories: known as the Sadler Report
▪ The led to the Factories Regulation Act of 1833: it banned child labor under 9 & limited work for those under 18
▪ Future laws limited work hours & improved safety conditions in the factories
o In the mid-1800’s workers won the right to organize labor unions
o By the late 1800’s most western countries (U.S. & Europe) granted all men the right to vote
Industrialization: Benefits
❑ As demand for mass produced goods increased new factories opened which created more jobs
❑ Workers wages rose to the point that people had enough left over to save
❑ The cost of railroad travel fell so people could visit families in other towns
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New Industrial Powers
❑ By the late 1800’s other countries challenged Britain’s industrial power
❑ Two countries became industrial leaders:
o Germany: became a nation in 1871, a few decades later it was Europe’s leading industrial power
o U.S.: by 1900 it led the world in production
❑ Why did nations catch up so quickly?
o Germany & the U.S. had larger supplies of coal & iron than Britain
o They were able to follow Britain’s lead, borrowing British experts & technology
New Technology
❑ In 1856 Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron ore to produce steel
o Steel was lighter, harder, & stronger than iron
o Steel was used in tools, bridges, & railroads
❑ By the 1800’s electricity was invented & became a new source of power
o Electricity replaced steam as the main source of power in industries
o In the 1870’s electricity illuminated cities
❑ In 1887 a German engineer created the 1st automobile or “horseless carriage”
o By 1900, 1000’s of automobiles were on the roads of Europe & North America
❑ Revolution in communication
o Samuel Morse developed the telegraph: sent messages over wires by means of electricity
o In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone
o In 1890 the radio was invented
The Fight Against Disease
❑ During the 1600’s some believed tiny microbes might cause disease, most laughed at this “germ theory”
❑ In the mid-1800’s Joseph Lister said germs caused infections & insisted doctors use antiseptics to destroy germs
❑ In 1870 Louis Pasteur linked germs with disease
o He developed a vaccine for rabies
o He developed pasteurization: a process to kill microbes in milk that caused disease
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Beginning of Socialism
❑ To end the poverty & inequality caused by the Industrial Revolution radical thinkers developed the idea of socialism
o Socialism stated that society rather than individuals should own & control the means of production (farms, factories, & railways)
Marxism, mid-1800’s
❑ 1840’s Karl Marx, a German socialist, teamed up with Friedrich Engels, another German socialist
o Both disliked capitalism: believing it created wealth for a few & poverty for many
❑ Marx focused on the struggle between the haves & have-nots of society
o Haves: owned the means of production & controlled society & its wealth ( it included the upper & middle class
o Have-nots: were the proletariat (working class) ( lower class
❑ In 1848 Marx & Engels published: The Communist Manifesto
o It developed communism: a form of socialism, that stressed a class struggle between employers & employees
▪ Stated that private property would cease to exist
o Stated that only a revolution would cause change
▪ Marx believed it would 1st begin in Industrial Europe
▪ Said the workers would win the revolution & set up a classless communist society
Marxism: Weaknesses
❑ Many of Marx’s theories were wrong
❑ He said the proletariat (working class) would begin world revolutions
❑ Instead by 1900, the working class standard of living improved, Marxism lost support
Population Problems?
❑ Thomas Malthus wrote on population growth
o Malthus said populations would outpace the food supply ( this shaped countries economic thinking
o By the early 1800’s world populations increased but new farm technologies increased the food supply even faster
o In the 1900’s population growth stopped being a problem in Western countries
Darwin’s Challenge to Science
❑ In 1859 British naturalist Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
o Darwin said all life on Earth had evolved over millions of years
❑ Darwin developed the Theory of Natural Selection
o Darwin said there was a limited supply of food for life & as a result species members must compete to survive
o He said those with the best traits survive: this process is known as Natural Selection
▪ He believed this process created new species
▪ He stated that humans evolved from lesser forms
o Process was later called “survival of the fittest”
❑ Darwin’s theory created a heated debate between scientists & the church
Social Darwinism
❑ Darwin’s theories were used to support individuals’ & societies’ beliefs
o This became known as Social Darwinism: idea of the “survival of the fittest” was used to explain war & economic competition
o It encouraged racism: belief that 1 racial group is better than another
❑ In the late 1800’s Europeans claimed its success was due to the greatness of the white race
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Role of Women
❑ Urbanization & industrialization challenged traditional beliefs & customs of society
o By the late 1800’s views about women were challenged
❑ In the late 1800’s a successful husband was one who made enough money to keep his wife at home
o Middle class women were expected to be at home to care of their family
❑ Lower class women
o Low class women worked for low pay & long hours in textile factories
o They were still expected to raise their children
Women’s Rights
❑ Some individual women as well as women’s groups protested the restrictions on women
o They wanted fairness in marriage, divorce, & property laws
❑ Obstacles to change:
1. Women could not vote
2. Women were banned from most schools
3. They had little protections under the law
❑ Suffrage Struggles
o By the late 1800’s women’s groups in Europe demanded women’s suffrage (the right to vote)
o Women faced much opposition
Women’s Suffrage
❑ In the early 1900’s Emmeline Pankhurst was a leading British suffragists
o She favored aggressive acts, interrupted votes in Parliament, & organized huge protests
❑ Middle class women disagreed with Pankhurst’s radical actions
❑ Not until 1918 did Parliament give women suffrage
Arts/Literature
❑ Realism, mid-1800’s
o Realists attempted to present the world as it was
o English novelist Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist
▪ Showed the lives of factory workers & slum conditions
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Congress of Vienna, 1815
❑ After Napoleon’s defeat, Europe’s monarchs at the Congress of Vienna, led by Austria’s Prince Clemens von Metternich, restored old monarchs & the balance of power (making sure no one country is all powerful) in Europe
❑ They tried to stop the spread of nationalism
Conservatives vs. Liberals
❑ Conservatives, 1700-1800’s
o Conservatives believed Enlightenment ideas will lead to chaos & believed in crushing nationalist protests
o Included monarchs, large landowners, clergy
o Goals:
▪ Wanted life to be like pre-French Revolution Europe
❑ Liberals, early 1800’s
o Liberals supported the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights: liberty, equality, & property
o Included the middle class (bourgeoisie) ( bankers, lawyers, politicians, etc.
o Goals:
▪ Wanted rulers to be elected by the people
Rise of Nationalism
❑ Europe 1815 there were several empires that included many nationalities within their borders
o Examples: Austrian, Russian, Ottoman Empires
❑ In the 1800’s the goal of nationalists was to unite & gain independence for people with a common national background
o Positive ( it gave a sense of identity to people
o Negative ( led to persecution of ethnic minorities
❑ French revolts of 1830 & 1848 ( led liberals & nationalists to revolt all over Europe
o Most revolts failed, but it scared rulers into reforms
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Latin American Revolutions: Causes
❑ In the 1700’s the French Revolution, American Revolution, & Enlightenment ideas spread to Latin America
o The people there disliked the social, racial, & political systems that developed under Spanish rule
❑ In 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain
o Those in Latin America saw an opportunity to end foreign rule & demanded independence
❑ By the 1800’s increased nationalism led to revolutions & independence movements in Latin America against Spanish colonialism
Haiti’s Revolution, 1791-1804
❑ Haiti was a French ruled colony on the island of Hispaniola
o 1700’s it was France’s most valuable colony
❑ French planters owned large sugarcane plantations worked by 500,00 enslaved Africans
o Conditions for the enslaved workers were terrible
❑ In 1791 a slave revolt began in northern Haiti
❑ The revolt was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
o L’Ouverture was a self-educated, former slave
o He was a brilliant general of the Haitian rebels
❑ France, Spain, & Britain sent armies to Haiti
o More people died in the Haitian Revolution than any other revolution in the Americas
❑ By 1798 the enslaved Haitians were free
❑ In 1802 Napoleon wanted to regain Haiti
o He sent a large French army to Haiti
o Toussaint was betrayed, jailed by the French, & would die in a French jail
o Yellow fever killed many of the French soldiers
❑ In 1820 Haiti became a republic & became the only non-slave nation in the America’s
Southern America Independence
❑ Simon Bolivar: “The Liberator”
o Bolivar was influenced by the French & American Revolutions as well as Enlightenment ideas
o He encouraged Latin American nationalism
o In 1810 he fought Spanish rule in South America
o For the next 12 years he led military campaigns & won independence for Venezuela, New Granada (Columbia), Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia
❑ Jose de San Martin
o In 1816 he led a nationalist movement
o He helped Argentina & Chili gain independence from Spain & then joined with Bolivar
Latin American Nationalism: Results
❑ Bolivar failed to unite the newly independent Latin American countries into a single nation he called “Gran Colombia”
❑ Instead Spain’s former empire divided into many independent states
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German Nationalism, early 1800’s
❑ German speaking people lived in many small states as well as in the Prussian & Austrian Empire
❑ During Napoleon’s conquests a feeling of nationalism spread among German speaking people
❑ The Congress of Vienna, 1815
o The Congress of Vienna was created the German Confederation: a weak body of German states headed by Austria
Unification of Germany, mid-1800’s
❑ 1862 Otto von Bismarck was made chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia
o Bismarck used a policy of “blood & iron” to unite the German states under Prussian rule by building up industry & practicing militarism (creating a strong military)
o He encouraged German nationalism to gain the unification (creation) of Germany
o He was a master of Realpolitik: making decisions based on the needs of Prussia, “end justified the means”
❑ Bismarck led Prussia into 3 wars in 7 years
1. Danish War, 1864: formed an alliance with Austria & gained the provinces of Schleswig & Holstein (populated by Germans) from Denmark
2. Austro-Prussian War, 1866: Bismarck created an excuse to attack Austria
▪ He annexed (added) Holstein & several other north German states to the Prussian Empire
3. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870
▪ Prussia & its German allies defeated France
❑ 1871 the German states persuaded William I of Prussia to take the title Kaiser (German emperor)
o This unified (united) Germany
The German Industry
❑ Bismarck was called the “Iron Chancellor” for building up a strong German industry
o Germany became an industrial powerhouse
o Germany’s success was due to its large iron & coal resources & its fast growing population
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Italian Nationalism, early 1800’s
❑ Since the Roman Empire fell in the 400’s A.D. Italy was divided & ruled by foreign nations
❑ The invasion of Napoleon increased the idea of Italian nationalism
o Italians had a common language & shared traditions
❑ Various leaders encouraged Italian nationalism to gain the unification of Italy
❑ In 1831 nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini founded the Young Italy nationalist movement to create an independent Italy
o In 1849 Mazzini sets up a republic in Rome, but a French army ended it & he is exiled from Italy
Unification of Italy, mid-1800’s
❑ In 1852 Count Camillo Cavour became Prime Minister of Sardinia & encouraged Italian nationalism
o Covour’s goal was to end Austrian rule of Sardinia
o 1858 he formed a secret alliance with France
o Cavour provoked Austria to attack Sardinia
o With French help, Sardinia defeated & gained Italian land from Austria
❑ In 1860 in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilians Giuseppe Garibaldi encouraged Italian nationalism to gain control of southern Italy
o Garibaldi allied with Mazzini to unite Italy
o In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of a united Italy
New Nation’s Problems
❑ Italy had no tradition of unity
❑ Greatest division was between the north & south
o Northern Italy was rich & had many cities
o Southern Italy was poor & rural
❑ Italy lacked important natural resources such as coal
❑ The Catholic Church resisted the new government
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The Russia: 1800’s
❑ By 1800 Russia was the largest & most populated nation in Europe
❑ Obstacles to Russian progress:
o It leaders attempted to westernize, but Russia remained economically underdeveloped
o During the 1800’s the czars & nobles resisted reforms
o Serfdom continued: majority of Russians were serfs
❑ In 1861 Czar Alexander II freed the serfs, ending Russian serfdom
o Serfs could not afford to buy land ( moved to cities
❑ Czar Alexander III launched a program of Russification to encourage Russian unity
o Alexander III insisted upon 1 language: Russian & 1 church: Russian Orthodox Church for all people in the Russian empire
❑ The Czar began persecuting Jewish Russians
o He encouraged pogroms: violent attacks on Jews
Russia’s Industrialization & Problems
❑ Under Czar Alexander III Russia industrialized
❑ As a result Russian peasants flocked to Russian cities to work in factories
o They worked long hours at low pay in dangerous conditions
❑ By 1890 the Trans-Siberian Railway was built linking the European side of Russia to the Pacific Ocean
❑ In 1904 Russia lost a war with Japan
❑ Bloody Sunday, 1905
o Russians marched Czar Nicolas II’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, czar flees, soldiers fired on the crowd
o The massacre caused Russians to lose faith in the czar
❑ The Revolution of 1905
o Strikes increased, workers took over local governments, peasants demanded land in the Revolution of 1905
o These events forced the czar to announce the October Manifesto which promised reforms to the Russian government
o He agreed to call upon the Duma (Russian legislature)
▪ In 1906 the Duma met, but soon after the czar dissolves it
❑ By 1914 the Russian peasants & workers were still angry
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Britain and Parliament, 1800’s
❑ In the 1800’s Britain’s Empire included 300 million people around the world
❑ By 1815 Britain had a parliamentary democracy: a government where Parliament had the real power & was elected by the people
o Majority party in Parliament selected a leader called the prime minster who was the head of the government
❑ Parliament’s 2 Houses:
1. House of Lords
• Made up of nobles whose positions were passed down by family
• Had the right to veto any bill passed by the House of Commons
2. House of Commons
• Elected by the people
❑ Industrial Revolution: Britain’s population shifted
o Large new cities had no seats in Parliament
o Many rural towns had few or no voters:
▪ They were called “rotten boroughs” because they still sent members to Parliament
❑ Reform Bill of 1832
o The bill redistributed seats in the House of Commons: large cities were given representation & rotten boroughs were eliminated
o The bill showed that the way to reform was through democracy rather than revolution
Other British Reforms
❑ By the end of the 1800’s almost universal male suffrage (the right to vote) was given to all British citizens
❑ By 1834 slavery was outlawed in all British colonies
❑ By the mid-1800’s Parliament passed laws to regulate conditions in British factories & mines
❑ Trade unions were made legal there in 1825
o From 1890 to 1914 union membership soared
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Irish Nationalism, 1800’s
❑ In the 1100’s Britain conquered Ireland
❑ By the 1600’s English & Scottish settled in Ireland
o The Irish never accepted British rule
❑ The majority of Irish peasants lived in poverty
❑ The Irish (Catholic) were forced to pay taxes to support the English’s Anglican Church (Protestant)
❑ British laws in Ireland forbade the teaching & speaking of the Irish language
The Irish Potato Famine, 1845
❑ ¾ of Irish farmland was used to grow food (wheat, oats) that was exported (sent) to England
❑ The potato, introduced from the Americas, became the main source of food for most Irish
❑ The 1845 potato blight (disease)
o Other Irish crops were not affected, but the British still shipped these crops out of Ireland, as a result the Irish had nothing to eat
o This event became known as the “Great Hunger”
o It lasted 4 years: 1 million Irish died of starvation
o This event led to the Irish Migration (movement of people from one place to another)
▪ Millions emigrated (moved) to the U.S. & other countries
Struggle For Home Rule
❑ By the late 1800’s the Irish demanded home rule: the ability to control their own government
❑ In 1914 the British Parliament passed a home rule bill, but it was delayed when World War I began
❑ Eventually in 1922 the southern counties of Ireland gained independence
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France after Napoleon, 1800’s
❑ The Congress of Vienna tried to restore absolutism (1 person, total power) in France
❑ July Revolution, 1830
o French king Charles X supports absolutism
o Nationalists protested & attacked royal troops, king fled
❑ French Revolution of 1848
o The new French government was corrupt, poor harvests, bread prices increased and all this led to another revolution in 1848
o Upper/middle class groups crushed the rebellion
❑ 1870 Franco-Prussian War: France was forced to surrender to Prussia & its German allies
o France had to surrender the province of Alsace and Lorraine as well as pay money to Germany
o The French wanted revenge against Germany
Austrian Empire, 1800’s
❑ In 1800 Austria’s Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling family in Europe
❑ Austria Empire’s 50 million people included Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, & northern Italy
o ¼ were German speaking Austrians
o ½ belonged to Slavic groups
o It also had a large numbers of Hungarians & Italians
❑ Hapsburg leaders ignored nationalist demands
Ottoman Empire, 1800’s
❑ It stretched from Eastern Europe & the Balkans to North Africa & the Middle East
❑ By 1800’s nationalist groups revolted
o In the Balkans, Serbia won independence in 1817
❑ In the mid-1800’s Europeans saw the Ottoman Empire as “the sick man of Europe” because of the chaos created from nationalistic rivalries
o European’s were ready to divide up the Ottoman Empire’s lands
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Age of Imperialism, 1800’s
❑ During the 1800’s the Industrial Revolution & the development of new technologies strengthened European nations’ economies
o Europe was set to dominate the world
❑ Also in the 1800’s old civilizations like the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, Mughal Empire in India, & Qing Dynasty in China were in decline
❑ As a result of these situations Europeans would begin a path of aggressive imperialism
o Imperialism: when 1 country dominates another countries political, economic, & cultural life
▪ It is also known as colonialism
❑ Europe 1st began imperialism after 1492 A.D.
o European countries set up colonies in the Americas, India, & Southeast Asia while gaining influence in African & Chinese coasts
❑ By the 1800’s Britain had created a huge overseas colonial empire
o Soon after Britain other European countries had created colonial empires
❑ From 1870 to 1914 Europe had brought much of world under its control
Imperialism: Causes
1. Economic Interests
o The Industrial Revolution created a need for natural resources like rubber, petroleum, & manganese (used for steel)
o European colonies offered new markets for finished manufactured goods from factories
2. Political & Military Interests
o European seized islands & harbors to be used as bases for their naval vessels to resupply
o France moved into Africa, Britain/Germany followed to stop French expansion
3. Nationalism
o “White Man’s Burden” ( Europeans belief that it was their duty to spread European culture (medicine, law, and the Christian religion) to the rest of the world
4. Social Darwinism
o Europeans believed their race was the best
o They practiced Social Darwinism ( countries used the idea of the “survival of fittest” as a reason to conquer weaker countries & justify imperialism
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Europe’s African Imperialism
❑ By the late 1800’s Europeans imperialist powers swept into Africa
o “The White Man’s Burden” played an important role in Africa ( European belief that it was their duty to spread European culture to the African people
❑ Within 20 years Europe dominated the continent
Africa: Pre-Imperialism
❑ Early 1800’s Europeans called Africa the “dark continent” meaning the unknown land
o Europeans set up outposts on Africa’s coasts
o Africa’s difficult geography & deadly diseases like malaria left its interior unexplored by Europeans
❑ By the mid-1800’s Europe’s medical breakthroughs & river steamships allowed Africa’s interior to be explored
“Scramble for Africa”, late 1800’s
❑ Late 1800’s the Belgium King Leopold II created trade treaties with African leaders
o He wanted to gain wealth from Africa’s lands & natural resources
o This resulted in other Europeans nations (Britain, France, & Germany) wanting to claim Africa’s natural resources
❑ The Berlin Conference, 1884
o To avoid a war the leaders of Europe met in Berlin to discuss the rules for the partition (splitting up) of African lands
o African leaders were not invited to the conference
❑ Europeans began a “scramble for Africa” to set up African colonies to gain Africa’s raw materials
o These colonies ignored traditional African settlements and ethnic boundaries
The Partition of Africa
❑ Belgium conquered the Congo
❑ France conquered Algeria
❑ Britain conquered Egypt & southern Africa
❑ Portugal conquered Angola
❑ Italy conquered Libya
o It attempted to conquer Ethiopia but was defeated
❑ Germany conquered lands in eastern & southern Africa
❑ 20 years after the Berlin Conference, Europe controlled most of Africa
African Resistance
❑ The Zulu Empire
o Mid-1600’s Dutch farmers called Boers settled in southern Africa
o By the early 1800’s the Zulu had built a large empire under its brilliant leader Shaka
o During the early 1800’s Britain gained control of southern Africa forcing the Boers north & into conflict with the Zulu
o Late 1800’s the Zulu battled the British
▪ The Zulu were defeated by Britain’s superior weapons
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Europe & China: Pre-1800’s
❑ For centuries China strictly controlled trade with Europe in China’s favor
❑ By the late 1700’s, 2 developments would change Chinese/European relations
1. China entered a period of decline
2. The Industrial Revolution increased Europe’s power & created a need for expanded markets for Europe’s manufactured goods from its factories
The Opium Wars, 1839-1842
❑ By the late 1700’s Britain had made huge profits trading the addictive drug opium which was grown in British India for Chinese tea
❑ Many Chinese became addicted to the drug
❑ To solve the problem the Chinese government outlawed opium & executed drug dealers
o However when the Chinese ordered the British to stop the trade Britain refused
o This led to the 1839 Opium War
❑ During the Opium Wars the Chinese warships were destroyed by Britain’s modern navy, as a result:
o 1842 Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing
▪ It gave Britain control of the island of Hong Kong
o The British forced open Chinese ports for trade
o This increased European interest in China
The Chinese Empire Crumbles
❑ 1894 China fought a war with Japan & lost
o The defeat showed China’s weakness
❑ Western powers began to carve out spheres of influence (areas of control) in China to gain profit
o U.S. didn’t take part, 1899 it called for a policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone: called Open Door Policy
❑ The Boxer Rebellion, 1900
o Anti-foreigner feeling, especially against European imperialism in China, led to the Boxer Rebellion in China
o In 1900 a Chinese group called the Boxers attacked foreign communities across China
o In response, European countries & Japan organized a military force that crushed the Boxers
❑ The Boxer Rebellion failed, but Chinese nationalism spread, calls for a republic began
❑ Early 1900’s a Chinese nationalist leader: Sun Yat-sen (Yixian) wanted to rebuild China by stressing nationalism, democracy, & an end to foreign influence
❑ Creation of the Chinese Republic
o In 1911 revolts in China spread & helped to end the 2000 year old Chinese dynasty
o 1911 Sun Yat-sen was named president of a new Chinese Republic
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India & Europe: Pre-1800’s
❑ By the early 1600’s the British East India Company traded on the edges of the Mughal Empire in India
o Mughal Empire declined in the 1700’s
o By the mid-1800’s the British East India Company controlled 3/5 of India
o Company’s main goal in India was to make money, but it did so while ignoring the Indian people
The Sepoy Mutiny, 1857
❑ All Indian classes hated British imperialism
❑ By the 1850’s the British East India Company took many unpopular steps in India
1. It required all Sepoys (Britain’s Indian troops) to serve anywhere in India or overseas
2. In 1857 the British issued new rifles to the Sepoys
▪ The troops were told to bite off the tips of their cartridges before loading them into their rifles
▪ The cartridges were greased with animal fat, either cow (sacred to Hindus) or pig (forbidden to Muslims)
❑ In response, angry Sepoys mutiny (revolt) killing British men, women, & children in India
❑ In response to the mutiny the British crushed the revolt, torched villages, & slaughtered 1000’s of unarmed Indians
❑ The Sepoy Mutiny led to many changes in how Britain handled India
o In 1858 Parliament ended control of India by the East India Company & put India under direct British rule
o In addition, Britain sent more troops to India
Britain’s Brightest Jewel
❑ India became the “brightest jewel” of the British Empire
❑ Britain set up a constitutional government in India (government based on a constitution)
o British officials held all the top positions in the Indian government & army
❑ Britain saw India as a market & a source of raw materials
o Britain built roads & railroads in India
o Britain sent India inexpensive machine-made textiles ( this hurt India’s hand weaving industry
o After the Suez Canal opened in 1869 linking the Mediterranean with the Red Sea & Indian Ocean, British trade with India increased
❑ Benefits of British rule of India
o British rule brought peace & order to India
o It increased contact between Indians & decreased regional differences
Indian Nationalism Grows
❑ During Britain’s rule of India a class of western educated Indians developed
o They were introduced to Europe’s nationalist movements
❑ The Indian National Congress, 1885
o In 1885 Indian nationalist leaders created the Indian National Congress made up of middle class Indians with a goal of gaining Indian independence from Britain
❑ Muslim League, 1906
o At first Muslim Indians & Hindu Indians worked together for Indian independence
o In time Muslims began to dislike Hindu domination
o In 1906 nationalist Muslim Indians formed the Muslim League with a goal to create a separate, independent Muslim country
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Ottoman Empire Weakens, 1800’s
❑ The Ottoman Empire at its height controlled the eastern Mediterranean region stretching across the Middle East, North Africa, & parts of Eastern Europe
❑ During the 1800’s the Ottoman Empire faced serious challenges
o Ideas of nationalism spread from Europe
o The people of Eastern Europe, the Middle East, & North Africa threatened to break away
❑ Britain, France, & Russian wanted a piece of the declining Ottoman Empire’s (“the sick man of Europe”) lands
❑ 1890’s liberals in the Ottoman Empire formed a movement called the Young Turks
o Young Turks believed only reform could save the empire
o 1908 the Young Turks overthrew the Ottoman sultan
❑ The Armenians Massacre, late 1800’s-early 1900’s
o Muslim Ottomans distrusted the minority Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire & accused them of supporting the Russians against the Ottoman Empire
o As a result the Ottomans began a genocide of the Armenians known as the Armenian Massacre
▪ Genocide: is a purposely killing of an entire religious or ethnic group
▪ For 25 years million of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire died
▪ During World War I, the Ottomans deported (moved) 600,000 Armenians south to Syria & Mesopotamia ( 1.5 million Armenians died
Egypt Modernizes
❑ 1800’s Egypt came under European control
❑ Suez Canal, mid-1800’s
o 1859 French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lesseps began building the Suez Canal - it opened in 1869
▪ The canal linked the Mediterranean & Red Seas
o For Britain the canal was a lifeline to India
o 1875 Egypt was unable to repay its loans & was forced to sell the canal to Britain
Latin America: Results of Colonialism, 1800’s
❑ Geographic barriers such as the Andes Mountains made it difficult to unite the people of Latin America & by the 1800’s most Latin American nations saw constant civil war
o Many of these nations were ruled by oligarchies (government ruled by a few) of rich landowners
❑ The Latin American social classes did not change ( Creoles were the new ruling class while mestizos, mulattoes, natives, & Africans gained few rights
❑ The Roman Catholic Church kept power & controlled a lot of land
❑ Under European imperialism, mercantilism made Latin America dependent on Spain & Portugal
o Latin American nations relied on a single cash crop (sugarcane, bananas) to earn money
▪ If harvests failed or if world demand fell for the crop, their economies suffered
Latin America & the U.S., early 1900’s
❑ Panama Canal, 1914
o Late 1800’s the U.S. wanted to build a canal across Central America to connect the U.S. naval fleets in the Pacific & Atlantic Oceans
o The Panama Canal opened in 1914 & shortened shipping routes from the Atlantic to the Pacific
❑ The U.S. influenced all of Latin America
o During the early 1900’s the U.S. sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, & Nicaragua
o This led to increased anti-American feelings in Latin America
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Japan, 1800’s
❑ 1600’s the Tokugawa shoguns closed Japan’s ports to foreigners leading to more than 200 years of isolationism (decreasing contact with the outside world)
o This is an example of ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is superior to all others
❑ In 1853 the U.S. navy commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry forced open Japan’s ports for trade
o Japan feared it would be colonized by the West
o Japan was forced to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa: Japan opened 2 ports to the U.S.
o Soon after the Tokugawa shogun were overthrown
Meiji Restoration, 1868-1912
❑ The Meiji Restoration was a turning point in Japanese history
❑ Japan ended its years of isolation & began a path of westernization & industrialization
o It brought western experts to Japan & sent samurai to study in the West (Europe & U.S.)
❑ This event transformed Japan into a modern industrial powerhouse
Meiji Restoration: Reforms
❑ Meiji meant “enlightened rule”
❑ The Japanese wanted to create a strong central government, equal to the Western powers
o In 1889 it passed the Meiji Constitution
▪ The document made all Japanese citizens equal & all men had to enter the military
▪ The Japanese emperor was given autocratic (total) power
❑ The Japanese Economy
o Meiji reforms encouraged Japan’s business class to use Western methods
o The Meiji government modernized transportation, built factories, & sold them to wealthy business families who continued to develop the businesses
▪ These powerful banking & industrial families were known as zaibatsu (ex: Kawasaki)
Meiji Restoration: Results
❑ By 1890’s Japan quickly modernized its industry & army
❑ By the 1890’s Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to change their unequal treaties with Japan
Japanese Imperialism, late 1800’s
❑ Japan lacked raw materials, including coal, which was needed for industrial growth
o Industrialization created greater demand for natural resources
o Japan had became dependent on world trade
❑ With its economic success & a modern army/navy Japan began practicing imperialism & built an empire
❑ 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War ( Japan & China went to war over control of Korea
o Japan wanted Korea’s natural resources
o To the West’s surprise Japan won easily
o 1900 Japan annexed (took over) Korea
❑ 1904 Russo-Japanese War ( Japan challenged Russia for power in Korea & Manchuria
o Japan’s army defeated Russian army & destroyed almost the entire Russian navy
o This was the 1st time in modern history a Asian power defeated a European nation
o This war proved Japan was now a world power
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❑ By 1900 Western nations controlled much of the world
Age of Imperialism: Results
1. A global economy developed
o The people of Africa, Asia, & Latin America provided agricultural goods, natural resources, & cheap labor
o World trade was dominated by the West: U.S., Britain, France, & Germany
▪ The West gave machine-made goods, capital, & technology to the rest of the world
▪ This hurt local economies which now depended on the Western industrial powers
2. Modernization
o Imperialism introduced new technologies (ex. electricity), built modern communication networks (ex. telegraphs), & transportation networks (ex. railroads) around the world
3. The Cultural Impact
o Westernization ( the West conquered land & made people accept Western ways
o Western medicine brought benefits: vaccines & modern hygiene saved lives around the world
4. Political Issues
o The West united rival people under single governments, creating stability & order where conflicts had taken place for centuries
o In the early 1900’s Africa & Asia’s Western educated individuals were organizing nationalist movements to end Western imperialism of their lands
o Germany, Britain, France, & Russia fought over lands for their imperialistic gains including the Ottoman Empire
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Europe, early 1900’s
❑ By 1914 Europe had enjoyed a century of peace
❑ The great European powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, & Russia created secret alliances to protect each other
❑ These secret alliances were supposed to create peace by creating powerful combinations no one would attack
o They had the opposite effect ( 2 strong alliances developed
❑ The Triple Alliance, 1882
o Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Italy & Austria-Hungary to protect from a French attack
o In addition Germany made an alliance with the Ottoman Empire
o When World War I began this alliance became known as the Central Powers
❑ The Triple Entente, 1893
o France formed an alliance with Russia
o In 1904 France & Britain signed an entente (an agreement to follow common policies)
o Britain signed a similar agreement with Russia
o Britain created strong diplomatic ties with Japan
o When World War I began this alliance became known as the Allied Powers
Europe’s Path to War, 1900-1914
❑ Europe’s powers were in conflict over their lands conquered in Africa under imperialism
o 1905 & 1911 France & Germany almost went to war over their colonies in Africa
❑ As tensions rose, militarism grew ( European powers built up their armies & navies
o Britain was threatened by Germany’s increasing power
o Britain & Germany built up giant navies
❑ Increased nationalism also increased tension
o Nationalism was strong in Germany & France
o France was angry over its 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian War where it lost Alsace & Lorraine to Germany
o Russia sponsored a form of nationalism called Pan-Slavism
▪ Russia (the largest Slavic country) felt it should united & defend all Slavs
▪ Slavs in the Balkans turned to Russia for protection
o Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman Empires were declining in power & dealing with nationalist revolts from within their own borders
▪ 1910’s Ottoman Empire took part in a genocide of its minority Armenians deporting 600,000 Armenians to Syria & Mesopotamia, killing 1.5 million ( it was known as the Armenian Massacre
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The Powder Keg Ignites
❑ The Great War (World War I) began in Eastern Europe
❑ In the early 1900’s the Balkans were called the “powder keg of Europe”
o The Balkans’ mountainous geography led to very diverse cultures developing there, which in time led to growing nationalist rivalries
o During the early 1900’s the Balkan’s saw a conflict between tiny Serbia & the Austria-Hungary Empire
❑ 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia in the Balkans
o The Archduke Ferdinand was the nephew & heir to the Austrian emperor
o Bosnia was ruled by Austria-Hungary & home to many Serbs (a Slavic people)
o June 28, 1914 a member of a radical Serbian nationalist group the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the Archduke & his wife
❑ The Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted a strong Austria-Hungary response to the assassination
o Germany said it would support Austria-Hungary no matter what it did
❑ Austria sent Serbia a list of demands
o Austria said Serbia must end all anti-Austrian revolts & punish Serbians involved in the assassination
o Serbia agreed to some, but not all of the terms
o July 28, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia
Alliances System Leads to War
❑ Alliances drew all of Europe into the conflict began in the Balkans
❑ Russia & France backed Serbia
❑ When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Serbia turned to Russia for protection
o Russia prepared its army for war
❑ In response Germany declared war on Russia
❑ Russia asked France for help, Germany demanded France keep out of the conflict, France refused, Germany declared war on France
❑ Italy remained neutral (did not support either side)
❑ Germany did not want a 2-front war against France in the west & Russia in the east
o Germany decided to defeat France quickly before Russia could send in troops
o To attack France, Germany had to march into neutral Belgium
o Belgium had an alliance with Britain
❑ Germany invaded Belgium
❑ Britain declared war on Germany
❑ Once Europe’s militaries mobilized (prepared) for war peace was impossible
How to Remember: The Causes of WWI
M ilitarism
A lliances
N ationalism
I mperialism
A ssassination of the Archduke Ferdinand
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The Great War (WWI), 1914-1918
❑ World War I was the largest conflict in history up to that time
❑ France mobilized (prepared) 8.5 million soldiers, Britain nearly 9 million, Russia 12 million, & Germany 11 million troops
Modern Warfare
❑ The modern weapons used during WWI caused huge amounts of casualties
1. Machine guns ( their rapid-fire killed waves of soldiers on the battlefields
2. Artillery gun ( could kill enemies from miles away
3. Poison gas ( 1st used by Germany in 1915
o Poison gas blinded and/or choked its victims causing burns, blisters, and/or death
o Gas masks were developed to protect soldiers
4. Airplanes ( 1st used for observation, later bombings
5. Submarines ( German U-Boats (submarines) sank Allied merchant ships carrying supplies to Britain
The Western Front (Europe)
❑ Germany did not easily defeat the French as it had planned
❑ Russia mobilized quicker than Germany had predicted causing Germany to send troops to the Eastern Front, weakening German armies in the Western Front
❑ The Western Front saw the development of trench warfare: both sides dug trenches to protect their armies from gunfire
❑ Fighting turned into a stalemate: neither side was able to defeat the other
o Battle lines in France saw little change for 4 years
Other Fronts
❑ Eastern Front: battles shifted back & forth over large areas, casualties were higher than the Western Front
o Russia suffered great losses because its soldiers were poorly equipped for modern warfare
❑ The Balkans & Southern Europe
o In 1915 Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary & later Germany
▪ The Allies secretly promised to give Italy parts of the Austrian Empire when the war was over
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A Global War
❑ In 1914 the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers
o The Ottoman Empire was in a decline & wanted to recover by allying with the Central Powers
o The Ottoman Empire was strategically located: it cut off Allied supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles Strait which connected the Black & Mediterranean Seas
❑ Japan allied with Britain & gained German islands in the Pacific & in China
❑ Europe turned to its colonies for troops, workers, & supplies
o Soldiers from British India & French West Africa fought on the European battlefields
o Europe’s colonies expected their support would lead to their independence
❑ Britain’s navy blockaded (blocked) supply ships in & out of Germany
o In response, Germany used its U-boats to destroy ships carrying goods to Britain
o In 1915 a German U-boat sank the British merchant ship Lusitania killing 1,200 passengers, including 128 Americans
▪ U.S. president Woodrow Wilson threatened Germany ( Germany stopped its U-boat attacks
A Total War
❑ A modern, industrialized war required all of a nation’s resources: this is called a ”total war”
o Governments controlled their economies to increase production: they raised taxes, borrowed money, rationed food, & set prices
o Increased production led to more jobs
o Women took over the men’s factory jobs while they were overseas fighting
❑ Governments increased the use of propaganda: influencing how people think and act
o Urged people to join the military, loan money
o Government censored the press: kept casualty figures & bad news from the public
WWI Comes to a Close
❑ Despite propaganda, in 1917 the morale (spirits) of troops & civilians was down
❑ French armies mutinied, Italy soldiers deserted, & Russians troops went home
❑ 1917 Russia Revolution
o 3 years of war devastated Russia & poor conditions there led to revolution
o 1918 Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
▪ Ended Russian participation in WWI
o Germany now focused on the Western Front
❑ 1917 U.S. declared war on Germany, why?
o U.S. had cultural ties to the Allied Powers
o In 1917 Germany restarted sub warfare
o 1917 Britain gave U.S. officials the Zimmerman Telegraph, which was a secret German message telling Mexico to declare war on the U.S.
❑ By 1918 two million U.S. soldiers reached the Western Front in Europe
❑ Austria-Hungary was near collapse, its minority population began revolting
❑ 1918 the final German military offensive failed & the Allies counterattacked, pushing the Germans back
❑ The German Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down
❑ A newly created German government signed an armistice (agreement to stop fighting)
o 11 AM on November 11, 1918 WWI was over
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The Cost of WWI
❑ Millions were dead and/or wounded
❑ In battle zones from Russia to France homes, roads, & factories were destroyed
o The cost of rebuilding & paying off war debts were huge
❑ Governments collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, & the Ottoman Empire
o Radicals (people wanting extreme change) rose from the chaos by encouraging nationalism there
❑ WWI showed that Europe was not invincible & as a result Europe’s overseas colonies revolted
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919
❑ After the armistice the Allies met to discuss post-war Europe, the Ottoman Empire, & oversea colonies
o The Central Powers & Russia were not allowed to attend the peace conference
❑ U.S. President Wilson wanted the creation of an international League of Nations
o The League was an organization of nations that worked together to prevent another war
❑ British Prime Minister David Lloyd George wanted to rebuild Britain’s economy
❑ French leader Georges Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany
❑ Italy wanted the Allies to honor their secret promise to give former lands in Austria-Hungary to Italy
❑ The people ruled by Russia, Austria-Hungary, & the Ottoman Empire wanted self-determination (right to rule themselves)
o However, nationalities overlapped, & it was impossible to make everyone happy
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
❑ At the Paris Peace Conference the Allies forced the new German Republic to sign the Treaty of Versailles:
1. The treaty forced Germany to take full blame for causing the war
2. It forced Germany to pay huge reparations (payments) to the Allies
o Payments covered the destruction caused by war
o Total cost = $30 billion (about $2.7 trillion today)
3. It limited the size of the German military
4. It returned Alsace & Lorraine to France
5. Germany was stripped of its overseas colonies
❑ Germany signed it because it had no choice
o Germans hated the treaty
o Germans looked for scapegoats (someone to blame) for its losses
Paris Peace Conference: Results
❑ New nations emerged where the German, Austrian, & Russian empires once ruled
o Poland became an independent nation after 100 years of foreign rule
o The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, & Estonia became independent
o Republics of Czechoslovakia, Austria, & Hungary were created out of the Austrian-Hungary Empire
o In the Balkans, the Slavic state of Yugoslavia, dominated by Serbia was formed
❑ The Mandate System
o Colonies in Africa, Asia, & Pacific thought they would receive independence
o Instead the Paris Conference created a system of mandates: lands ruled by Western powers
o People from the Middle East to Asia felt betrayed
❑ In 1919 the League of Nations was created
o Nations (40 total) agreed to work out disagreements rather than go to war as well as take united action against aggressive nations
o The League had no way to enforce its policy
o U.S. did not join weakening the League’s power
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The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
❑ Early 1900’s Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator (1 ruler with total power)
▪ Mexico’s wealth went to a few rich landowners
❑ In 1911 rebellion broke out & Diaz resigned
❑ The Mexican Revolution has no one leader
▪ Emiliano Zapata, a native, led a peasant revolt in southern Mexico calling for land reform
▪ Francisco “Pancho” Villa led a peasant rebellion in northern Mexico
❑ Mexican Constitution of 1917
o The Mexican Constitution of 1917 gave all men the right to vote (not women)
o Allowed for nationalization (government takeover of all natural resources) including U.S. & British oil companies
Africa: Post-WWI
❑ By the early 1900’s almost all of Africa was a European colony
❑ During WWI over 1 million Africans fought for European countries
o Africans thought it would lead to independence, but the European nations did not want to give them up because of their many natural resources
❑ Pan-African Congress, 1919
o Africans met in Paris asking for rights for all Africans, but the Western powers ignored them
❑ 1920’s the Pan-Africanism nationalist movement tried to unify all Africans
Turkey: Post-WWI
❑ 1918 the Ottoman Empire was near collapse
o After WWI the Ottoman Empire’s lands were divided between Britain & France
o The Ottoman Turks resisted Western control
❑ In 1920 the Ottoman Empire gave lands including Turkey to Greece
▪ The lands of Turkey controlled the strategic Bosporus & Dardanelles Straits that linked the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea
❑ Mustafa Kemal encouraged Turkish nationalism, defeated the Greeks, & created the Turkey Republic
o Kemal took the name Atatürk meaning “father of the Turks”
o Atatürk modernized & westernized Turkey while separating religion (Islam) & government
▪ He built railroads & set up factories
▪ Women in Turkey were given the right to vote
▪ Atatürk’s reforms were opposed by Muslim leaders
Middle East: Post-WWI
❑ 1900’s oil was discovered & became an important natural resource of the Middle East
▪ Foreign companies move into the Middle East
❑ During WWI the Arabs (Muslim) helped the Allies against the Central Powers, especially the Ottoman Empire
▪ In return the Arabs thought they would get independence
❑ After WWI the Allies carved up Ottoman lands
▪ Arabs felt betrayed & from 1920 to the 1930’s they constantly protested & revolted against European powers imperialism
❑ During the 1920’s & 1930’s Pan-Arabism (Arab nationalism) grew
▪ Pan-Arabism stressed the common history & language of all Arabs
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Jewish Struggles
❑ Since Roman times & Diaspora, the Jewish people wanted to return to the lands of Judea or Palestine (Israel)
❑ During the 1800’s anti-Semitism (dislike of Jewish people) increased in Europe
o Pogroms (attacks on Jews) in Russia led 1000’s of Russian Jews to migrate to Palestine
❑ In 1896 the Jewish journalist Theodor Herzl published The Jewish State
o Herzl’s ideas began Zionism: a movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine
❑ By the early 1900’s British Palestine became a major center of Middle Eastern conflict
o Arab (Muslim) nationalists & Jewish nationalists clashed
❑ During WWI the Allies made 2 conflicting promises in Palestine
▪ The British promised Arabs their own nations in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine
▪ The British issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917 promising to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine ( the led to the development of an international Zionist movement
Palestine: Post-WWI
❑ From 1919 to 1940 thousands of Jews moved to Palestine
❑ At the same time the Arab population doubled in Palestine
❑ Religious differences led to increased tension
o Arabs attacked Jewish settlements
o Jewish settlers created militias & encouraged Jewish nationalism
o Arabs called their land Palestine, while Jews called the same land Israel
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The Amritsar Massacre, 1919
❑ In 1919 a British military commander banned public meetings in India
❑ Soon after a peaceful crowd of Indians ignored (or did not hear) the orders & jammed into a fenced in field to hear Indian nationalists speak
❑ In response 50 British soldiers opened fire on the unarmed crowd, killing nearly 400 people & wounding 1,200
o It is known as the Amritsar Massacre
❑ This event was a turning point for Indians because now they demanded independence
India, 1900’s
❑ Since 1885, the Indian National Congress called for Indian self-rule from Britain
o The Indian National Congress was made up of the Western educated Indian middle class
o They had little in common with India’s peasants
❑ Millions of Indian’s fought overseas during WWI
o For their support, the British promised Indians greater self-rule after the war
❑ WWI ended, India gets only minor reforms
❑ 1920’s a middle class Hindu leader named Mohandas Gandhi emerged & united Indians of all classes against British colonial rule
Mohandas Gandhi, 1920-1930’s
❑ Gandhi urged passive (non-violent) resistance like boycotts & civil disobedience (refusing to follow unjust laws)
❑ He supported equal rights for all Indians (men & women)
o Gandhi fought to end the unfair treatment of the untouchables (lowest caste in Hinduism)
❑ In the 1920’s & 1930’s Gandhi began a series of nonviolent actions against British rule in India
o He called for Indians to boycott (refuse to buy) British goods, especially cotton textiles
o He wanted to restore pride in India’s traditional industries & made the spinning wheel a symbol of India’s nationalist movement & gained widespread support
The Salt March, 1930
❑ The British had a monopoly on salt in India & required Indians to buy only salt sold by Britain even though natural salt was available in the sea
❑ Gandhi saw salt as a symbol of Britain’s domination of India & targeted Britain’s salt monopoly
❑ In 1930 Gandhi set out with 78 supporters on a 240 mile march to the sea (“The Salt March”) to collect salt for free
o Soon the crowd numbered in the 1000’s
o The British arrested & jailed Gandhi for his act of civil disobedience in collect the salt
o 1000’s followed his lead by collecting salt & were also arrested
❑ World newspapers criticized Britain’s reaction to the protests
❑ Britain slowly agreed to meet the demands of Gandhi & the Indian National Congress
❑ However, when World War II began & India’s independence movement stalled
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The Great Depression, 1928-~1939
❑ WWI increased the demand for raw materials from Africa, Asia, & Latin America
o However, after WWI demand for these goods decreased which resulted in prices decreasing
❑ Industries in the West were producing too much material, leading to prices decreasing & businesses failing
❑ 1929 in the U.S. the New York Stock Exchange crashed beginning the Great Depression
❑ U.S. banks stopped giving out loans & demanded repayment of foreign loans
o Germany could not make reparation payments without the U.S. loans
o France & Britain could not pay back the U.S. without Germany’s reparation payments
❑ Some countries tried to protect their economies by creating tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods
o In response other countries raised their tariffs
❑ 1932-1933 world trade decreased spreading misery to Latin America, Africa, Asia, & Europe
❑ Millions became unemployed around the world
Rise of Totalitarianism, 1930’s
❑ Democratic governments around the world had few answers to the Great Depression
o As a result people began to lose faith in democracy & capitalism & instead turned to radical solutions
❑ Some countries (German, Italy, & Russia) were led by totalitarian governments
❑ Totalitarianism characteristics:
1. Ruled by a dictator (1 ruler with total power)
2. The ruler had total control of the economy, government, & society
3. It used much propaganda & censorship
4. The ruler used secret police to enforce policy
5. Encouraged militarism (building up the military)
6. Eliminated opponents & minority groups
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Russia 1900’s
❑ 1913 was the 300th anniversary of Russia’s Romanov dynasty
❑ By 1914 the Russian empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean
o Russia was slow to industrialize, but had huge potential
o The czar, landowning nobles, & priests controlled the government & economy
o The majority of Russians were peasants in poverty
❑ After the Revolution of 1905 Czar Nicholas II did not fix Russia’s political, economic, & social problems
o Czar Nicholas II was a weak leader & would not give up his power
o The Duma (Russian legislature) set up after the revolution was weak
o The Czar used his secret police to enforce policy
The Russian Revolution: Causes
❑ Vladimir Lenin was influenced by Karl Marx
o Marx believed industrial workers would rise up to overthrow capitalism
❑ In 1903 Lenin told Russians that only a revolution could bring about change in Russia
o In 1907 Lenin was exiled (sent away) to Switzerland
❑ During WWI Russian factories could not make enough supplies for the Russian military
❑ Roads/railroads failed & supplies could not get to the soldiers
o By 1915 soldiers had no rifles & no ammunition
❑ By 1915 over 2 million Russians soldiers had died in the war
❑ Russian radicals called for a revolution
❑ In 1917 battlefield deaths, food shortages, & strikes forced Czar Nicolas II to give up power
o The Czar & his family were eventually killed
❑ The Russian Duma created a Provisional (temporary) Government for Russia
❑ In 1917 Germany tried to weaken Russia by helping Lenin return to Russia
The Russian Revolution, 1917
❑ Russians were tired of war, troops deserted
❑ The Russian Provisional Government failed to deal with land reform & help the peasants
❑ In response some Russians set up soviets (councils of workers & soldiers) in cities
o The Bolsheviks (meaning majority), a radical socialist group, took charge of the soviets
o Their leader was Vladimir Lenin
❑ Lenin & his Bolsheviks gained the support of Russians by promising “Peace, Land, & Bread”
❑ In 1917 Bolsheviks & factory workers joined protesting Russian sailors in attacking the Russian Provisional Government
❑ Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian Provisional Government & seized Russian cities
o The Bolsheviks took the name Communists
o The Communists used a red flag with a hammer & sickle, which symbolized the union between Russian workers & peasants
o The Communists gave land to Russian peasants
o Workers were given control of the Russian factories & mines
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Russia Civil War, 1918-1921
❑ In 1918 after the Russian Revolution Lenin made peace with Germany
o Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia gave up huge pieces of its territory to Germany
❑ Also in 1918 the “Reds” (Communists) & “Whites” (czar’s supporters) began a brutal civil war in Russia
o Britain, France, & the U.S. sent forces to help the Whites
o The Reds killed czar Nicolas II & his wife
o The Reds appealed to Russian nationalism & urged Russians to drive out the foreign armies
o The Red (Communists) were victorious by 1921
Communism & Russia
❑ By 1919 the Communists had set up networks of forced labor camps throughout Russia
❑ In 1919 Lenin formed the Communist International or Comintern
o Comintern supported communist revolutionary groups around the world
o Its actions made the West suspicious of Russia
❑ Lenin faced the problem of rebuilding Russia
❑ Under Communism in Russia all political power, resources, & means of production belonged to workers & peasants
o Communists got rid of the rich Russian landowners
o Instead of equality a small amount of Communist Party members had the real power in Russia
o Communist Party members: lived in the best homes & shopped at special stores
o Communist leaders used their secret police to enforce their policy
o Under Lenin’s communism Russia’s factory production fell & peasants stopped growing grain because they could not make a profit on it
❑ In 1921 Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy or NEP
o Under the NEP Russia’s communist government still controlled Russia’s large industries
o Small businesses were allowed to make private profits
o Russian peasants were allowed to keep small plots of land & sell their extra crops
o As a result of the NEP Russia’s economy improved
❑ In 1922 Lenin’s communist government united much of the old Russian empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union
o Russia, the largest soviet republic, dominated the other republics
o It included 14 other republics known as SSR (Soviet Socialist Republics)
▪ Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus…
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Rise of Stalin
❑ When Lenin died in 1924 a struggle began over the next Communist leader the Soviet Union
o Joseph Stalin, a clever Soviet politician who wanted to develop communism in the Soviet Union would gain widespread support & in 1928 became the leader of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union’s Economy, 1930’s
❑ Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state
❑ The Soviet Union developed a command economy: the government made all economic decisions (also called central planning)
❑ In 1928 Stalin began his Five Year Plans
o He wanted to rapidly build heavy industries, improve transportation network, & farm production by setting high production quotas (goals)
o The Soviet government rewarded those who produced above the quotas & severely punished those who did not
o Five Year Plans: Results, 1928-1939
▪ Large factories were built, oil/coal/steel production increased, & new railroads were built
▪ Overall they were inefficient resulting in shortages in some areas (especially consumer products: clothing, cars) & surpluses in others
❑ Stalin’s forced collectivization: all peasants were forced onto collectives (large farms)
o Peasants kept their houses, but all farm animals & tools now belonged to the collective
o The Soviet government set all prices
o In the 1930’s peasants in Ukraine resisted by killing farm animals, destroying tools, & burning crops ( Stalin blamed these actions on Ukraine’s kulaks (wealthy farmers)
o 1929 Stalin sent Ukraine’s kulaks to labor camps
o Ukrainian peasants still resisted by growing just enough to feed themselves ( Stalin seized all of their grain, creating a “forced famine”( the Ukrainian peasants starved
▪ 1932 this lack of food & poor harvest caused the “Terror Famine” in Ukraine: 5-8 million people died of starvation in what was a genocide
Stalin’s Soviet Union
❑ Stalin used his secret police to guarantee his policies were followed
❑ There was no free press & protests were not allowed
❑ Those who criticized the Soviet government were sent to gulags (labor camps) in Siberia
❑ Stalin always feared plots to kill him, which led to the Great Purge of 1934
o As a result of Stalin’s purges at least 4 million old Bolsheviks, army heroes, industrial managers, writers, & ordinary citizens were arrested
o Results: purges killed experts in Soviet industry, economics, engineering, literature, & military
Soviet Propaganda
❑ Stalin’s Soviet propaganda used modern technology (radio/movie theatres) to make him into a god-like figure
❑ The Soviet government decided what books were published, what music was played, & what art was displayed
❑ During the 1930’s Stalin wanted to make all the diverse people of the Republics within the Soviet Union more Russian
o He forced Russification: making Russian a required language in school & business within the Soviet Union
Soviets and the World
▪ The Soviet Union slowly won recognition from the West & increased trade with capitalist countries
▪ In 1934 the Soviet Union joined the League of Nations
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The Chinese, 1900’s
❑ China’s Qing dynasty ended in 1911
❑ In 1911 Sun Yat-sen became the 1st president of the new Chinese Republic
o There was little progress & China fell into chaos
❑ In 1912 Sun Yat-sen stepped down as president
o Soon regional warlords took over China
❑ During the chaos foreign influence in China increased
o During WWI Japanese officials presented the 21 Demands to China
▪ Japan wanted to make China a Japanese colony
▪ China was too weak to resist & gave in to some demands
❑ During the chaos some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx
o The Soviet Union trained some Chinese to lead a communist revolution in China
o In the 1920’s the Chinese Communists Party was created
Communist vs. Nationalists
❑ In 1921 Sun Yat-sen & his Guomindang (or Nationalist party) created a government in southern China
❑ Sun died in 1925 & Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) took over the Nationalists
o By 1926 the Chinese Nationalists gained control of northern China
❑ In 1927 Chinese Nationalists killed Chinese Communist Party members
❑ This started a civil war between the Chinese Communists & Chinese Nationalists that lasted 23 years in China
Chinese Civil War, 1927-1950
❑ Mao Zedong was the leader of the Chinese Communists
o Mao wanted to gain the support of the peasants
o He promised to redistribute land to the peasants
❑ Jiang Jieshi wanted to destroy the Communists
o Jieshi led the Nationalist in a series of extermination campaigns against the Chinese Communists
❑ From 1934 to 1935 Mao’s Communists were chased by the Nationalists & forced to retreat in what was called the “Long March”
o At the end of the “Long March” the Communists set up a base in northern China
o Mao then was able to rebuild his forces
o Mao had his soldiers treat the peasants politely & the peasants welcomed the Communists
Japanese Invasion, 1930’s
❑ In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China
❑ The Chinese Communists & Nationalists united to fight Japan
❑ In 1937 the Japanese started the 2nd Sino-Japanese War
o Airplanes bombed Chinese cities & Japanese troops overran eastern China, including Beijing
❑ The Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, & U.S. sent economic aid to the Chinese
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Japan, 1900’s
❑ During WWI Japan’s economy grew & it became an industrial power that rivaled the West
❑ Japan began to expand its influence throughout East Asia
o In 1910 Japan made Korea a colony
o In 1915 Japan gave China the 21 Demands wanting to make China a Japanese colony
❑ By the 1920’s Japan’s zaibatsu (powerful business families) had gained great influence
o Japan’s rural peasants remained poor
❑ In the 1920’s conflict between Japanese democratic government & the military increased
Crisis Hits Japan, 1930’s
❑ In 1929 the Great Depression hit Japan
o As a result Japan’s trade suffered, unemployment in cities increased, & peasants starved
❑ Economic disaster led to Japan’s military & radical Japanese nationalists gaining increased power in Japan
o These radicals were angry at Japan’s 2nd class treatment by the U.S. & the world
o They demanded expansion so Japan could gain raw materials (oil, rubber) & land needed for Japan’s growing industry & population
❑ In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria
o To invade, Japan’s army needed a reason to attack Manchuria which was rich in natural resources
o Members of Japan’s military blew up tracks on a Japanese owned railroad line in Manchuria & blamed the incident on the Chinese Manchurians
o Without asking the Japanese government, the Japanese army claiming self defense, attacked the Chinese military in Manchuria
▪ Japan’s public supported the military’s actions
o The League of Nations condemned Japan’s aggression against China, but took no military action to stop Japan
▪ In response Japan left the League of Nations
Japan’s Militarism, 1930’s
❑ By the early 1930’s Japanese nationalists won the support of the Japanese people by criticizing the democratic West
❑ Politicians & business leaders who opposed Japan’s expansion were killed
❑ By 1937 Japan’s government accepted military domination
o Japan’s military leadership ended democratic freedoms
o The new military government revived Japan’s ancient warrior code & built a cult around Japan’s emperor Hirohito
❑ By the mid-1930’s Japan attacked mainland China
❑ By the late 1930’s Japan allied with two aggressive European powers: Germany & Italy
o In 1940 the 3 countries signed the Tripartite Pact creating the alliance known as the Axis Powers
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The West: Post-WWI
❑ By 1919 the 3 most powerful western democracies were Britain, France & U.S.
o These countries encouraged democracy in the new nations created in Eastern Europe after WWI
❑ Following WWI Britain & France owed huge war debts to the U.S.
❑ By the 1920’s Britain’s economy was in trouble: it was in debt, its factories were old, unemployment was high, & wages were low
❑ After WWI the French economy recovered rapidly: it strictly enforced the Treaty of Versailles by collecting German reparation payments
o France’s goal was to keep Germany weak
❑ France also wanted to protect its borders against a future German attack
o Germany had invaded France in 1870 & 1914
o In the 1930’s France built the Maginot Line: large military defenses along the German border
❑ The U.S. suffered little during WWI, but while it was an economic giant it chose to follow a policy of isolationism (staying out of the world’s problems)
World Peace?
❑ In the 1920’s the world’s nations wanted peace
❑ In the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 almost every country of the world promised to reject the use of war
❑ The U.S., Britain, France, & Japan signed treaties reducing the size of their navies
o These treaties failed to limit the size of their armies
❑ The League of Nations encouraged countries to cooperate
o In 1926 Germany joined the League & in 1934 the Soviet Union became a member
❑ The League’s Weaknesses:
o The League major weakness was that it had no power to stop aggression
▪ Ex. In 1931 the League of Nations condemned Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, but did nothing to stop Japan’s aggression
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Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1920’s
← In 1915 Italy joined the Allies during WWI when France & Britain secretly promised to give Italy parts of Austria-Hungary when the war ended
o When the Allies won WWI, Italy received some of the land, but some of its promised land became part of a newly formed Yugoslavia
o Britain & France’s broken promises angered Italian nationalists
← In 1919 Benito Mussolini created the Fascist Party in Italy
← What is Fascism?
o Fascism stressed extreme nationalism
o It stressed having a strong central government, hated communists, & the government controlled all individuals
o It leaders used violence & stressed discipline/loyalty
o It encouraged militarism & expansion
← Fascism vs. Communism ( sworn enemies
o Fascist supported a society with social classes & were supported by business leaders, wealthy landowners, & the lower/middle class
o Communist supported a classless society & were supported by urban & agricultural workers
o Both used terror to strengthen their leaders’ power
o Both were successful during economic hard times
← Returning WWI veterans faced unemployment in Italy
← Benito Mussolini organized these WWI veterans & other struggling Italians to strengthen the Fascists Party in Italy
o Mussolini promised to end corruption of the Italian democratic government & create order in Italy
o His supporters were known as the Black Shirts
▪ They attacked Italian Communists
← In 1922 Mussolini & his Fascists marched to the capital of Italy, Rome & demanded change
o The Italian, King Emmanuel III, fearing an Italian civil war made Mussolini prime minister
Mussolini’s Fascist Government
← By 1925 Mussolini had assumed more power in Italy & took the title Il Duce (“The Leader”) & began to create a totalitarian state based on Fascism
o Mussolini believed the needs of the nation were more important than the rights of the individual
o In Italy he ended the freedom of press, rigged elections in Italy, & put his critics in prison
← Mussolini’s secret police & heavy use of propaganda strengthened him
← Mussolini brought the Italian economy under government control
o Members of business, labor, government, & Fascists controlled Italy’s industry & agriculture
← Mussolini practiced military expansionism (increasing one’s territory) to gain natural resources for Italy
Looking Ahead
← 3 systems of government competed for power in post-WWI Europe
o Democracy in Britain & France
o Communism in Russia & Eastern Europe
o Fascism in Italy & Germany
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The Weimar Republic, 1919-1933
❑ By 1919 after WWI Germany was in chaos
o The new leaders of the German government were forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles
❑ The newly formed democratic government of Germany was called the Weimar Republic
o It was a parliamentary democracy: a government led by a parliament & chancellor (prime minister) which were all elected by the German people
o The new government was very weak, made up of many small political parties, & the chancellor had to form coalitions of political parties to rule
o The German people blamed the Weimar Republic for signing the Treaty of Versailles
❑ The German Communist Party demanded major changes like those Lenin had brought to Russia
❑ German conservatives (nobility, military officers, & wealthy middle class) wanted another strong leader like Bismarck
Germany: Economic Collapse, 1920’s
❑ In 1923 Germany fell behind in reparation payments & as a result France sent troops into the coal rich Ruhr Valley of Germany
o The German workers stopped working
❑ The German government paid its bills by printing large amount of paper money which led to increased inflation (rising prices)
o The German mark (currency) became worthless
❑ In 1924 the U.S. talked Britain & France into decreasing German reparation payments
o In what was called the Dawes Plan: France withdrew its troops from the Ruhr Valley & the U.S. provided loans to Germany that helped the German economy recover
❑ Great Depression destroyed the German economy
o It led to high unemployment in Germany
Rise of the Hitler & the Nazi’s, 1930’s
❑ In 1923 Adolf Hitler tried to gain power in Munich, Germany & was arrested & sent to prison
❑ In prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”): it stated his future goals
o Hitler stressed extreme nationalism, racism, & anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews)
o He said all Germans were part of a master race of Aryans & wanted all Germans to unite
o He blamed Jews for Germany’s defeat in WWI
o He said Germany needed a strong leader (Fuhrer)
❑ In 1924 Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Worker Party or Nazi Party
o He organized storm troopers: Nazi supporters
❑ Great Depression & the resulting increased unemployment played into Hitler’s hands
o Nazi supporters included veterans, workers, middle class, lower class, & business leaders
o Nazis grew to almost 1 million members
❑ Hitler promised to end reparation payments, create jobs, & build up the German army
❑ In the early 1930’s Nazis & Communists won seats in the Reichstag (German legislature)
o Fearing the Communists, politicians made Hitler chancellor in 1933 believing they could control him
o Within a year Hitler was the dictator of Germany
❑ Under Hitler Germany becomes a Totalitarian State
❑ As leader Hitler ended basic rights like free speech & destroyed the German Communists
Hitler’s Third Reich, 1933-1945
❑ Hitler created the Third Reich believing Germans would dominate Europe for 1000 years
❑ Hitler built highways/houses & replanted forests creating new jobs for Germans
❑ Hitler’s black uniformed troops called the SS enforced Hitler’s laws
❑ His secret police called the Gestapo got rid of all those who opposed Hitler
❑ Hitler created the Nazi Youth ( brainwashing young Germans with Nazi ideas, guaranteeing they would be loyal to Hitler
❑ Nazi’s rewarded women for having children
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German Anti-Semitism, 1930’s
❑ In 1935 Germany passed the Nuremberg Laws
o Laws said German Jews were no longer citizens
o Laws said Jews could not marry non-Jews, go to German schools, hold government jobs, or be lawyers/doctors
❑ In 1938 “the Night of Broken Glass” (Kristallnacht) took place
o Kristallnacht began when a German Jew shot a German diplomat in Paris who had mistreated his parents
o Nazi’s attacked Jewish communities all over Germany & over 30,000 Jews were arrested
❑ During the 1930’s the Nazi’s targeted many groups: Jews, Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, & the disabled
o The Nazi’s sent them to concentration camps (labor/death camps) such as Auschwitz
❑ In 1939 the Nazi’s forced Jews in Poland to live in ghettos (city slums)
o Many of the Jews in the ghettos died from starvation & disease
❑ In 1941 Hitler developed the “Final Solution”: his plan to eliminate all Jews
o The Nazi’s built 6 special death camps in Poland
o Prisoners were either worked or gassed to death
o This event became known as the Holocaust
▪ It was a genocide (killing of a race, religion, ethnicity)
o By 1945 the Nazis had killed 6 million Jews
Post-WWII: Nuremberg Trials, 1945-1949
❑ After WWII, Axis leaders were put on trial for “crimes against humanity”
o In Germany, the Nuremberg Trials put Nazi leaders on trial: 200 Nazi’s were found guilty & sentenced to death or put in jail
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Aggressive Nations, 1930’s
❑ During the 1930’s the western democracies tried to keep world peace
o The democracies ignored signs that Germany, Italy, & Japan were building new empires
o The League of Nations was too weak to stop these countries’ aggression
❑ Japanese Aggression, 1930’s
o Japan seized Manchuria in 1931
▪ The League of Nations condemned the aggression & Japan exited the League
o In 1937 Japan invaded China & set up a Japanese-ran government in the Chinese city of Nanjing
▪ Japan’s attack on the Chinese city of Nanjing was called the “Rape of Nanjing”
▪ 250,000 innocent civilians were killed in mass shootings, the Japanese were accused of genocide
❑ Italian Aggression, 1930’s
o In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia in North Africa
o The League voted sanctions (penalties) against Italy
❑ German Aggression, 1930’s
o Hitler began to violate the Treaty of Versailles
▪ Hitler built up the German military & wanted to unite the world’s German people
▪ In 1936 Germany sent troops into the Rhineland bordering France
❑ In response to this aggression the western democracies practiced appeasement ( giving in to demands to keep peace; Why?
1. France could not take on Hitler without British support
2. Britain believed the Versailles Treaty was unfair from the beginning
3. The Great Depression created bad economic times
4. The world did not want another world war
❑ Appeasement encouraged more aggression
❑ Germany, Italy & later Japan formed an alliance called the Axis Powers
Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
❑ In 1936 fascist Francisco Franco led a revolt against the Spanish government that began the Spanish Civil War
o Hitler & Mussolini sent military & economic aid to help the fellow fascist Franco
o The civil war killed 500,000 ( Franco was victorious
❑ In 1937 one of the worst attacks took place in Guernica
o German airplanes bombed the town in Spain
o Nearly 1000 Spanish civilians in Guernica were killed
Towards War, 1938-1939
❑ In 1938 Hitler wanted the Anschluss (union of Austria & Germany)
o Hitler sent his army into Austria & made himself the new ruler of Austria
❑ Germany next turned to Czechoslovakia, the only remaining democracy in Eastern Europe
o Hitler wanted the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia where 3 million Germans lived
❑ In 1938 at the Munich Conference British & French leaders chose appeasement
o They gave the Sudetenland to Hitler & in exchange Hitler promised he would not expand anymore
❑ March 1939 Hitler conquered all of Czechoslovakia
❑ Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939 ( Hitler & Stalin agreed not to fight each other & secretly planned to divide up Poland & other Eastern European countries
❑ In Sept. 1939 Germany invaded Poland
o This caused France & Britain to declare war on Germany, beginning World War II
Causes of WWII: How To Remember
F ascism
A ppeasement
M ilitarism
A lliances (Axis: Japan/Germany/Italy, Allies: U.S., Britain, Soviet Union)
N ationalism
I mperialism
A narchy (League’s Weaknesses, Depression)
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The European Theatre: German Advances
❑ Poland, located on the Northern European Plain, had few natural barriers which encouraged invasion throughout its history
❑ In 1939 Germany attacked Poland using a military strategy called blitzkrieg or “lightening war” using tanks & airplanes to quickly attack
❑ In 1939 the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland
o Soviets imprisoned/tortured/killed 1000’s of Poles
❑ The Soviets next conquered the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania
❑ Winter 1939 France hid behind the Maginot Line & the British army waited in what was called the “phony war” because there was no fighting
❑ In April 1940 Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, & Belgium
❑ German troops marched through the Ardennes Forest, going around the Maginot Line & by 1940 France surrendered
❑ Also in 1940 Germany launched the Blitz, which was the bombing of British cities
o However, the Nazi’s failed to invade Britain
❑ The Axis armies pushed into North Africa & the Balkans
o The Axis armies conquered Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, & Hungary
❑ By 1941 the Axis Powers controlled most of Europe
❑ In 1941 Hitler invaded the Soviet Union
o Hitler wanted the Soviet Union’s natural resources
o Hitler also wanted to crush communism
o The Soviets retreated, destroying factories & farm equipment & burning crops to keep them from the Nazis
o By 1942 the Nazis advance stalled & their armies were ill prepared for Russia’s weather (“General Winter”) & Russia’s large size
The Pacific Theatre: Japanese Advances
❑ During the late 1930’s Japan attacked all over Asia & the Pacific
❑ To stop Japan’s aggression the U.S. banned the sale of war materials (iron, steel, & oil) to Japan
❑ On Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
o In response the U.S. declared war on Japan
o On Dec. 11 Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S.
❑ In 1942 Japanese forces captured the Philippines from the U.S.
o Following its victory the Japanese forced U.S. soldiers on a long march in which U.S. prisoners were beaten, stabbed, & shot
o Event became known as the Bataan Death March
The Big Three
❑ In 1942 “the Big 3”: Franklin Roosevelt (U.S. president), Winston Churchill (British prime minister), & Stalin agreed to make the war in Europe their main priority
o Churchill & Roosevelt feared Stalin wanted to control Europe after the Axis were defeated
o Stalin thought the West wanted to destroy communism
o Stalin wanted the U.S./Britain to open a 2nd front in Western Europe
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European Theatre: Turning Points
❑ In 1942 at the Battle of El Alamein the British stopped the German advance in North Africa
o By 1943 the Axis forces surrendered in North Africa
❑ In 1943 the Allies invaded Italy & defeated the Italian forces there
o Italians overthrew Mussolini
o This forced Hitler to send in German troops
o This weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front
❑ The Battle of Stalingrad, 1942-1943
o In 1942 Hitler launched a new attack on the southern parts of the Soviet Union: he wanted the Soviet oil fields
o The Nazi’s got as far as Stalingrad ( there one of the bloodiest battles of the war took place
▪ Winter sets in, house to house fighting began
▪ In 1943 the German army surrendered there
o Following the victory the Soviet army drove the Germans out of the Soviet Union & by 1944 Soviet troops had entered Eastern Europe
❑ On June 6, 1944 in what was known as D-Day, Allied forces invaded western Europe forcing Hitler to fight on another front
o On D-Day 156,000 Allied troops crossed the English Channel onto the beaches of France
o The German armies retreated & eventually the Allies were able to free France from Nazi control
The War Comes To A Close
❑ By early 1945 the defeat of Germany was unavoidable
❑ Feb. 1945 Yalta Conference: the Big 3 met
o Stalin wanted to keep control of Eastern Europe
o Churchill & Roosevelt wanted self- determination for Eastern Europe
▪ Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe after the war
o The Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan when Germany surrendered
o The Big 3 agreed to divide Germany into four zones controlled by the U.S., France, Britain, & the Soviet Union
❑ In 1945 U.S. & Soviet soldiers met at the Elbe River
❑ In Italy guerrillas captured & killed Mussolini
❑ The Soviets entered Berlin & soon after Hitler committed suicide
❑ The war in Europe ended on May 8, 1945 & was proclaimed V-E Day (“Victory in Europe”)
❑ The Allies defeated the Axis in Europe for many reasons:
1. Germany had to fight on too many fronts
2. When Hitler took over complete control of military decisions he made poor decisions
3. Hitler had underestimated the Soviet Union
4. The enormous production capacity of the U.S. was a huge advantage for the Allies
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Pacific Theatre: Turning Points
❑ In 1942 Japan suffered its 1st defeat versus the Allies at the Battle of the Coral Sea
o The battle was the 1st time in naval history that enemy ships never saw each other & instead fighting was carried out by airplanes
o The Allies victory prevented Japan from taking more islands in the Pacific
❑ As the U.S. began to make advances in the Pacific the U.S. began to practice island hopping: attacking some Japanese islands, ignoring others
❑ By 1944 the U.S. Navy was blockading Japan & U.S. airplanes were firebombing Japan’s cities
❑ In 1945 the war was over in Europe & the Allies now focused on defeating Japan
❑ By mid-1945 most of the Japanese navy & air force had been destroyed
o However, the Japanese army still had 2 million men
❑ In 1944 Japan began using kamikaze attacks: pilots flew suicide missions flying into Allied ships
❑ In 1945 the Allied victories at the Battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa saw many Allied casualties
❑ In the U.S. scientists learned, in a secret project codenamed the Manhattan Project, to split an atom which resulted in a powerful explosion
o In July 1945 the U.S. successfully tested the 1st atomic bomb in New Mexico
❑ On Aug. 6, 1945 an American plane dropped an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima
o It killed 70,000 people with 130,000 more dying in the years that followed as a result of radiation
❑ On Aug. 8, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan & invaded Manchuria
❑ On Aug. 9, 1945 the U.S. dropped a 2nd atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki killing 40,000 people
❑ On Aug. 10, 1945 the Japanese Emperor Hirohito forced the Japanese government to surrender
❑ On Sept. 2, 1945 a peace treaty was signed on board the American battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay
o V-J Day was declared: “Victory in Japan”
❑ World War II was officially over, but another world conflict was just beginning
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End of WWII, 1945
❑ The war killed 75 million people around the world
❑ In Europe over 38 million people were killed with more than ½ being civilians
❑ The Soviet Union suffered the worst losses with over 22 million dead
❑ By 1945 Germany, Poland, Soviet Union, Japan, China, & many other countries around the world were in ruins
o Total war had destroyed cities, factories, harbors, bridges, railroads, farms, & homes
❑ European colonies in Africa & Asia increased efforts to gain independence
❑ Britain & the U.S. helped to build new democratic governments in occupied Germany & Japan
❑ The Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe, including Eastern Germany & attempted to set up communist governments there
The United Nations, 1945
❑ In 1945 fifty nations created the world organization known as the United Nations (UN)
o The UN had the power to use economic sanctions or send in a peacekeeping military force to solve regional disputes and/or prevent aggression
Peace at Last?
❑ After WWII the U.S. & Soviet Union emerged as the new world leaders
❑ Control over Germany & Eastern Europe caused divisions between the U.S. & the Soviet Union
❑ These disagreements led to the next global conflict known as the Cold War
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The Cold War Begins
❑ During WWII the West (U.S. & Europe) & the Soviet Union worked together to defeat the Axis Powers
❑ Following WWII Europe & Japan were in ruins & only 2 great powers remained: the U.S. & the Soviet Union
o The 2 countries were known as superpowers: world powers
❑ Stalin was angry the U.S. did not include the Soviet Union in peace talks with Italy & Japan
❑ The U.S. & Britain were angry the Soviet Union left its armies in eastern Europe when the Soviet had promised to leave after the war
❑ In 1945 Roosevelt & Churchill made Stalin promise to hold free elections in eastern Europe, but Stalin ignored that promise too
❑ This began the Cold War: a period of conflict between the U.S. & the Soviet Union where neither side directly attacked each other
o However, both superpowers competed economically & militarily with each other
Soviet Union vs. the U.S., Post-WWII
❑ Stalin showed aggression beyond Eastern Europe
❑ In Greece, Stalin backed Communist rebels fighting to overthrow the Greek monarchy which was supported by Britain
❑ Stalin also looked to influence Turkey
❑ 1947 in response, the U.S. developed the Truman Doctrine: a policy based on the idea of containment
o It tried to limit/stop the spread of communism
o The U.S. sent military & economic aid to Greece & Turkey to fight communism
❑ In 1947 the U.S. also passed the Marshall Plan, which gave food & economic aid to European countries to rebuild & prevent radicals from coming to power
❑ In 1949 the U.S., Canada, & 10 other western European countries formed a military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
o NATO members agreed to help each other if attacked
❑ In 1955 the Soviet Union & 7 eastern European countries formed a military alliance called the Warsaw Pact
o Warsaw Pact members agreed to help each other if attacked
❑ These 2 alliances in Europe faced each other along the Iron Curtain which was an imaginary line between the democratic western Europe & the communist eastern Europe
❑ Both sides participated in a propaganda war
o The U.S. spoke of defending democracy against communism
o The Soviet Union claimed to be battling Western imperialism
The Arms Race
❑ At first the U.S was the only nuclear power
❑ By 1949 the Soviet Union had successfully test nuclear weapons
❑ By 1953 both sides had developed hydrogen bombs which were more powerful than atomic bombs
❑ This began an arms race between the 2 superpowers to match each other’s new weapons
o This led to the idea of “mutually assured destruction”: each side knew the world would be destroyed if nuclear weapons were used
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Germany Divided, 1945-1990
❑ The defeated Germany was a hotspot for Cold War conflicts
❑ The Soviet Union took reparation payments from Germany by taking apart eastern German factories & moving them to the Soviet Union
❑ The U.S., Britain, & France wanting the German economy to recover, united their zones of occupation in western Germany
o In addition, the U.S. extended the Marshall Plan to West Germany
o In West Germany, citizens were allowed to write their own constitution & form a democratic government
o The Soviet Union was angry that the West would rebuild Germany’s economy
❑ In East Germany the Soviet Union installed a communist dictatorship under Stalin’s control
The Berlin Airlift, 1948
❑ The German capital of Berlin was deep within the Soviet occupied East Germany & was split up into Soviets, U.S., France, & Britain zones
❑ 1948 in what was called the “Berlin Blockade” Stalin tried to force the West out of Berlin by sealing off every railroad & highway into West Berlin
❑ The West responded with a round the clock airlift that supplied West Berlin with food & fuel
o This forced the Soviets to end the blockade
The Berlin Wall, 1961
❑ During the 1950’s West Germany/West Berlin prospered with the help of the U.S.
❑ This success led to large amounts of people from East Germany/East Berlin, unhappy with communism, to flee into West Berlin
❑ In response in 1961 East Germany built the Berlin Wall to keep its people from leaving
o The Berlin Wall was topped with barbed wire & patrolled by guards
Germany Divided & Reunited
❑ In time, West Germany became a member of NATO, while East Germany became a member of the Warsaw Pact
❑ West Germany would enjoy economic success while the East German people suffered hard times
❑ In 1989 as the Soviet Union began to collapse, East & West Germany moved towards reunification (joining back into 1 country)
❑ In 1990 German voters approved reunification
o Germany was one united country again
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The Cold War Gets Hot
❑ The Cold War began in Europe, but quickly spread around the world
❑ Local conflicts in many places played into the Cold War conflict between the U.S. & Soviets
o The superpowers provided weapons, training, & other aid to opposing forces in Asia, Africa, & Latin America
The Korean War, 1950-1953
❑ Korea was known as a “shrimp amongst whales”
❑ Korea: was a peninsula, & wedged between traditionally powerful Russia, China, & Japan
o This led to constant invasions & foreign occupation of Korea
❑ After Japan’s defeat in WWII the Soviet Union & U.S. agreed to divide Korea temporarily along the 38th parallel
o North Korea was ruled by the Communist dictator Kim II Sung & became a Soviet ally
o South Korea was ruled by a non-communist dictator & was supported by the U.S.
❑ In 1950 North Korean troops attacked & overran much of South Korea
o In response the United Nations (UN) organized a force led by the U.S. to help South Korea
❑ North Korean troops advanced south on UN forces, but were stopped at the South Korean port city of Pusan
o UN troops then landed on the beaches of Inch’on, behind enemy lines eventually forcing North Korean forces in the south to surrender
❑ The UN forces continued to advance north to the Yalu River, along Korea’s border with China
o This movement worried China, & in response China sent hundreds of thousands of troops to help the North Koreans
▪ Chinese & North Koreans forces pushed UN troops back to the 38th parallel
❑ On 1953 both sides signed an armistice (an end to the fighting)
Two Koreas, 1953-present
❑ After the Korean War North & South Korea developed separately
❑ North Korea was ruled by dictator Kim Jong Il, remained communist, & had a command economy
o North Korea saw economic decline
o It put large amounts of money into its military
▪ Its development of nuclear weapons has worried the U.S. & world
❑ South Korea slowly began to develop a market economy (capitalism)
o South Korea saw economic success
o In 1987 it held elections & moved towards a democracy
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The Soviet Union & Eastern Europe
← In 1948 Stalin forced pro-communist governments upon Poland, Czechoslovakia, & elsewhere
▪ These were known as Soviet satellites because they were dependent on the Soviet Union
← Stalin had 2 goals in Eastern Europe
1. Stalin wanted to spread communism
2. He wanted to create a buffer zone of friendly governments as a defense against a German or another European countries’ aggression
← Some Eastern Europeans challenged Soviet rule, such as in Hungary in 1956
▪ Hungarian nationalist leader Imre Nagy wanted to end one-party rule & pulled his country out of the Warsaw Pact which began the Hungarian Revolt
▪ In response, Soviet troops launched a massive military assault & Nagy was executed
❑ In 1968 Czechoslovakia leader Alexander Dubcek introduced greater reforms & less communist control to Czechoslovakia
▪ Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia & ended these freedoms
The Soviet Union After Stalin
← Stalin died in 1953
← The Soviet government continued to control all parts of its citizens lives
← The Soviet Union had a command economy
▪ The Soviet government owned all property
▪ The government decided all economic decisions (what is produced, how much is produced, and at what price items are sold)
← After Stalin’s death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new Soviet leader
▪ In 1956 he criticized Stalin’s abuse of power
▪ Khrushchev closed Soviet prison camps
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China’s Communist Revolution, 1946-1950
❑ By the end of WWII the Chinese Communists controlled much of northern China
❑ By 1949 the Communists had gained control of mainland China
o The Communist leader, Mao Zedong, set up the People’s Republic of China
❑ The defeated Chinese Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan
❑ Mao’s Communists won for various reasons:
1. Most Chinese disliked the corruption of Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist government & its support from the Western “imperialist” powers
2. Mao stressed Chinese nationalism
3. The Communist won the support of the peasants by redistributing land to the poor peasants
Chinese Communist Society
❑ Mao built a Communist one-party totalitarian state in China
o Mao’s opponents were sent to labor camps or killed
❑ With the Soviet Union’s help, the Chinese built factories
❑ From 1958 to 1960 Mao led a program known as the Great Leap Forward
o The Great Leap Forward aimed to increase farm & industrial production in China
o The program created communes which combined several villages, 1000’s of acres, & up to 25,000 people on large government run farms
o Mao’s Great Leap Forward failed & agricultural output declined in China
❑ In 1966 Mao launched the Cultural Revolution
o Mao wanted to increase the Chinese people’s loyalty to communism & attacked his opponents
o Students formed groups called the Red Guards who attacked professors, factory mangers, & anyone else who they believe were against China’s communism
o China’s skilled workers & managers were forced to leave their jobs & do physical labor on rural farms or in forced labor camps
The Cold War’s “Wild Card”
❑ China’s role during the Cold War was complex
❑ China & the Soviet Union were allies during the 1950’s
o Stalin sent economic aid & technical experts to help Communist China modernize
❑ However, by 1960 border clashes & disagreements over communism led the Soviets to stop sending aid to China
❑ Throughout the Cold War relations between China & the U.S. were very complicated
o After WWII, the U.S. refused to recognize communist China as a country
o By 1971 the U.S. allowed the People’s Republic of China to replace Taiwan in the United Nations
o By 1979 the U.S. set up formal diplomatic relations with China
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The West During the Cold War
❑ During the Cold War the U.S. was the world’s wealthiest & most powerful country
❑ During the Cold War democracies in Western Europe & Japan rivaled the U.S. economically
❑ Characteristics of a democracy (U.S., Britain)
o The government is elected & ran its citizens
o Freedoms of speech & press are common
❑ Democratic countries had a market economy (also known as capitalism or free enterprise):
o In a market economy businesses & individuals make their own economic decisions
o Property is privately owned by individuals
o Prices are based on supply & demand
o Entrepreneurship (starting your own business) is encouraged
Western Europe: Post-WWII
❑ Following WWII most western European countries had suffered serious damage
o To help them recover they received U.S. aid from the Marshall Plan
o This aid helped western European countries to build more modern facilities
❑ In 1952 six nations: West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, & Italy set up the European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC)
o The ECSC was a regional trade organization set up free trade in coal & steel among member states by getting rid of tariffs & other barriers that limited trade
o It resulted in economic growth across western Europe & led to future cooperation
❑ In 1957 the same six European nations signed a treaty to form the European Community (EC) or Common Market
o The EC was a regional trade organization dedicated to establishing free trade among member nations for all products
o It ended tariffs & allowed workers & capital to move freely across member countries borders
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The Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959
❑ The most serious Cold War conflict involved the island nation of Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida
❑ Cuba won independence from Spain in 1898
o For the next 60 years Cuba was strongly influenced by the U.S.
❑ In the 1950’s Cuban nationalists & the Communist Fidel Castro organized a successful rebellion using guerrilla warfare (hit & run attacks) against the corrupt dictator who ruled Cuba
o Castro took over Cuban businesses & put most land under his communist government’s control
The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
❑ In 1962 the U.S., in practicing its policy of containment towards communism, put a trade embargo on Cuba
o In response an angry communist Cuba looked for economic support from the Soviet Union
❑ In 1962 the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba
o In response the U.S. set up a naval blockade to prevent further Soviet weapon shipments
o The U.S. President Kennedy then demanded that the Soviet Union remove its nuclear missiles from Cuba
❑ After 13 days the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba when the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba
❑ Nuclear war was prevented
Cuba: Modern Day
❑ Castro gained the Cuban people’s support by raising the standard of living for many Cubans
❑ Cuba’s communist command economy has been inefficient & the U.S. trade embargo continues
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Indochina After World War II
❑ The eastern part of southeast Asia was conquered by the French during the 1800’s & the French called this area Indochina
❑ During WWII Japan conquered Indochina
❑ After WWII the French wanted to regain their rule of Indochina
o In Indochina France faced guerrilla warfare (hit & run attacks) led by the Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh
▪ Ho Chi Minh was influenced by Marx & communism
▪ He encouraged Vietnamese nationalism
o The French lost a major battle at Dien Bien Phu which convinced the French to leave Vietnam in 1954
❑ After 1954 the struggle for Vietnam became part of the Cold War
o Ho Chi Minh’s Communists controlled North Vietnam & was supported by the Soviet Union & China
o A non-communist government led by Ngo Dinh Diem & supported by the U.S. ruled South Vietnam
o Both sides agreed to hold elections to reunite the 2 Vietnams, but elections were never held
The Vietnam War, 1963-1973
❑ Ho Chi Minh gave aid to the National Liberation Front (or Viet Cong) who were communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnam’s government
❑ At first the U.S. sent only supplies & “military advisors” to South Vietnam
❑ On Aug. 1,1964 the North Vietnamese supposedly attacked a U.S. Navy destroyer
o In response the U.S. started bombing targets in North Vietnam & sent in over 500,000 troops
❑ The Soviet Union & China sent aid (but no troops) to help the North Vietnamese
❑ The U.S. military lost very few battles, but could not defeat the communist guerrillas in South Vietnam & their North Vietnamese allies
❑ In 1968 the Tet Offensive saw communist guerrilla forces attack U.S. forces all over South Vietnam
❑ By 1973 the U.S. President Richard Nixon withdrew all U.S. troops in Vietnam
o 2 years later North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam reuniting the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
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Cambodian Genocide, 1976-1979
❑ During the Vietnam War fighting had spilled over into neighboring Cambodia
o In 1970 the U.S. bombed North Vietnamese supply routes in Cambodia & sent in troops
❑ In 1975 the communist Khmer Rouge took over the Cambodian government
o The Khmer Rouge was led by the dictator Pol Pot who was influenced by communism
o Pol Pot drove Cambodians from the cities & forced them to work on large government ran farms
▪ Pol Pot slaughtered, starved, & worked to death more than 1 million Cambodians
o Pol Pot had 200,000 Cambodians executed in large mass graves called “the killing fields”
▪ Pol Pot’s executions were considered a genocide
o In 1979 Vietnam invaded & ended Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge
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The Space Race, 1957-~1975
❑ During the Cold War the U.S. & Soviet Union competed to build both rocket-propelled weapons & rocketry for space exploration
❑ In 1957 “the Space Age” began when the Soviet Union launched into orbit Sputnik I
o Sputnik was the 1st artificial satellite (object that orbits a larger body) to be sent into space
❑ In 1958 the U.S. created the National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) to improve U.S. space technology
❑ By 1961 the Soviet Union’s Yuri Gagarin became the 1st person to travel into space
❑ In 1969 the U.S. Apollo program landed the 1st man on the moon
❑ Both superpowers explored the military uses of space technology & wanted to develop this knowledge
o Both had spy satellites orbiting the Earth
❑ In 1986 the Soviet’s launched the 1st space station, Mir, which orbited Earth until 1996
Space, The Final Frontier
❑ In the post-Cold War, nations have worked together to explore space
❑ The U.S., Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) Canada, Japan, & several countries in Europe began developing the International Space Station (ISS)
o The ISS was a space laboratory that allowed scientists to conduct research
o Construction on the ISS began in 1998 & is set to be completed in 2011
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Cold War Détente, 1970’s
❑ By the late 1960’s Britain, France, & China had developed their own nuclear weapons
❑ In 1968 many nations signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
o Under the treaty countries agreed to not develop nuclear weapons & agreed to stop the proliferation (spread) of nuclear weapons
❑ In 1969 the U.S. & Soviet Union began the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to limit the number of nuclear weapons
o During the 1970’s these arms control agreements led to an era of détente (decrease in tensions) between the 2 superpowers
The Cold War Ends, 1980’s-1991
❑ The Cold War lasted for almost 50 years, but by the late 1980’s the conflict came to a end
❑ In the 1980’s the Soviet economy faced many problems
1. Collective farming was very unproductive & led the Soviets to import (bring in) grain from the U.S.
2. The Soviet’s command economy could not produce consumer goods (TV’s, cars) like the West
3. Job security gave Soviet workers little reason to work hard & produce quality goods
4. The arms race with the U.S. was hard on the Soviet economy
❑ In 1979 the Soviet Union became involved in a long war in Afghanistan
o Afghan warlords, supplied with U.S. weapons & economic aid, fought the Soviet military
o In Afghanistan the Soviets saw years of heavy casualties, high costs, & few successes
❑ 1985 a new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power & encouraged reforms
o He signed arms control treaties with the U.S. & pulled the Soviet troops out of Afghanistan
o Gorbachev followed a new Soviet policy called glasnost (or openness)
▪ Glasnost encouraged the Soviet people to discuss the country’s problems openly without fear of punishment from the Soviet government
o He urged perestroika (or restructuring) of the Soviet government & economy
▪ Perestroika allowed limited private enterprise (capitalism)
▪ It allowed farmers to sell crops on the free market
▪ Soviet factories could not survive without government aid, leading to high unemployment
Eastern Europe, 1980’s
❑ Glasnost & perestroika led Eastern Europeans to call for greater freedoms & reforms
❑ In the late 1980’s Gorbachev declared that he would not stop Eastern European reforms
❑ In the late 1980’s Hungarians began to criticize their communist government more openly
o From 1988 to 1989 Hungary’s communist government allowed for greater freedoms
❑ In 1980 in Poland, Lech Walesa organized Solidarity, an independent labor union that led strikes & called for greater democracy
o By 1989 Walesa was elected Poland’s president
❑ In 1989 the Berlin Wall fell which signaled the collapse of the Soviet Union & end of the Cold War
o In 1989 eastern European countries from Poland to Bulgaria broke free from the Soviet Union & shifted more towards capitalism
o In 1991 the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania gained independence
o By the end of 1991 the remaining Soviet republics separated to form 12 independent nations
❑ After 69 years the Soviet Union was no more
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Russia: Post Cold War, 1991-present
❑ In 1991 Russia’s 1st president Boris Yeltsin encouraged reforms
o Russia struggled to change into a market economy (capitalism) & accept democracy
o Unemployment & prices increased while criminals prospered
❑ In 2000 Vladimir Putin became president of Russia
o He promised to end corruption
o Putin was criticized for increasing the power of the government & limiting freedoms in Russia
Nuclear Proliferation?
❑ Russia & the U.S. had built 1000’s of nuclear weapons & they were still there after the Cold War ended
❑ In 1968 the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed by Russia, the U.S., & 60 other countries
o The NPT aimed to limit the proliferation (spreading) of nuclear weapons
o By 2000, 187 nations in total had signed the treaty
o 4 nations did not signed the treaty: India, Pakistan, Israel, & Cuba
o Some member nations, ex. Iran/North Korea, are suspected of buying/selling/developing nuclear weapons
❑ During the 1990’s Russia & the U.S. signed additional treaties that promised to reduce their number of nuclear weapons
o Both Russia & the U.S. have broken promises to limit their nuclear arsenals claiming they are vital to national security
Russia & Chechnya Conflict, 1990’s-present
❑ In 1991 Muslim nationalists from Chechnya called for independence from Russian control
❑ During the mid-1990’s Russia crushed a Chechen revolt & killed many Chechen civilians
❑ In 1997 peace talks failed & Chechen rebels began using terrorist attacks inside Russia
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Yugoslavia Splits, 1990’s
❑ Yugoslavia, created after WWI, was made up of many ethnic groups & dominated by the Republic of Serbia (Orthodox Christian)
❑ After the fall of the Soviet Union Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, & Macedonia became independent from Yugoslavia
o Yugoslavia was left with only Serbia & Montenegro
o Violence between various ethnic groups resulted
Bosnian Civil War, 1990’s
❑ Bosnia declared independence in 1992
❑ Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox Christian) wanted to create a separate government in Bosnia
o Muslim Bosnians, the majority Bosnian ethnic group did not want Bosnia divided
o Bosnian Serbs received money & arms from Yugoslavia (dominated by Serbia)
❑ From 1992 to 1995 the Bosnian Serbs carried out ethnic cleansing (purposeful killing of an ethnic group) on the Muslim Bosnians
o 1000’s of Muslim Bosnians were killed
o The UN was slow to respond, but UN peacekeepers eventually entered Bosnia
❑ In 1995 it took NATO air strikes against the Bosnian Serb’s military to force peace
Milosevic & Ethnic Cleansing, late 1990’s
❑ In the mid-1990’s Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic (a Serb) & Muslim Albanians came into conflict
o Milosevic’s Yugoslav troops used ethnic cleansing on Albanians in the Serbian province of Kosovo
❑ In 1999 NATO launched air strikes against Serbia forcing Yugoslavia’s troops out of Kosovo
❑ Milosevic was arrested & put on trial for “crime against humanity”
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China After Mao, 1970’s & 1980’s
❑ In 1976 the communist China’s leader Mao Zedong died
❑ In 1978 Deng Xiaoping became the new communist leader of China
o Deng Xiaoping was a reformer who was interested in modernizing the Chinese economy & technology
❑ In 1978 Deng started a new Chinese policy called the Four Modernizations
o The Four Modernizations allowed for some characteristics of a free market economy (capitalism) in China
o The policy ended the communes & gave peasants land
▪ The Chinese government still owned the land & received part of the crops, but surplus crops could be sold for individual profit
o Chinese were allowed to set up businesses
o Managers of government-run factories were given more freedom
❑ Deng’s reforms brought economic growth, but also increased the gap between the rich & poor in China
China Challenges, 1990’s-present
❑ China’s population (1.3 billion+) is the largest in the world
o China’s population is centered in the east
o Rapid urbanization has occurred as millions of rural workers moved to China’s cities
▪ Many of these people live in poverty & have strained China’s cities limited resources
▪ Urban growth has also led to heavy pollution
o In the 1980’s to slow down overpopulation (having too many people) China began a One-Child Policy, limiting families to a single child
❑ During the 1990’s China began building the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River to control flooding & improve trade
❑ In 1997 Britain returned Hong Kong to China
o Hong Kong, along with Shanghai & Guangzhou became China’s leading economic cities
❑ As of 2000 China’s economy was the world’s 2nd largest after the U.S.
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China: Human Rights Violations
❑ During the late 1980’s Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms & more contact with the West led some Chinese to demand greater political freedoms
❑ In the late 1980’s Chinese students, workers, & others called for a democracy movement similar to those taking place in Eastern Europe prior to the fall of the Soviet Union
❑ Deng refused to allow democratic reforms
❑ In May 1989, 1000’s of student protesters gathered in Tiananmen Square, a huge public plaza at the center of China’s capital of Beijing
o The Tiananmen Square protesters called for democracy in China
o The Chinese government sent in troops & tanks
o 1000’s of demonstrators were killed or wounded by the Chinese military
o The event became known as the “Tiananmen Square Massacre”
❑ From the 1990’s to modern times Communist China’s government has limited political reforms & continued to jail those who speak out against the Chinese government
❑ In Chinese controlled Tibet, human-rights activists accuse China of limiting free speech & oppressing Tibet’s ancient Buddhist culture
o Chinese treatment of Tibetans has led to worldwide criticism
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Japan: Post-WWII
❑ In 1945 following WWII Japan was in ruins
❑ The U.S. occupying force in Japan helped to create a new Japanese constitution that created a parliamentary democracy
o In 1952 the U.S. ended its occupation of Japan
❑ Japan’s lack of natural resource did not limit its economic growth
❑ From 1950 to 1970 Japan had great economic success
o Japan’s success centered on creating goods for export (shipping out of one’s country)
o By the 1970’s Japanese cars, cameras, & TV’s were sold all over the world market
o Soon Japanese electronics outsold U.S. products
o This allowed Japan to gain a favorable balance of trade (exporting more than it imported)
❑ Why was Japan successful?
1. Japan had new modern factories that out produced the older factories in the West
2. It had an educated & skilled workforce
3. It had U.S. military protection so it spent money on its economy instead of its military
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Southeast Asia: Post-WWII
❑ The Pacific Rim: nations that border the Pacific Ocean
o Included Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, & South Korea known as the “Asian Tigers”
▪ They were given this name for their aggressive economic growth
o These small nations became economically strong by modernizing & copying Western economies
o They focused on light industries like textiles & later higher-priced exports like electronics
▪ The Asian Tigers could sell products at low prices because workers were paid low wages
❑ By the 1990s more trade came across the Pacific than the Atlantic Ocean
Globalization
❑ Globalization describes how countries economies, politics, & cultures are becoming entangled with one another
❑ After the Cold War, globalization has led to the creation of a global economy ( nations rely on each other for economic success
❑ This has led to economic interdependence: countries rely on each other for goods, resources, knowledge, & labor
Globalization: Results
❑ It linked developed & developing nations
o Developed countries (Ex. U.S., Europe, Japan) control the world’s capital, trade, & technology
o Developing countries (Ex. Latin America, Africa, SE Asia) supply low paid workers to make cheap goods to be sent to developed countries
▪ Developing countries are accused of using sweatshop labor
❑ Globalization has led developed countries to use outsourcing: sending work to developing countries hat pay low wages to save money
❑ Results: economic crisis in 1 country can have a global impact
o Ex. late 1990’s a financial crisis affected the Asian Tigers & spread to hurt the world economy
o Japan was hit by an economic recession (downturn): banks failed, unemployment increased
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Partition of India, 1947
❑ Indians had demanded self-rule from Britain since the 1800’s
❑ Like Gandhi, the majority of Indians were Hindu
o The Hindu dominated Indian National Congress wanted a unified India
o The Muslim League demanded a separate nation, called Pakistan, where Muslim Indians could worship Islam freely
❑ After WWII Britain was weakened & could not rule India anymore
❑ During the 1940’s violence between Muslims & Hindus increased & Britain decided on a partition (division) of the Indian subcontinent
o In 1947 the new nations of Pakistan (Muslim) & India (Hindu) were created
o 10 million people were forced to flee their homes: largest human migration in history
o Muslims & Hindu refugees (someone who flees their homes) were attacked & over 1 million died
o Gandhi attempted to bring peace, but was killed by a radical Hindu nationalist
India: 1947-Present
❑ During the Cold War India followed a policy of nonalignment meaning it would not support the U.S. or the Soviet Union
❑ India developed a mixed economy: an economic system that mixed market & command economies
❑ India is the world’s largest democracy (1.1+ billion people)
o India’s progress in becoming a democratic nation has been slow
❑ Rapid population growth had made it difficult to improve living conditions in India
o 1/3 of Indians live below the poverty line
❑ Globalization & urbanization has hurt India’s traditional society
o Globalization & urbanization has weakened the caste system by bringing improvements to India’s lowest castes & women
o India’s constitution banned discrimination against India’s lowest caste (untouchables), but discrimination by caste has continued
❑ A great problem for India is its religious & ethnic diversity which at times has caused conflict
o Sikhism: is a religion that blends Islam & Hinduism – its worshippers are called Sikhs
▪ During the 1980’s protesting Sikhs who wanted self rule in Punjab took over the Golden Temple in Amritsar, but were killed by Indian troops
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Pakistan: 1947-Present
❑ In 1947 Pakistan was divided into West Pakistan & East Pakistan
o Between the 2 Pakistans was India making trade & travel between the 2 Pakistans extremely difficult
❑ In 1971 East Pakistan declared independence & was renamed Bangladesh
o Bangladesh faced the problems of poverty & overpopulation
o Most of the country lies on the Ganges Delta, just a few feet above sea level
▪ This makes the lands of the Ganges Delta more likely to flood & cause severe damage
❑ Pakistan Government
o Pakistan has seen a struggle between Islamic fundamentalism (a belief that the country should strictly follow Muslim law) & moderates who wanted a separation of religion & government
o During the 1990’s Pakistan backed Afghanistan’s Islamic fundamentalist Taliban government which supported the terrorist group Al Qaeda
o In 2001 the U.S. attacked the Taliban & Pakistan supported the U.S.
Pakistan vs. India
❑ Kashmir, a state in the Himalayas with Muslim & Hindu populations has been a place of conflict between India & Pakistan
o India & Pakistan fought many wars over Kashmir
❑ In 1998 India & Pakistan developed nuclear weapons
o The world attempted to stop both countries nuclear proliferation
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The Middle East: Post-WWII
❑ The Middle East stretched from Egypt in the west to Iran in the east & from Turkey in the north to the Arabian Peninsula in the south
❑ Most people in the region are Muslim, but there are Christian minorities & the Jewish nation of Israel
❑ It has been called the “Far East” or “Near East” reflecting a Western dominated writing of history
“Black Gold”, 1900’s-present
❑ Parts of the Middle East sit atop some of the world’s largest oil (petroleum) reserves
o It oil reserves made the Middle East very important to the Global Economy
❑ In 1960 oil-holding nations created the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
o OPEC included nations with large oil reserves: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, & Venezuela
o In 1973 OPEC blocked oil shipments to the U.S. to protest U.S. support of Israel
▪ This led to a world recession (economic collapse)
o Since the 1970’s, OPEC has focused on controlling the production & price of oil
❑ The world has remained dependent on oil
Islam & Modernization
❑ Following WWII some Middle Eastern leaders copied the West, but most people of the Middle East remained poor
❑ By the 1970’s some leaders (called Islamists) wanted governments to follow Muslim Sharia Law
o Islamists blamed their countries problems on the West
Egypt: Post-WWII
❑ Egypt is strategically important because it shares a long border with Israel & controls the Suez Canal which links the Mediterranean & Red Seas
❑ In 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser became the president of Egypt
o Nasser modernized Egypt & stopped Western domination by nationalizing (taking over) the Suez Canal in 1956
o During the Cold War Egypt received economic aid from the Soviet Union & built the Aswan High Dam to control the Nile River’s flooding
Iranian Revolution, 1970’s
❑ During the 1950’s Iran’s shah (king) Mohammad Reza kept power with the support of the U.S.
❑ In the 1970’s Ayatollah (Muslim religious leader) Ruhollah Khomeini called for a revolt against the Shah of Iran
o Khomeini disliked U.S. influence in Iran
❑ In 1979 Iranians protested & forced the shah to leave Iran
❑ Ayatollah Khomeini took power & declared the creation of an Islamic Iranian Republic
o Iran’s new government was a theocracy: a government ruled by religious leaders
o Iran was an Islamic State
o Iran used Muslim religious courts & ended women’s rights
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United Nations, 1945-present
❑ The UN was an international organization created after WWII in the hopes of settling future conflicts & ensure world peace
o Currently the UN includes 192 nations
o The UN is made up of a General Assembly that gave each member nation a vote
❑ The UN also is made up of a smaller more powerful body called the Security Council
o The UN has 10 rotating members
o It also has 5 permanent members (U.S., Russia [formerly the Soviet Union], Britain, France, & China) who have the right to veto any Security Council decision
o The UN has the power to use economic sanctions or send in a peacekeeping military force to solve disputes
▪ UN peacekeepers were sent to Haiti (1990), Iraq (1991), & Bosnia (1990’s)
▪ UN has seen mixed results in keeping peace
❑ The UN also battles world problems: preventing disease, improving education, protecting refugees, helping nations to develop
European Union, 1993-present
❑ In 1957 the European Community (EC) established free trade & ended tariffs in member European nations
❑ In 1993 the EC became the European Union (EU)
o The EU was a regional organization that promoted a free flow of capital, labor, & goods among EU members
o In the early 2000’s the EU added a dozen countries from the former communist Eastern Europe
❑ In 2002 the euro became EU members’ currency
❑ The EU allowed Europe to compete with the economic power of the U.S. & Japan
NATO Evolves, 1949-present
❑ Formed in 1949 between the U.S., Canada, & 10 other countries in western Europe it was a military alliance formed to combat Soviet communism
o By 1999 former communist Poland, Hungary, & the Czech Republic joined NATO, which eventually included 28 countries
❑ Currently NATO’s primary goal is as a peacekeeper & protector of human rights
o NATO sent peacekeepers to Bosnia, Kosovo, & Afghanistan
Global Trade Organizations & Treaties
❑ Free trade is a key part of the global economy
o Free trade has increased economic interdependence: when countries rely on each other for goods, resources, knowledge, & labor
❑ In 1947 the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) was signed to expand world trade & reduce tariffs
❑ In 1995 more than 100 nations formed the World Trade Organization (WTO) to strengthen GATT
o The GATT was a trade organization whose goal was to set up global rules to guarantee free trade
❑ In 1997 the Group of Eight (G-8), an international organization of industrialized nations, was created that met yearly to discuss world economic issues
o The G-8 included Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, U.S., & Russia
❑ During the 1990’s the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed by Mexico, the U.S., & Canada to allow free trade between the 3 nations
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Iraq: Post-WWII
❑ Conflicts in Iraq were due to its huge oil reserves & ethnic diversity
❑ For centuries Iraq’s Sunni Arab minority dominated Iraq
o Iraq’s Shiite Arab majority & Kurdish minority had little power
Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988
❑ In 1979 Saddam Hussein became the dictator of Iraq
o Those who opposed Saddam were tortured, imprisoned, or killed
❑ After the Iranian Revolution, Saddam tried to gain Iranian land, which this led to the Iran-Iraq War
o The U.S. gave aid to Saddam & Iraq
o The Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988 & cost many Iranian & Iraqi lives
Iraqi Kurds
❑ The Kurds are an ethnic group living in Iran, Iraq, Syria, & Turkey
o In each country the Kurds are a minority & face discrimination
❑ In the 1970’s Kurdish rebels fought the Turkey government
o The Kurds wanted an independent state of Kurdistan
❑ During the 1980’s Iran-Iraq War, Saddam used chemical weapons on Kurdish civilians killing 1000’s in what was a genocide
The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991
❑ In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait to gain Kuwait’s oil fields & gain access to the strategic Persian Gulf, an area between Iran & the Arabian Peninsula
o To the U.S. this was an illegal move that threatened world oil reserves
❑ In 1991 a U.S. led UN coalition (alliance) was formed to force Iraq out of Kuwait
o This UN response is an example of collective security: countries working together to guarantee each others’ safety
o The UN coalition was able to free Kuwait & crush Saddam’s Iraqi forces
o However, Saddam remained the leader of Iraq
The 2nd Iraq War, 2003
❑ The UN worked to keep Saddam Hussein from using Iraq’s oil profits to build weapons of mass destruction (WMDs): biological, nuclear, & chemical weapons
o The UN created economic sanctions to limit how much oil Iraq could sell & how it could spend its oil profits
o Saddam failed to cooperate with UN weapons inspectors sent to find Iraqi’s WMDs
❑ In 2003 the U.S. & Britain accused Saddam of still having WMDs as well as encouraging world terrorism
o This led U.S., British, & coalition forces to invade Iraq, remove Saddam, & occupy Iraq
❑ 2005 saw the 1st elections in Iraq’s history
o A Shiite majority won control of the Iraqi government
❑ In 2005 Saddam was put on trial for “crimes against humanity”
o In 2006 Saddam was executed by the Iraqi government
❑ The U.S. led efforts to rebuild Iraq were slowed by guerrilla attacks & suicide bombings especially from Iraqi Sunnis who feared losing power in Iraq
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Palestine Promises, early 1900’s
❑ After WWI the British promised the Arabs, who were Muslim, land in Palestine, while also issuing the Balfour Declaration promising a Jews a homeland in Palestine
❑ From 1919 to 1940 there was increased tension between Jews & Arabs in Palestine who both encouraged nationalism
o Both the Arabs & Jews had historic claims to Palestine & looked to gain sovereignty (self-rule) over Palestine
The Creation of Israel, 1947
❑ The experiences of Jews during the Holocaust created worldwide support for the creation of a Jewish homeland
❑ In 1947 the UN created a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab & a Jewish state
o Jews accepted the plan, Arabs rejected it
o In 1948 the Jewish nation of Israel was created
Arabs-Israeli Conflict, 1947-present
❑ Palestinian Arabs saw this UN action as illegal & refused to recognize Israel
❑ Israel & its Muslim Arab neighbors fought wars in 1948, 1956, 1967, & 1973
o Israel defeated every Arab countries’ attack
o As a result of it victories Israel gained control of Arab lands in Palestine, Jordan, & Egypt including:
▪ The West Bank & East Jerusalem from the Palestinians
▪ The Gaza Strait & Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
▪ The Golan Heights from Syria
o The Israeli government helped Jewish settlers build homes in these lands
▪ In these lands they set up kibbutz: collective farms
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Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
❑ During the 1960’s the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was the group leading the Palestinian struggle against Israel
o The PLO was headed by Yasir Arafat
o It called for the destruction of Israel
o The PLO used terrorist tactics & fought a guerrilla war against Israel
❑ In 1987 the Palestinians mounted intifadas (uprisings) in the Israeli occupied Palestinian lands
o Palestinian suicide bombers blew up buses, stores, & clubs inside Israel
❑ Israel responded to these attacks by sealing off Palestinian towns & destroyed the homes of suicide bombers & their families
Arab-Israeli Peace?
❑ In 1979 at the Camp David Accords, Israel & Egypt made peace
o Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt
❑ In 1993 Yasir Arafat & Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signed the Oslo Accords
o Israel agreed to give Palestinians in Gaza & the West Bank self-rule under a Palestinian Authority
o In return the PLO recognized Israel’s right to exist & agreed to end its use of terrorism
o However, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict continued
❑ In 1994 Jordan made peace with Israel
❑ By 2000 radical Palestinian groups like Hamas used terrorist attacks to destroy the country of Israel
❑ In the early 2000’s, the U.S. created a new plan called the “Roadmap to Peace”
o The plan called for 2 states: Israel & a democratic Palestine to co-exist
o Continued obstacles have led to little peace
❑ Obstacles to peace in Israel
1. Land claims: Palestinians want a right to settle anywhere in Israel
2. Israeli settlements in occupied Palestinian territories: Palestinians insist that Israeli’s leave
3. Jerusalem: Palestinians want East Jerusalem to be the capital of a Palestinian state
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Northern Ireland, 1970’s
❑ In 1922 Ireland gained its independence from Britain
o 6 northern counties of Ireland with a Protestant majority voted to remain part of Britain as Northern Ireland
o The minority Catholics in Northern Ireland faced economic & political discrimination
o During the 1970’s conflict between Catholics & Protestants led to violence against civilians
❑ The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was a Catholic group who wanted to unify Ireland by ending British control of North Ireland
o The IRA used terrorism to gain unification
❑ In 1998 Protestants & Catholics in Ireland signed a peace treaty known as the Good Friday Agreement
o Peace has been threatened by distrust on both sides as well as continued acts of violence
Terrorism
❑ Terrorism: is the use of violence, especially against civilians, to achieve political goals
o Terrorists’ goals range from releasing political prisoners to gaining territory
o Terrorist actions include bombing buildings, killing civilians, police, & soldiers, & assassinating leaders
❑ Regional terrorist groups have operated for decades
o From the 1960’s to today the ETA has used terrorism to gain an independent Basque region in Spain
❑ The Middle East has become a training ground for terrorist groups
o Western imperialism & the creation of Israel has created anger among Muslim Arabs
o In 1964 the PLO used terrorism in hopes of creating a Palestinian state in Israel
o In Lebanon, after Israel invaded, Hezbollah formed: it goal was the destruction of Israel
Islamic Fundamentalism, 1950’s-present
❑ Islamic fundamentalism refers to the belief that Islam should control all of society
o Islamic fundamentalism started during the Arab nationalist movements against European imperialism
o It heavily influences Iran & Saudi Arabia
❑ In some nations like Libya, Egypt, & Turkey Islamic fundamentalist groups have used violence to challenge moderate Arab governments
The Rise of al Qaeda, 1988 – present
❑ Al Qaeda, meaning “the Base” in Arabic, was an Islamic fundamentalist group
o Al Qaeda’s leader was Osama bin Laden
o By 2000 bin Laden was providing aid, training, & money to terrorist groups around the world
o Al Qaeda’s goals was to destroy Israel & end U.S. influence in the Middle East
❑ Al Qaeda attacked U.S. interests in Asia & Africa
o 1998 it bombed 2 U.S. embassies in East Africa
o In 2000 it damaged the U.S. Navy vessel USS Cole in a Yemen port on the Arabian peninsula
o On Sept. 11, 2001 it used hijacked airplanes to crash into the Pentagon & World Trade Centers in the U.S. killing 2,500 people
The War on Terrorism, 2001 – present
❑ Osama bin Laden & other al Qaeda leaders were living in Afghanistan in 2001
❑ The Afghan government was ruled by Islamic fundamentalists called the Taliban who refused to give up bin Laden after the Sept 11th attacks
o The U.S. responded to the Sept 11th attacks by attacking the Taliban in Afghanistan
▪ The U.S. military quickly defeated the Taliban & bin Laden was forced into hiding
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Africa: Post-WWII
❑ Africa’s geography
o Africa has rich deposits of minerals such as gold, copper, & diamonds & large oil reserves
o Europeans did not want to lose control of these valuable resources
❑ After WWII African nationalism as well as demands for independence increased
Ghana Independence, 1946-1957
❑ In the 1940’s Kwame Nkrumah organized an independence movement in the Gold Coast
o Nkrumah encouraged African nationalism
o He used strikes & boycotts to battle British rule
o In 1957 the Gold Coast finally won independence from Britain
o The new nation took the name Ghana after the powerful ancient West African kingdom
Kenya Independence, 1950’s
❑ In Kenya white settlers from Britain controlled Kenya’s fertile lands & passed laws to guarantee their power
❑ In the 1950’s Jomo Kenyatta was the leader of the Mau Mau, a radical Kenyan group
o Kenyatta promoted Kenyan nationalism & wanted Kenya to gain independence from Britain
o Eventually Kenyatta & the Mau Mau turned to guerrilla warfare, burning farms, & attacking white settlers
❑ To stop the violence the British killed 1000’s & arrested Kenyatta making him a national hero
❑ In 1963 Kenya gained its independence & Kenyatta became its 1st leader
Africa’s Challenges, 1970’s-present
❑ Following WWII the newly independent African nations had to build industries & transportation systems, develop their natural resources, increase literacy, & end poverty
o Unfortunately these new African nations did not have the money to fix all these problems
❑ During the late 1990’s long droughts led to severe famine in parts of Africa
o The Sahel, a semi-desert region just south of the Sahara, was hit hard by desertification
❑ Since the 1980’s, the disease AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has killed millions of Africans
o AIDS has spread rapidly across Africa
o By the early 2000’s more than 2 million Africans died of AIDS each year
o The deaths of so many skilled workers to the disease has hurt many African economies
❑ Africa has a high rate of urbanization
o This high rate of urbanization has weakened Africa’s traditional culture
❑ Urbanization, farming, & logging have destroyed 70% of Africa’s animal habitats
o This has caused many of Africa’s animals to become endangered species (threatened with extinction)
❑ Africa’s large supply of diamonds has been used by rebel groups to buy weapons to use in conflict
o These diamonds are known as “blood diamonds”
❑ In 2002, 53 African countries formed the African Union (AU)
o The AU was a regional organization which aimed to solve Africa’s economic, political, & environmental problems
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South Africa: Apartheid, 1950-1990
❑ For 350 years Europeans ruled South Africa
❑ In 1910 South Africa gained self-rule from Britain
o Whites made up only 20% of the population in South Africa, but controlled South Africa’s government & society
❑ In 1948 the South African government developed a system of racial segregation known as apartheid which aimed to separate South Africans by race
o Under apartheid citizens were registered by race: Black, White, Colored (mixed ancestry), & Asian
o Apartheid was designed to guarantee white control over South Africa
o Black citizens were forced to get permission to travel, interracial marriages were banned, & it segregated restaurants/beaches/schools
❑ The African National Congress (ANC) was the main organization that opposed apartheid & led the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa
o ANC leader Nelson Mandela organized South Africans to peacefully resist Apartheid laws
o By the 1950’s the ANC was organizing marches, boycotts, & strikes
o In 1960 police killed 69 men, women, & children who were peacefully protesting in Sharpeville, a black township in South Africa
▪ The Sharpeville incident caused the ANC & Mandela to shift from nonviolent protests to armed resistance against the white minority government
o As a result the South African government outlawed the ANC
❑ In the early 1960’s Mandela was arrested & sentenced to life in prison for treason against apartheid
o In prison Mandela remained a popular leader & a symbol of the black South Africans struggle for freedom
❑ During the 1980’s countries, including the U.S., created economic sanctions against South Africa & boycotted its products
❑ In 1990 the South African government lifted the ban on the ANC & released Mandela from prison
❑ During the 1994 South African elections every race was allowed to vote
o The people elected Nelson Mandela president
o Mandela welcomed old enemies into the government, including whites who had supported apartheid
❑ Apartheid was gone, but the gaps between blacks & whites remained large in South Africa
o Whites owned more than ¾ of the land
o Black poverty & unemployment remained high
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Human Rights Legislation, 1948-present
❑ In 1948 the UN approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
o The Universal Declaration of Human Rights stated that all people are entitled to basic human rights without regard to race, sex, religion, national origin, property, or status
o Human Rights Violations: include genocide, torture, slavery, forced starvation, ethnic cleansing, child labor, limiting women’s rights
❑ The world community has pressed countries to end human rights violations
o Ex. during the 1980’s the world pressured South Africa to end apartheid
Human Rights Violations in Africa
❑ During the Age of Imperialism European countries created boundaries for their newly created African colonies without taking note of Africa’s diverse ethnic groups
❑ After WWII the newly independent African nations were a patchwork of peoples with diverse languages & religions
o Many Africans’ loyalty was to their own ethnic groups, not their new nations
o As a result, ethnic & regional conflicts were common
Rwanda Civil War, 1990’s
❑ In the 1990’s Rwanda, in Central Africa, faced a deadly civil war between 2 rival ethnic groups:
o Hutus: the majority group in Rwanda (85%)
o Tutsis: the minority group (14%) long dominated Rwanda’s government & society
❑ Both Rwandan ethnic groups spoke the same language, but each had different traditions
❑ Tensions between the 2 ethnic groups worsened during the early 1990’s
❑ In 1994 Hutu leaders urged Hutu civilians to kill Tutsis
o Around 500,000 were slaughtered in a genocide
o 3 million of Rwanda’s 8 million people lost their homes to mob violence
❑ The international community was slow to act
❑ Eventually, UN peacekeepers & aid workers were sent in & Rwanda set about rebuilding & recovering from the genocide
❑ After Rwanda, world leaders pledged to stop any future genocide wherever it might occur
Sudan Genocide, 2000’s
❑ When Sudan became independent its Arab Muslim north dominated the non-Muslim, non-Arab south
❑ Sudan’s Arab led government passed laws that discriminated against non-Muslims
o For decades rebels in southern Sudan battled the north’s domination
❑ War, drought, & famine caused millions of deaths & forced many more to flee their homes
❑ By 2004, ethnic conflict had spread to Sudan’s western region of Darfur
o Arab militias, backed by the government, terrorized the non-Arab, non-Muslim people of Darfur, burning villages, killing, & driving 1000’s of farmers off their land & into refugee camps in what was a genocide
East Timor, 2002
❑ In 1975 East Timor (Christian) declared independence from Portugal, but was taken over by Indonesia (Muslim)
o For years the Muslim Indonesian government fought a Catholic East Timorese guerrilla force resulting in 100,000 being killed
❑ In 2002 with the aid of the UN, East Timor gained independence
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Latin America: Post-WWII
❑ Latin America includes Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, & South America
❑ From 1950 to the 1980’s economic development failed to change the social inequalities of Latin America’s countries
o The gap between the rich & poor in Latin America has widened
o A tiny elite controlled the land, businesses, & factories & opposed any reforms
o This inequality led to revolutions in some areas
❑ Latin American nations relied heavily on a single cash crop (corn, wheat) to earn money
o However, if harvests failed or if world demand for the cash crop fell, economies suffered
❑ Overpopulation in Latin America (400 million+) has led to poverty
o Much of the best farmland belongs to agribusinesses which are large farms owned by multinational corporations
o Shortages of land have driven peasants to the cities
o Today more than ½ of Latin Americans live in cities
United States & Latin America
❑ Millions have immigrated (moved) legally & illegally to the U.S. for economic opportunity
❑ The U.S. is Latin America’s most important trading partner
❑ During the Cold War the U.S. backed anti-communist dictators in Latin America
o Occasionally the U.S. sent in its military
o In 1979, Nicaragua’s communist Sandinistas gained power & gave land to the poor
▪ The U.S. President Ronald Reagan backed the Contras: guerrillas who fought the Sandinistas
▪ This led to a civil war that killed 1000’s
❑ During the 1980’s the U.S. government declared a “war on drugs”
o As a result of its “war on drugs” the U.S. pressed Latin American governments to destroy drug crops & crush drug cartels (gangs)
Guatemala Struggles
❑ From 1960 to the 1990’s rebels in Guatemala fought its military government
o Guatemala’s military responded by targeting Guatemala’s indigenous (native) population, killing 1000’s
Venezuela: 1990’s-present
❑ Oil was discovered in Venezuela during WWI & led to economic success until oil prices dropped in the 1980’s
❑ In 2002 Hugo Chavez was elected Venezuela’s president
o He used oil money to aid the poor
o Hugo Chavez became more like a dictator
o He heavily criticized the U.S.
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The Green Revolution, 1950-present
❑ In the 1950’s commercially developed seeds, pesticides, & equipment (ex. tractors) along with new farming methods were introduced to the developing world ( this event is known as the Green Revolution
o The Green Revolution increased agricultural production in developing countries like India, Brazil, & China & reduced the chance of famine
o However, only big landowners could afford these new tools & farming methods
o It led to crop prices dropping & as a result small farmers who could not make a profit sold their farms to large landowners & moved to the cities
Pollution & the Environment
❑ Industrialization & a the increasing world population increased environmental damage
❑ In the 1970’s environmentalists warned about the growing threats to the environment
o Environmentalists argued that although chemical pesticides & fertilizers increased food production, they also caused harm to the soil & water
o For example oil spills polluted waterways & killed marine life
❑ Gases from power plants & factories produced acid rain which is when toxic chemicals fall to the earth as rain
o Acid rain damaged forests, lakes, & farmland
❑ Pollution from nuclear power plants
o In 1986 a nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union exposed the environment to radiation
o In 1978 the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania had an accident
Desertification
❑ Desertification (the spreading of the desert) is a major problem, especially in the Sahel region south of the Sahara Desert in Africa
o As a result of desertification farmlands are being overtaken by deserts in Africa & China
Deforestation
❑ Deforestation, which is the cutting of trees without replacing them, affects Africa, Latin America, & Asia
o Trees are cut for new farms & industry to help developing nations modernize
o Deforestation can cause erosion (wearing away of the land) which leads to flooding
o Forest being cut down for profit is a major problem in the Amazon Basin region of Brazil, which has the world’s largest rain forest
o In Central Africa, slash & burn agriculture (burning the forest to produce fertile soil) has destroyed its rain forests
Global Warming
❑ Some fear the depletion of the Earth’s ozone layer: a layer of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that protects the Earth from the sun’s rays
o It is caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) & the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
❑ This has led to global warming: the rise of the Earth’s surface temperature over time
o It could lead to rising sea levels, changing weather patterns, & increased desertification
❑ Only world cooperation will reduce pollution
❑ In 2005 the Kyoto Treaty was signed by 140 countries to slow global warming
o The treaty aimed to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide that leads to global warming
o Developing nations refused to sign the treaty because they want to develop & industrialize without restrictions
o The U.S. refused to sign the treaty fearing it would hurt its economic growth
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Developing Nations
❑ Developed nations: include the U.S., western Europe, Japan, etc.
o Developed nations have modern industries & technology
❑ Developing nations: includes nations in Africa, Asia, & Latin America
o Developing nations have also been called the Global South or 3rd World Nations
o These nations are working to develop, & have limited resources & money to invest in industry
▪ To pay for their development many developing nations take loans from developed nations
o Many have a traditional economy
▪ A traditional economy is an economic system that relies on habit, custom, and/or tradition & tend not to change over time
▪ Most people are farmers who are self-sufficient
o They have high rates of illiteracy (cannot read)
Urbanization
❑ In the developing world African, Asian, & Latin American people have moved to cities to find jobs (urbanization)
o Urbanization has led to a breakdown of traditional values, ex. decline of caste system
o Having no money & finding few jobs newcomers to the cities often settle in slums
▪ Slums lack basic services such as running water, electricity, & sewers
▪ Parents do not make enough & need their children to work, which has led to an increase in child labor
Poverty
❑ All countries deal with scarcity which states that all resources are limited
❑ The wealth gap between developed & developing nations is growing
o Today ½ of the world’s population (3 billion+ people) live on less than $2 a day
❑ The poverty cycle: a bad diet & a lack of schools leads to disease & low standards of living, which results in children remaining poor & a repeat of the poverty cycle
Treatment of Women
❑ By the 1900’s women in developed nations gained the right to vote & had increased opportunities in society
❑ In the Middle East the status of women varies
o In Israel women fight in the military
o In Iran & Saudi Arabia women are given few rights
Natural Disasters
❑ Natural disasters range from earthquakes, floods, & tsunamis to droughts, fires, hurricanes, & volcanic eruptions
❑ They cause death & destruction & can destroy national economies
o Ex. in 2004 a tsunamis in the Indian Ocean killed 160,000 people in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, & India
Global Diseases
❑ Due to globalization millions of people are on the move
o This can lead to diseases spreading rapidly
❑ In 2002 & 2003 airplane travelers spread SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), a respiratory disease, from China to more than two dozen countries around the world
❑ Other global diseases include the avian flu (bird flu), Mad Cow Disease, West Nile Virus, influenza, & the swine flu
❑ When a disease spreads rapidly across a large area it is called an epidemic
o Ex. AIDS is an epidemic with 40 million infected people, especially in Africa & Southeast Asia & has led to decreased life expectancies in these areas
Migration
❑ People migrate (move) for better opportunities
o Ex. North Africans to France
o Ex. Latin Americans to the U.S.
❑ Others are refugees meaning they are forced to move due to poverty, war, natural disasters, or persecution
The Computer Revolution, 1970’s-present
❑ The invention of the computer in the 20th century caused an Information Revolution
❑ The 1st electronic computers built in the 1940’s were huge, slow machines
o Inventions like the silicon chip decreased the size of computers
o In the 1970’s personal computers (or PCs) became widely available for individuals
❑ In the 1970’s the U.S. government & universities linked computer systems together via cables & satellites creating the internet
o By 2000 the internet had grown to a gigantic network, linking individuals, governments, & businesses around the world
Medicine & Biotechnology
❑ Genetic research has produced new drug therapies to fight human diseases
❑ Genetic research has created new strains of fruits & vegetables resistant to diseases
❑ Genetic cloning is the creation of identical organisms from the cells of a host organism
o Cloning has brought benefits & debate
▪ Stem cell research is the use of cells in humans/animals to prevent or fine a cure for diseases
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“We are sleeping on a volcano. Do you not see that the Earth trembles anew? A wind of revolutions blows, the storm is on the horizon.”
– Alexis de Tocqueville, a liberal French leader
“The sun never sets on the British Empire.”
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” ~Winston Churchill, 1946
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