The More War, The Less State: The Inverse Relationship ...



The More War, The Less State: The Inverse Relationship between War, State Size, and “Stateness”Abstract European history has generated the most widespread narrative about state-formation: that war made the state. The hypothesis has not been confirmed outside the European region, however. I show this is not an accident: bellicist accounts are not supported by the European record either. For key European states, war was inversely related to state-formation: the more war, the less “state.” I show this in two ways. First, using new GIS data on borders, I show that the key European states had borders defined by historical accident long before the military pressures that are traditionally focused on in the literature began affecting political structures. By contrast, the more war shaped borders, the less unitary the state. War was more important in shaping composite political units, such as empires and federations. Second, microanalysis of a classic case of the impact of the Military Revolution, France, shows that war did not lead to an increase in state size nor did it consolidate the domestic institutions that make for the unitary political structures that generate a state. If these institutions wither after the incidence of war, the administrative ratchet effect attributed to war must be challenged. I conclude by specifying some effects war may be claimed to have on state-formation: it often accelerates or strengthens pre-existing rights and institutions, but does not contribute to their initial emergence.War pressures are widely viewed as affecting important political outcomes, especially variation in state and regime type. “War made the state, and the state made war,” according to the maxim Charles Tilly derived from the European experience PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgRXhjbHVkZUF1dGg9IjEiPjxBdXRob3I+VGlsbHk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh

cj4xOTc1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MjM5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PigxOTc1LCAxOTkw

KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMzk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1

YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5MSI+MjM5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkVkaXRlZCBCb29rIj4yODwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlRpbGx5LCBDaGFybGVzPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBGb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgTmF0aW9uYWwgU3RhdGVzIGlu

IFdlc3Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlN0dWRpZXMgaW4gcG9saXRp

Y2FsIGRldmVsb3BtZW50OyA4PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPkZvcm1hdGlv

biBvZiBOYXRpb25hbCBTdGF0ZXM8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aXYsIDcx

MTwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVu

dDwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTc1PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b248L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBV

bml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDY5MTA1MjE5MC4mI3hEOzA2OTEwMDc3

MjE8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkhhcnBlciBMaWJyYXJ5IEhhcnBlciBMaWIgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBj

LjMmI3hEO0hhcnBlciBMaWJyYXJ5IEhhcnBlciBMaWIgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjQmI3hEO0hhcnBl

ciBMaWJyYXJ5IEhhcnBlciBMaWIgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjUmI3hEO0pvc2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWlu

IExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBTdGFja3MgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjImI3hEO0pvc2VwaCBSZWdl

bnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBTdGFja3MgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjY8L2NhbGwtbnVt

Pjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48Y3VzdG9tNz4mI3hEOyYjeEQ7ICAgICAgICBSZWZsZWN0aW9ucyBvbiB0

aGUgaGlzdG9yeSBvZiBFdXJvcGVhbiBzdGF0ZS1tYWtpbmcgL+KAiyBieSBDaGFybGVzIFRpbGx5

JiN4RDsgICAgICAgIFN0YXRlLSBhbmQgbmF0aW9uLWJ1aWxkaW5nIGluIEV1cm9wZTogdGhlIHJv

bGUgb2YgdGhlIG1pbGl0YXJ5IC/igIsgYnkgU2FtdWVsIEUuIEZpbmVyJiN4RDsgICAgICAgIEZp

bmFuY2lhbCBwb2xpY3kgYW5kIGVjb25vbWljIGluZnJhc3RydWN0dXJlIG9mIG1vZGVybiBzdGF0

ZXMgYW5kIG5hdGlvbnMgL+KAiyBieSBHYWJyaWVsIEFyZGFudCYjeEQ7ICAgICAgICBUYXhhdGlv

biwgc29jaW9wb2xpdGljYWwgc3RydWN0dXJlLCBhbmQgc3RhdGUtYnVpbGRpbmc6IEdyZWF0IEJy

aXRhaW4gYW5kIEJyYWRlbmJ1cmctUHJ1c3NpYSAv4oCLIGJ5IFJ1ZG9sZiBCcmF1biYjeEQ7ICAg

ICAgICBUaGUgcG9saWNlIGFuZCBwb2xpdGljYWwgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgaW4gRXVyb3BlIC/igIsg

YnkgRGF2aWQgSC4gQmF5bGV5JiN4RDsgICAgICAgIEZvb2Qgc3VwcGx5IGFuZCBwdWJsaWMgb3Jk

ZXIgaW4gbW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZSAv4oCLIGJ5IENoYXJsZXMgVGlsbHkmI3hEOyAgICAgICAgVGhl

IHJlY3J1aXRtZW50IGFuZCB0cmFpbmluZyBvZiBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGl2ZSBhbmQgdGVjaG5pY2Fs

IHBlcnNvbm5lbCAv4oCLIGJ5IFdvbGZyYW0gRmlzY2hlciBhbmQgUGV0ZXIgTHVuZGdyZWVuJiN4

RDsgICAgICAgIERpbWVuc2lvbnMgb2Ygc3RhdGUgZm9ybWF0aW9uIGFuZCBuYXRpb24tYnVpbGRp

bmc6IGEgcG9zc2libGUgcGFyYWRpZ20gZm9yIHJlc2VhcmNoIG9uIHZhcmlhdGlvbnMgd2l0aGlu

IEV1cm9wZSAv4oCLIGJ5IFN0ZWluIFJva2thbiYjeEQ7ICAgICAgICBXZXN0ZXJuIHN0YXRlLW1h

a2luZyBhbmQgdGhlb3JpZXMgb2YgcG9saXRpY2FsIHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uIC/igIsgYnkgQ2hh

cmxlcyBUaWxseS4mI3hEOyYjeEQ7PC9jdXN0b203PjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0

aG9yPlRpbGx5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjc5PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJl

Y29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij43OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29r

Ij42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VGlsbHksIENoYXJs

ZXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Q29lcmNp

b24sIENhcGl0YWwsIGFuZCBFdXJvcGVhbiBTdGF0ZXMsIEFkIDk5MC0xOTkwPC90aXRsZT48L3Rp

dGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJp

ZGdlLCBNYXNzLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Qi4gQmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJsaXNo

ZXI+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgRXhjbHVkZUF1dGg9IjEiPjxBdXRob3I+VGlsbHk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh

cj4xOTc1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MjM5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PigxOTc1LCAxOTkw

KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMzk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1

YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5MSI+MjM5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkVkaXRlZCBCb29rIj4yODwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlRpbGx5LCBDaGFybGVzPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBGb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgTmF0aW9uYWwgU3RhdGVzIGlu

IFdlc3Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlN0dWRpZXMgaW4gcG9saXRp

Y2FsIGRldmVsb3BtZW50OyA4PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPkZvcm1hdGlv

biBvZiBOYXRpb25hbCBTdGF0ZXM8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aXYsIDcx

MTwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVu

dDwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTc1PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b248L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBV

bml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDY5MTA1MjE5MC4mI3hEOzA2OTEwMDc3

MjE8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkhhcnBlciBMaWJyYXJ5IEhhcnBlciBMaWIgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBj

LjMmI3hEO0hhcnBlciBMaWJyYXJ5IEhhcnBlciBMaWIgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjQmI3hEO0hhcnBl

ciBMaWJyYXJ5IEhhcnBlciBMaWIgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjUmI3hEO0pvc2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWlu

IExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBTdGFja3MgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjImI3hEO0pvc2VwaCBSZWdl

bnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBTdGFja3MgSk45NC5BMkY3MiBjLjY8L2NhbGwtbnVt

Pjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48Y3VzdG9tNz4mI3hEOyYjeEQ7ICAgICAgICBSZWZsZWN0aW9ucyBvbiB0

aGUgaGlzdG9yeSBvZiBFdXJvcGVhbiBzdGF0ZS1tYWtpbmcgL+KAiyBieSBDaGFybGVzIFRpbGx5

JiN4RDsgICAgICAgIFN0YXRlLSBhbmQgbmF0aW9uLWJ1aWxkaW5nIGluIEV1cm9wZTogdGhlIHJv

bGUgb2YgdGhlIG1pbGl0YXJ5IC/igIsgYnkgU2FtdWVsIEUuIEZpbmVyJiN4RDsgICAgICAgIEZp

bmFuY2lhbCBwb2xpY3kgYW5kIGVjb25vbWljIGluZnJhc3RydWN0dXJlIG9mIG1vZGVybiBzdGF0

ZXMgYW5kIG5hdGlvbnMgL+KAiyBieSBHYWJyaWVsIEFyZGFudCYjeEQ7ICAgICAgICBUYXhhdGlv

biwgc29jaW9wb2xpdGljYWwgc3RydWN0dXJlLCBhbmQgc3RhdGUtYnVpbGRpbmc6IEdyZWF0IEJy

aXRhaW4gYW5kIEJyYWRlbmJ1cmctUHJ1c3NpYSAv4oCLIGJ5IFJ1ZG9sZiBCcmF1biYjeEQ7ICAg

ICAgICBUaGUgcG9saWNlIGFuZCBwb2xpdGljYWwgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgaW4gRXVyb3BlIC/igIsg

YnkgRGF2aWQgSC4gQmF5bGV5JiN4RDsgICAgICAgIEZvb2Qgc3VwcGx5IGFuZCBwdWJsaWMgb3Jk

ZXIgaW4gbW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZSAv4oCLIGJ5IENoYXJsZXMgVGlsbHkmI3hEOyAgICAgICAgVGhl

IHJlY3J1aXRtZW50IGFuZCB0cmFpbmluZyBvZiBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGl2ZSBhbmQgdGVjaG5pY2Fs

IHBlcnNvbm5lbCAv4oCLIGJ5IFdvbGZyYW0gRmlzY2hlciBhbmQgUGV0ZXIgTHVuZGdyZWVuJiN4

RDsgICAgICAgIERpbWVuc2lvbnMgb2Ygc3RhdGUgZm9ybWF0aW9uIGFuZCBuYXRpb24tYnVpbGRp

bmc6IGEgcG9zc2libGUgcGFyYWRpZ20gZm9yIHJlc2VhcmNoIG9uIHZhcmlhdGlvbnMgd2l0aGlu

IEV1cm9wZSAv4oCLIGJ5IFN0ZWluIFJva2thbiYjeEQ7ICAgICAgICBXZXN0ZXJuIHN0YXRlLW1h

a2luZyBhbmQgdGhlb3JpZXMgb2YgcG9saXRpY2FsIHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uIC/igIsgYnkgQ2hh

cmxlcyBUaWxseS4mI3hEOyYjeEQ7PC9jdXN0b203PjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0

aG9yPlRpbGx5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjc5PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJl

Y29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij43OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29r

Ij42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VGlsbHksIENoYXJs

ZXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Q29lcmNp

b24sIENhcGl0YWwsIGFuZCBFdXJvcGVhbiBTdGF0ZXMsIEFkIDk5MC0xOTkwPC90aXRsZT48L3Rp

dGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJp

ZGdlLCBNYXNzLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Qi4gQmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJsaXNo

ZXI+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (1975, 1990). The insight was expanded in the seminal work of Michael Mann ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Mann</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>704</RecNum><DisplayText>(1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>704</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1285013333">704</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mann, Michael</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Sources of Social Power</title></titles><volume>I: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760</volume><keywords><keyword>Social history</keyword><keyword>Power (Social sciences)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0521308518 (v. 1)&#xD;052131349X (pbk. v. 1)</isbn><call-num>Harper Library Harper Lib HN8.M280 1986 c.2&#xD;Joseph Regenstein Library Regenstein Stacks HN8.M280 1986 c.1</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1986). The European precedent has had wide-ranging theoretical implications. The process of warfare is claimed to have increased the financial size of the state, measured through tax extraction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ames</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>790</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ames and Rapp 1977; Kiser and Linton 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>790</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1289178251">790</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ames,Edward</author><author>Rapp,Richard T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Birth and Death of Taxes: A Hypothesis</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Economic History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Economic History</full-title></periodical><pages>161-178</pages><volume>37</volume><number>01</number><dates><year>1977</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge Journals Online</publisher><isbn>0022-0507</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1289773664">855</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kiser, Edgar</author><author>Linton, April</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Determinants of the Growth of the State: War and Taxation in Early Modern France and England</title><secondary-title>Social Forces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Forces</full-title></periodical><pages>411-448</pages><volume>80</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><publisher>University of North Carolina Press</publisher><isbn>00377732</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ames and Rapp 1977; Kiser and Linton 2001). Warfare has also informed the analysis of contemporary state-formation in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+Nzk4PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihIZXJic3QgMTk5MDsgSGV5ZGVtYW5uIDIw

MDA7IENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMjsgVGhpZXMgMjAwNSwgMjAwNDsgSHVpIDIwMDU7IEJhdGVzIDIwMTA7

IFNsYXRlciAyMDEwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTg8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVk

dnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE3OTU1NyI+Nzk4PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBl

Pjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3QsIEplZmZyZXkgSXJhPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPldhciBhbmQgdGhlIFN0

YXRlIGluIEFmcmljYTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIFNlY3Vy

aXR5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50

ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTZWN1cml0eTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjExNy0x

Mzk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MTQ8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHll

YXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+VGhlIE1JVCBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjAxNjIyODg5PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3

LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFibGUvMjUzODc1MzwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3Jl

Y29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXlkZW1hbm48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9Z

ZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzQwNTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzQwNTwvcmVjLW51

bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2

dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzMxMTgyODU2Ij4zNDA1PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IZXlkZW1hbm4sIFN0ZXZlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIsIGluc3RpdHV0aW9ucywgYW5kIHNvY2lh

bCBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIE1pZGRsZSBFYXN0PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+

MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48

cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgQ2FsaWZvcm5pYSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2Ju

PjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPjA1MjAyMjQy

MTMgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDswNTIwMjI0MjIxIChwYmsuPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0i

bm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJu

b3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9zdHlsZT48L2lz

Ym4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkNlbnRlbm88L0F1

dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i

ZXI+NjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3

dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij42

PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5DZW50ZW5vLCBNaWd1ZWwgQW5nZWw8L2F1dGhv

cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5v

cm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+Qmxvb2QgYW5kIGRlYnQ8L3N0eWxlPjxz

dHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0

eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+d2FyIGFuZCB0aGUg

bmF0aW9uLXN0YXRlIGluIExhdGluIEFtZXJpY2E8L3N0eWxlPjwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBh

Z2VzPnhpdiwgMzI5IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBI

aXN0b3J5LCBNaWxpdGFyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBQb2xpdGlj

cyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBNaWxpdGFy

eSBwb2xpY3kuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhciBhbmQgc29jaWV0eSBMYXRpbiBBbWVyaWNh

Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgd2FyLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAyPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5

IFBhcmssIFBhLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UGVubnN5bHZhbmlhIFN0YXRlIFVu

aXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMjcxMDIxNjU5IChjbG90aCBhbGsuIHBh

cGVyKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMjQ3Mzg3NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1u

dW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgRjE0MTAuNTsgLkM0

NiAyMDAyJiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNU

T1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEYxNDEwLjU7IC5DNDYgMjAwMjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwv

cmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlRoaWVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVh

cj48UmVjTnVtPjc4ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+Nzg4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVy

Pjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAy

NXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODkxNzgwNzMiPjc4ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VGhpZXMsIENhbWVyb24gRy48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2FyLCBSaXZhbHJ5LCBhbmQgU3Rh

dGUgQnVpbGRpbmcgaW4gTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5BbWVy

aWNhbiBKb3VybmFsIG9mIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBTY2llbmNlPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QW1lcmljYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBQb2xpdGljYWwg

U2NpZW5jZTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjQ1MS00NjU8L3BhZ2VzPjx2

b2x1bWU+NDk8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNTwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsIFB1Ymxpc2hpbmcsIEluYy48L3B1Ymxpc2hl

cj48aXNibj4xNTQwLTU5MDc8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly9k

eC5kb2kub3JnLzEwLjExMTEvai4xNTQwLTU5MDcuMjAwNS4wMDEzNC54PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVk

LXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMTExL2ouMTU0MC01OTA3

LjIwMDUuMDAxMzQueDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxD

aXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VGhpZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+Nzg5PC9S

ZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43ODk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE3ODA5MyI+Nzg5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl

IG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5UaGllcywgQ2FtZXJvbiBHLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TdGF0ZSBCdWlsZGluZywgSW50ZXJzdGF0ZSBhbmQgSW50cmFz

dGF0ZSBSaXZhbHJ5OiBBIFN0dWR5IG9mIFBvc3QtQ29sb25pYWwgRGV2ZWxvcGluZyBDb3VudHJ5

IEV4dHJhY3RpdmUgRWZmb3J0cywgMTk3NeKAkzIwMDA8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTdHVkaWVzIFF1YXJ0ZXJseTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

PjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU3R1ZGllcyBRdWFydGVybHk8

L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41My03MjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT40ODwv

dm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+

PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5CbGFja3dlbGwgUHVibGlzaGluZzwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjE0NjgtMjQ3

ODwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTEx

MS9qLjAwMjAtODgzMy4yMDA0LjAwMjkxLng8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVs

ZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4wMDIwLTg4MzMuMjAwNC4wMDI5MS54PC9l

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWk8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTI3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTI3NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt

aWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjk4

ODQ3MTIwIj4xMjc0PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8

L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IdWksIFZpY3RvcmlhIFRp

bi1ib3I8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2Fy

IGFuZCBzdGF0ZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gYW5jaWVudCBDaGluYSBhbmQgZWFybHkgbW9kZXJuIEV1

cm9wZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpdiwgMjk0IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+

PGtleXdvcmQ+V29ybGQgcG9saXRpY3MuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNoaW5hIFBvbGl0aWNz

IGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IFRvIDIyMSBCLkMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xp

dGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3RhdGUsIFRoZS48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2FyLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA1PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNo

ZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj45NzgwNTIxODE5

NzI1IChoYmsuKSYjeEQ7MDUyMTgxOTcyNSAoaGJrLikmI3hEOzk3ODA1MjE1MjU3NjMgKHBiay4p

JiN4RDswNTIxNTI1NzY0IChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMzc1NzMxOTwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcg

Um9vbXMgRDMyOyAuSDg1IDIwMDU8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5o

dHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9lY2lwMDUyLzIwMDQwMjQ5ODkuaHRtbDwvdXJs

Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkwNjMyLzIwMDQw

MjQ5ODktZC5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2Vt

ZW50cy9meTA3MzIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS1iLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+QmF0ZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9Z

ZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzM3PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43Mzc8L3JlYy1udW1i

ZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZo

cDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4ODU3MDI1MCI+NzM3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5CYXRlcywgUm9iZXJ0IEguPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1

bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlByb3NwZXJpdHkgYW5kIHZpb2xlbmNlPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRoZSBwb2xpdGljYWwgZWNvbm9t

eSBvZiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudDwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBOb3J0

b24gc2VyaWVzIGluIHdvcmxkIHBvbGl0aWNzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBh

Z2VzPnh2aWksIDEyNCBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGVkaXRpb24+Mm5kPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48

a2V5d29yZD5FY29ub21pYyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFsIHBv

bGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VmlvbGVuY2UuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRh

dGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk5ldyBZb3JrPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5XLlcuIE5vcnRvbjwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODAzOTM5

MzM4MzMgKHBiay4pJiN4RDswMzkzOTMzODMwIChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4x

NTczNDM4NzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxk

aW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSEQ4MjsgLkIzMjU3IDIwMTAmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFt

cyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSEQ4MjsgLkIzMjU3IDIw

MTA8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5T

bGF0ZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTI4NTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTI4NTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxMjk4ODUzNDIwIj4xMjg1PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJv

b2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5TbGF0ZXIsIERh

bjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUg

ZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5PcmRlcmluZyBwb3dlcjwv

c3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9z

dHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5jb250

ZW50aW91cyBwb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgYXV0aG9yaXRhcmlhbiBsZXZpYXRoYW5zIGluIFNvdXRoZWFz

dCBBc2lhPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIHN0dWRpZXMg

aW4gY29tcGFyYXRpdmUgcG9saXRpY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+

eHZpaWksIDMxOSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkF1dGhvcml0YXJpYW5pc20g

U291dGhlYXN0IEFzaWEuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNvdXRoZWFzdCBBc2lhIFBvbGl0aWNz

IGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDIxc3QgY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+

PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9j

YXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxp

c2JuPjk3ODA1MjExOTA0MTEmI3hEOzA1MjExOTA0MVgmI3hEOzk3ODA1MjExNjU0NTcgKHBiay4p

JiN4RDswNTIxMTY1NDU4IChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xNjE2MjY3ODwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcg

Um9vbXMgSlE3NTAuQTU4OyBTNTMgMjAxMDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48

dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTAwNy8yMDEwMDEz

NTY5LWIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVu

dHMvZnkxMDA3LzIwMTAwMTM1NjktZC5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3Yv

Y2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTEwMDcvMjAxMDAxMzU2OS10Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0

ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+Nzk4PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihIZXJic3QgMTk5MDsgSGV5ZGVtYW5uIDIw

MDA7IENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMjsgVGhpZXMgMjAwNSwgMjAwNDsgSHVpIDIwMDU7IEJhdGVzIDIwMTA7

IFNsYXRlciAyMDEwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTg8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVk

dnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE3OTU1NyI+Nzk4PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBl

Pjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3QsIEplZmZyZXkgSXJhPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPldhciBhbmQgdGhlIFN0

YXRlIGluIEFmcmljYTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIFNlY3Vy

aXR5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50

ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTZWN1cml0eTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjExNy0x

Mzk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MTQ8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHll

YXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+VGhlIE1JVCBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjAxNjIyODg5PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3

LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFibGUvMjUzODc1MzwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3Jl

Y29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXlkZW1hbm48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9Z

ZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzQwNTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzQwNTwvcmVjLW51

bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2

dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzMxMTgyODU2Ij4zNDA1PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IZXlkZW1hbm4sIFN0ZXZlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIsIGluc3RpdHV0aW9ucywgYW5kIHNvY2lh

bCBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIE1pZGRsZSBFYXN0PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+

MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48

cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgQ2FsaWZvcm5pYSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2Ju

PjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPjA1MjAyMjQy

MTMgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDswNTIwMjI0MjIxIChwYmsuPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0i

bm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJu

b3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9zdHlsZT48L2lz

Ym4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkNlbnRlbm88L0F1

dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i

ZXI+NjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3

dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij42

PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5DZW50ZW5vLCBNaWd1ZWwgQW5nZWw8L2F1dGhv

cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5v

cm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+Qmxvb2QgYW5kIGRlYnQ8L3N0eWxlPjxz

dHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0

eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+d2FyIGFuZCB0aGUg

bmF0aW9uLXN0YXRlIGluIExhdGluIEFtZXJpY2E8L3N0eWxlPjwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBh

Z2VzPnhpdiwgMzI5IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBI

aXN0b3J5LCBNaWxpdGFyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBQb2xpdGlj

cyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBNaWxpdGFy

eSBwb2xpY3kuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhciBhbmQgc29jaWV0eSBMYXRpbiBBbWVyaWNh

Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgd2FyLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAyPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5

IFBhcmssIFBhLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UGVubnN5bHZhbmlhIFN0YXRlIFVu

aXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMjcxMDIxNjU5IChjbG90aCBhbGsuIHBh

cGVyKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMjQ3Mzg3NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1u

dW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgRjE0MTAuNTsgLkM0

NiAyMDAyJiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNU

T1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEYxNDEwLjU7IC5DNDYgMjAwMjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwv

cmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlRoaWVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVh

cj48UmVjTnVtPjc4ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+Nzg4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVy

Pjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAy

NXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODkxNzgwNzMiPjc4ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VGhpZXMsIENhbWVyb24gRy48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2FyLCBSaXZhbHJ5LCBhbmQgU3Rh

dGUgQnVpbGRpbmcgaW4gTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5BbWVy

aWNhbiBKb3VybmFsIG9mIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBTY2llbmNlPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QW1lcmljYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBQb2xpdGljYWwg

U2NpZW5jZTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjQ1MS00NjU8L3BhZ2VzPjx2

b2x1bWU+NDk8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNTwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsIFB1Ymxpc2hpbmcsIEluYy48L3B1Ymxpc2hl

cj48aXNibj4xNTQwLTU5MDc8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly9k

eC5kb2kub3JnLzEwLjExMTEvai4xNTQwLTU5MDcuMjAwNS4wMDEzNC54PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVk

LXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMTExL2ouMTU0MC01OTA3

LjIwMDUuMDAxMzQueDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxD

aXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VGhpZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+Nzg5PC9S

ZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43ODk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE3ODA5MyI+Nzg5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl

IG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5UaGllcywgQ2FtZXJvbiBHLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TdGF0ZSBCdWlsZGluZywgSW50ZXJzdGF0ZSBhbmQgSW50cmFz

dGF0ZSBSaXZhbHJ5OiBBIFN0dWR5IG9mIFBvc3QtQ29sb25pYWwgRGV2ZWxvcGluZyBDb3VudHJ5

IEV4dHJhY3RpdmUgRWZmb3J0cywgMTk3NeKAkzIwMDA8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTdHVkaWVzIFF1YXJ0ZXJseTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

PjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU3R1ZGllcyBRdWFydGVybHk8

L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41My03MjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT40ODwv

dm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+

PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5CbGFja3dlbGwgUHVibGlzaGluZzwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjE0NjgtMjQ3

ODwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTEx

MS9qLjAwMjAtODgzMy4yMDA0LjAwMjkxLng8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVs

ZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4wMDIwLTg4MzMuMjAwNC4wMDI5MS54PC9l

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWk8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTI3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTI3NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt

aWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjk4

ODQ3MTIwIj4xMjc0PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8

L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IdWksIFZpY3RvcmlhIFRp

bi1ib3I8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2Fy

IGFuZCBzdGF0ZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gYW5jaWVudCBDaGluYSBhbmQgZWFybHkgbW9kZXJuIEV1

cm9wZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpdiwgMjk0IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+

PGtleXdvcmQ+V29ybGQgcG9saXRpY3MuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNoaW5hIFBvbGl0aWNz

IGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IFRvIDIyMSBCLkMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xp

dGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3RhdGUsIFRoZS48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2FyLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA1PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNo

ZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj45NzgwNTIxODE5

NzI1IChoYmsuKSYjeEQ7MDUyMTgxOTcyNSAoaGJrLikmI3hEOzk3ODA1MjE1MjU3NjMgKHBiay4p

JiN4RDswNTIxNTI1NzY0IChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMzc1NzMxOTwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcg

Um9vbXMgRDMyOyAuSDg1IDIwMDU8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5o

dHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9lY2lwMDUyLzIwMDQwMjQ5ODkuaHRtbDwvdXJs

Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkwNjMyLzIwMDQw

MjQ5ODktZC5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2Vt

ZW50cy9meTA3MzIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS1iLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+QmF0ZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9Z

ZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzM3PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43Mzc8L3JlYy1udW1i

ZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZo

cDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4ODU3MDI1MCI+NzM3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5CYXRlcywgUm9iZXJ0IEguPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1

bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlByb3NwZXJpdHkgYW5kIHZpb2xlbmNlPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRoZSBwb2xpdGljYWwgZWNvbm9t

eSBvZiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudDwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBOb3J0

b24gc2VyaWVzIGluIHdvcmxkIHBvbGl0aWNzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBh

Z2VzPnh2aWksIDEyNCBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGVkaXRpb24+Mm5kPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48

a2V5d29yZD5FY29ub21pYyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFsIHBv

bGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VmlvbGVuY2UuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRh

dGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk5ldyBZb3JrPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5XLlcuIE5vcnRvbjwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODAzOTM5

MzM4MzMgKHBiay4pJiN4RDswMzkzOTMzODMwIChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4x

NTczNDM4NzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxk

aW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSEQ4MjsgLkIzMjU3IDIwMTAmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFt

cyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSEQ4MjsgLkIzMjU3IDIw

MTA8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5T

bGF0ZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTI4NTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTI4NTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxMjk4ODUzNDIwIj4xMjg1PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJv

b2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5TbGF0ZXIsIERh

bjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUg

ZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5PcmRlcmluZyBwb3dlcjwv

c3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9z

dHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5jb250

ZW50aW91cyBwb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgYXV0aG9yaXRhcmlhbiBsZXZpYXRoYW5zIGluIFNvdXRoZWFz

dCBBc2lhPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIHN0dWRpZXMg

aW4gY29tcGFyYXRpdmUgcG9saXRpY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+

eHZpaWksIDMxOSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkF1dGhvcml0YXJpYW5pc20g

U291dGhlYXN0IEFzaWEuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNvdXRoZWFzdCBBc2lhIFBvbGl0aWNz

IGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDIxc3QgY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+

PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9j

YXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxp

c2JuPjk3ODA1MjExOTA0MTEmI3hEOzA1MjExOTA0MVgmI3hEOzk3ODA1MjExNjU0NTcgKHBiay4p

JiN4RDswNTIxMTY1NDU4IChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xNjE2MjY3ODwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcg

Um9vbXMgSlE3NTAuQTU4OyBTNTMgMjAxMDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48

dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTAwNy8yMDEwMDEz

NTY5LWIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVu

dHMvZnkxMDA3LzIwMTAwMTM1NjktZC5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3Yv

Y2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTEwMDcvMjAxMDAxMzU2OS10Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0

ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Herbst 1990; Heydemann 2000; Centeno 2002; Thies 2005, 2004; Hui 2005; Bates 2010; Slater 2010). Economists and economic historians are also increasingly exploring the relationship PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjg1ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSG9mZm1hbiBhbmQgUm9zZW50aGFsIDE5

OTc7IEhvZmZtYW4gMjAxMiwgMjAxNTsgQmVzbGV5IGFuZCBQZXJzc29uIDIwMDgsIDIwMTE7IERp

bmNlY2NvIDIwMTE7IERpbmNlY2NvIGV0IGFsLiAyMDExOyBHZW5uYWlvbGkgYW5kIFZvdGggMjAx

MSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODU4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODk3NzcxNDMiPjg1ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuLCBQaGlsaXAgVC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJvc2Vu

dGhhbCwgSmVhbi1MYXVyZW50PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPkRyb2JhaywgSm9obiBOLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TnllLCBKb2huIFYuIEMuPC9h

dXRob3I+PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5U

aGUgUG9saXRpY2FsIEVjb25vbXkgb2YgV2FyZmFyZSBhbmQgVGF4YXRpb24gaW4gRWFybHkgTW9k

ZXJuIEV1cm9wZTogSGlzdG9yaWNhbCBMZXNzb25zIGZvciBFY29ub21pYyBEZXZlbG9wbWVudDwv

dGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgZnJvbnRpZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBuZXcgaW5zdGl0dXRp

b25hbCBlY29ub21pY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+MzEtNTU8L3Bh

Z2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIGVjb25vbWljcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

U2FuIERpZWdvPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5BY2FkZW1pYyBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlz

aGVyPjxpc2JuPjAxMjIyMjI0MDcgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5

NDU0NDg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGlu

ZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEhCOTkuNTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMg

QnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEhCOTkuNTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3

PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2Nh

dGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9lbHMwMzIvOTYwMzU4OTIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3

dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvZWxzMDMyLzk2MDM1ODkyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+SG9mZm1hbjwvQXV0aG9y

PjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT45OTI3PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJl

cj45OTI3PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2

cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjE0MTgwMTEyMjMi

Pjk5Mjc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xl

Ij4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkhvZmZtYW4sIFBo

aWxpcCBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5X

aHkgV2FzIEl0IEV1cm9wZWFucyBXaG8gQ29ucXVlcmVkIHRoZSBXb3JsZD88L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNv

bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+VGhlIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgRWNvbm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25v

bWljIEhpc3Rvcnk8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz42MDEtNjMzPC9wYWdl

cz48dm9sdW1lPjcyPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4wMzwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEy

PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTQ3MS02MzcyPC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMDE3L1MwMDIyMDUwNzEyMDAwMzE5PC91cmw+PC9y

ZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT5kb2k6MTAuMTAxNy9T

MDAyMjA1MDcxMjAwMDMxOTwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PGFjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjIw

MTI8L2FjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkhvZmZtYW48L0F1

dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MjAyNzc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjIwMjc3PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjE0OTEx

OTI0NzkiPjIwMjc3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8

L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuLCBQaGlsaXAg

VC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2h5IGRp

ZCBFdXJvcGUgY29ucXVlciB0aGUgd29ybGQ/PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBQ

cmluY2V0b24gZWNvbm9taWMgaGlzdG9yeSBvZiB0aGUgV2VzdGVybiB3b3JsZDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4yNzIgcGFnZXM8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5CYWxhbmNlIG9mIHBvd2VyLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgRm9yZWlnbiByZWxh

dGlvbnMgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IHBvbGljeS48

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGVjaG5vbG9neSBhbmQgc3RhdGUgRXVyb3BlIEhpc3RvcnkuPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxv

Y2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj45NzgwNjkxMTM5NzA4IChoYXJkY292ZXIgYWxr

LiBwYXBlcik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTgzNzkzODI8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNh

bGwtbnVtPkQyMTcgLkg1OTYgMjAxNTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051

bT41MTExPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41MTExPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzQzNTQyNTMiPjUxMTE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleSwgVGltb3RoeTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGVy

c3NvbiwgVG9yc3RlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0

aXRsZT5XQVJTIEFORCBTVEFURSBDQVBBQ0lUWTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Kb3Vy

bmFsIG9mIHRoZSBFdXJvcGVhbiBFY29ub21pYyBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEV1cm9wZWFu

IEVjb25vbWljIEFzc29jaWF0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NTIy

LTUzMDwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yLTM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+

PHllYXI+MjAwODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsIFB1Ymxpc2hpbmcg

THRkPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MTU0Mi00Nzc0PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMTYyL0pFRUEuMjAwOC42LjItMy41MjI8L3VybD48

L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExNjIvamVl

YS4yMDA4LjYuMi0zLjUyMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRl

PjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+QmVzbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjc5

MDM8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjc5MDM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24t

a2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhm

d3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQxODAxMTIyMiI+NzkwMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxy

ZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+QmVzbGV5LCBUaW1vdGh5PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QZXJzc29uLCBUb3JzdGVuPC9h

dXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlBpbGxhcnMgb2YgcHJvc3Blcml0

eTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj50

aGUgcG9saXRpY2FsIGVjb25vbWljcyBvZiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBjbHVzdGVyczwvc3R5bGU+PC90

aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBZcmpvzIggSmFobnNzb24gbGVjdHVyZXM8L3NlY29u

ZGFyeS10aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+UGlsbGFycyBvZiBwcm9zcGVyaXR5PC9zaG9ydC10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAzNzUgcC4gOjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkVjb25vbWljIHBvbGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RWNvbm9taWMgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQu

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJ1c2luZXNzIGluY3ViYXRvcnMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRv

bjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1

Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIx

MDAlIj45NzgwNjkxMTUyNjg0IChoYXJkY292ZXI8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIg

Zm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+YWxrLiBwYXBlcikgMDY5MTE1MjY4MyA5NzgwNjkx

MTU4MTUwIChwYmspIDA2OTExNTgxNTAgKHBiayk8L3N0eWxlPjwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51

bT5IRDg3IC5CNDY0IDIwMTE8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkhEODcgLkI0NjQgMjAx

MTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly9jYXRkaXIubG9jLmdv

di9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTIwMS8yMDExMDE2MDgwLWIuaHRtbGh0dHA6Ly9jYXRk

aXIubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTIwMS8yMDExMDE2MDgwLWQuaHRtbGh0

dHA6Ly9jYXRkaXIubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTIwMS8yMDExMDE2MDgw

LXQuaHRtbGh0dHA6Ly9idmJyLmJpYi1idmIuZGU6ODk5MS9GP2Z1bmM9c2VydmljZWV0ZG9jX2xp

YnJhcnk9QlZCMDFldGRvY19udW1iZXI9MDI0NDM1NDgwZXRsaW5lX251bWJlcj0wMDAxZXRmdW5j

X2NvZGU9REJfUkVDT1JEU2V0c2VydmljZV90eXBlPU1FRElBPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRpbmNlY2NvPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

YXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjUzMDE8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjUz

MDE8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3Rw

MGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMzNjk3MzM5MiI+NTMw

MTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RGluY2VjY28sIE1hcms8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UG9saXRpY2FsIHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0

aW9ucyBhbmQgcHVibGljIGZpbmFuY2VzOiBFdXJvcGUsIDE2NTAtMTkxMzwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJyaWRn

ZTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1

Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj45NzgwNTIxMTkyMzMwIChoYmsuKSYjeEQ7MDUyMTE5MjMzMSAoaGJrLik8

L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRpbmNlY2Nv

PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjM1MDY8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxy

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjM1MDY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRi

LWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMz

MzU4NDA5MCI+MzUwNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFs

IEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RGlu

Y2VjY28sIE1hcms8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZlZGVyaWNvLCBHaW92YW5uaTwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+VmluZGlnbmksIEFuZHJlYTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXJmYXJlLCBUYXhhdGlvbiwgYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBDaGFuZ2U6IEV2

aWRlbmNlIGZyb20gdGhlIEl0YWxpYW4gUmlzb3JnaW1lbnRvPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25vbWljIEhpc3Rvcnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3Rp

dGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21pYyBIaXN0

b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+ODg3LTkxNDwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVt

ZT43MTwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MDQ8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMTwveWVhcj48

L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIEpvdXJuYWxzIE9ubGluZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxp

c2JuPjAwMjItMDUwNzwvaXNibj48bGFiZWw+V2FyPC9sYWJlbD48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNy9TMDAyMjA1MDcxMTAwMjE4WDwvdXJsPjwv

cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+ZG9pOjEwLjEwMTcv

UzAwMjIwNTA3MTEwMDIxOFg8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4y

MDExPC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HZW5uYWlvbGk8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+OTMxOTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+OTMxOTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt

aWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDE4

MDExMjIzIj45MzE5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkdlbmVyaWMi

PjEzPC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Tmljb2xhIEdlbm5h

aW9saTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Vm90aCwgSGFucy1Kb2FjaGltPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3Jz

PjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlN0YXRlIENhcGFjaXR5IGFuZCBNaWxpdGFy

eSBDb25mbGljdDwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRl

cz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkF2YWlsYWJsZSBhdCBTU1JOOiBodHRwOi8vc3Nybi5jb20vYWJzdHJh

Y3Q9MTk2MTYxOTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9F

bmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjg1ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSG9mZm1hbiBhbmQgUm9zZW50aGFsIDE5

OTc7IEhvZmZtYW4gMjAxMiwgMjAxNTsgQmVzbGV5IGFuZCBQZXJzc29uIDIwMDgsIDIwMTE7IERp

bmNlY2NvIDIwMTE7IERpbmNlY2NvIGV0IGFsLiAyMDExOyBHZW5uYWlvbGkgYW5kIFZvdGggMjAx

MSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODU4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODk3NzcxNDMiPjg1ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuLCBQaGlsaXAgVC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJvc2Vu

dGhhbCwgSmVhbi1MYXVyZW50PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPkRyb2JhaywgSm9obiBOLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TnllLCBKb2huIFYuIEMuPC9h

dXRob3I+PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5U

aGUgUG9saXRpY2FsIEVjb25vbXkgb2YgV2FyZmFyZSBhbmQgVGF4YXRpb24gaW4gRWFybHkgTW9k

ZXJuIEV1cm9wZTogSGlzdG9yaWNhbCBMZXNzb25zIGZvciBFY29ub21pYyBEZXZlbG9wbWVudDwv

dGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgZnJvbnRpZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBuZXcgaW5zdGl0dXRp

b25hbCBlY29ub21pY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+MzEtNTU8L3Bh

Z2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIGVjb25vbWljcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

U2FuIERpZWdvPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5BY2FkZW1pYyBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlz

aGVyPjxpc2JuPjAxMjIyMjI0MDcgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5

NDU0NDg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGlu

ZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEhCOTkuNTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMg

QnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEhCOTkuNTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3

PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2Nh

dGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9lbHMwMzIvOTYwMzU4OTIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3

dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvZWxzMDMyLzk2MDM1ODkyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+SG9mZm1hbjwvQXV0aG9y

PjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT45OTI3PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJl

cj45OTI3PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2

cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjE0MTgwMTEyMjMi

Pjk5Mjc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xl

Ij4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkhvZmZtYW4sIFBo

aWxpcCBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5X

aHkgV2FzIEl0IEV1cm9wZWFucyBXaG8gQ29ucXVlcmVkIHRoZSBXb3JsZD88L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNv

bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+VGhlIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgRWNvbm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25v

bWljIEhpc3Rvcnk8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz42MDEtNjMzPC9wYWdl

cz48dm9sdW1lPjcyPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4wMzwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEy

PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTQ3MS02MzcyPC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMDE3L1MwMDIyMDUwNzEyMDAwMzE5PC91cmw+PC9y

ZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT5kb2k6MTAuMTAxNy9T

MDAyMjA1MDcxMjAwMDMxOTwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PGFjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjIw

MTI8L2FjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkhvZmZtYW48L0F1

dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MjAyNzc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjIwMjc3PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjE0OTEx

OTI0NzkiPjIwMjc3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8

L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuLCBQaGlsaXAg

VC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2h5IGRp

ZCBFdXJvcGUgY29ucXVlciB0aGUgd29ybGQ/PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBQ

cmluY2V0b24gZWNvbm9taWMgaGlzdG9yeSBvZiB0aGUgV2VzdGVybiB3b3JsZDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4yNzIgcGFnZXM8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5CYWxhbmNlIG9mIHBvd2VyLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgRm9yZWlnbiByZWxh

dGlvbnMgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IHBvbGljeS48

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGVjaG5vbG9neSBhbmQgc3RhdGUgRXVyb3BlIEhpc3RvcnkuPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxv

Y2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj45NzgwNjkxMTM5NzA4IChoYXJkY292ZXIgYWxr

LiBwYXBlcik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTgzNzkzODI8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNh

bGwtbnVtPkQyMTcgLkg1OTYgMjAxNTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051

bT41MTExPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41MTExPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzQzNTQyNTMiPjUxMTE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleSwgVGltb3RoeTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGVy

c3NvbiwgVG9yc3RlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0

aXRsZT5XQVJTIEFORCBTVEFURSBDQVBBQ0lUWTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Kb3Vy

bmFsIG9mIHRoZSBFdXJvcGVhbiBFY29ub21pYyBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEV1cm9wZWFu

IEVjb25vbWljIEFzc29jaWF0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NTIy

LTUzMDwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yLTM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+

PHllYXI+MjAwODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsIFB1Ymxpc2hpbmcg

THRkPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MTU0Mi00Nzc0PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMTYyL0pFRUEuMjAwOC42LjItMy41MjI8L3VybD48

L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExNjIvamVl

YS4yMDA4LjYuMi0zLjUyMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRl

PjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+QmVzbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjc5

MDM8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjc5MDM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24t

a2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhm

d3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQxODAxMTIyMiI+NzkwMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxy

ZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+QmVzbGV5LCBUaW1vdGh5PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QZXJzc29uLCBUb3JzdGVuPC9h

dXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlBpbGxhcnMgb2YgcHJvc3Blcml0

eTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj50

aGUgcG9saXRpY2FsIGVjb25vbWljcyBvZiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBjbHVzdGVyczwvc3R5bGU+PC90

aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBZcmpvzIggSmFobnNzb24gbGVjdHVyZXM8L3NlY29u

ZGFyeS10aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+UGlsbGFycyBvZiBwcm9zcGVyaXR5PC9zaG9ydC10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAzNzUgcC4gOjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkVjb25vbWljIHBvbGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RWNvbm9taWMgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQu

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJ1c2luZXNzIGluY3ViYXRvcnMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRv

bjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1

Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIx

MDAlIj45NzgwNjkxMTUyNjg0IChoYXJkY292ZXI8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIg

Zm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+YWxrLiBwYXBlcikgMDY5MTE1MjY4MyA5NzgwNjkx

MTU4MTUwIChwYmspIDA2OTExNTgxNTAgKHBiayk8L3N0eWxlPjwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51

bT5IRDg3IC5CNDY0IDIwMTE8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkhEODcgLkI0NjQgMjAx

MTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly9jYXRkaXIubG9jLmdv

di9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTIwMS8yMDExMDE2MDgwLWIuaHRtbGh0dHA6Ly9jYXRk

aXIubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTIwMS8yMDExMDE2MDgwLWQuaHRtbGh0

dHA6Ly9jYXRkaXIubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTIwMS8yMDExMDE2MDgw

LXQuaHRtbGh0dHA6Ly9idmJyLmJpYi1idmIuZGU6ODk5MS9GP2Z1bmM9c2VydmljZWV0ZG9jX2xp

YnJhcnk9QlZCMDFldGRvY19udW1iZXI9MDI0NDM1NDgwZXRsaW5lX251bWJlcj0wMDAxZXRmdW5j

X2NvZGU9REJfUkVDT1JEU2V0c2VydmljZV90eXBlPU1FRElBPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRpbmNlY2NvPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

YXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjUzMDE8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjUz

MDE8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3Rw

MGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMzNjk3MzM5MiI+NTMw

MTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RGluY2VjY28sIE1hcms8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UG9saXRpY2FsIHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0

aW9ucyBhbmQgcHVibGljIGZpbmFuY2VzOiBFdXJvcGUsIDE2NTAtMTkxMzwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJyaWRn

ZTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1

Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj45NzgwNTIxMTkyMzMwIChoYmsuKSYjeEQ7MDUyMTE5MjMzMSAoaGJrLik8

L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRpbmNlY2Nv

PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjM1MDY8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxy

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjM1MDY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRi

LWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMz

MzU4NDA5MCI+MzUwNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFs

IEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RGlu

Y2VjY28sIE1hcms8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZlZGVyaWNvLCBHaW92YW5uaTwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+VmluZGlnbmksIEFuZHJlYTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXJmYXJlLCBUYXhhdGlvbiwgYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBDaGFuZ2U6IEV2

aWRlbmNlIGZyb20gdGhlIEl0YWxpYW4gUmlzb3JnaW1lbnRvPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25vbWljIEhpc3Rvcnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3Rp

dGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21pYyBIaXN0

b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+ODg3LTkxNDwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVt

ZT43MTwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MDQ8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMTwveWVhcj48

L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIEpvdXJuYWxzIE9ubGluZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxp

c2JuPjAwMjItMDUwNzwvaXNibj48bGFiZWw+V2FyPC9sYWJlbD48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNy9TMDAyMjA1MDcxMTAwMjE4WDwvdXJsPjwv

cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+ZG9pOjEwLjEwMTcv

UzAwMjIwNTA3MTEwMDIxOFg8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4y

MDExPC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HZW5uYWlvbGk8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+OTMxOTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+OTMxOTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt

aWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDE4

MDExMjIzIj45MzE5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkdlbmVyaWMi

PjEzPC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Tmljb2xhIEdlbm5h

aW9saTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Vm90aCwgSGFucy1Kb2FjaGltPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3Jz

PjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlN0YXRlIENhcGFjaXR5IGFuZCBNaWxpdGFy

eSBDb25mbGljdDwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRl

cz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkF2YWlsYWJsZSBhdCBTU1JOOiBodHRwOi8vc3Nybi5jb20vYWJzdHJh

Y3Q9MTk2MTYxOTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9F

bmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hoffman and Rosenthal 1997; Hoffman 2012, 2015; Besley and Persson 2008, 2011; Dincecco 2011; Dincecco et al. 2011; Gennaioli and Voth 2011). Curiously, however, Tilly’s finding about war and state-formation has prevailed despite a major weakness: it is not empirically replicated outside the European context, with some Asian exceptions that are limited in scope. More commonly, the lack of war is claimed to explain undeveloped or weak states, described as “negative” cases PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSGVyYnN0IDIwMDA7IENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMik8

L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij40PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10

eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5IZXJic3QsIEplZmZyZXkgSXJhPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0

aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEw

MCUiPlN0YXRlcyBhbmQgcG93ZXIgaW4gQWZyaWNhPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFs

IiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmNvbXBhcmF0aXZlIGxlc3NvbnMgaW4gYXV0aG9y

aXR5IGFuZCBjb250cm9sPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJpbmNldG9u

IHN0dWRpZXMgaW4gaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IGFuZCBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54LCAyODAgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5BZnJpY2EgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvd2Vy

IChTb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMpIEFmcmljYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHll

YXI+MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwMTAyNzcgKGNsb3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDswNjkxMDEwMjg1IChwYmsu

IGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjExNzY3OTQ0PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBKUTE4

NzU7IC5INDcgMjAwMDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93

d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL3ByaW4wMzIvOTkwNDE3MzYuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9wcmluMDIxLzk5MDQxNzM2Lmh0bWw8

L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+

Q2VudGVubzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEy

ODI1MDU2ODgiPjY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+Njwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNlbnRlbm8sIE1pZ3VlbCBB

bmdlbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5CbG9vZCBhbmQgZGVi

dDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj53

YXIgYW5kIHRoZSBuYXRpb24tc3RhdGUgaW4gTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAzMjkgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRp

biBBbWVyaWNhIEhpc3RvcnksIE1pbGl0YXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIE1pbGl0YXJ5IHBvbGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2FyIGFuZCBzb2NpZXR5IExh

dGluIEFtZXJpY2EuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCB3YXIuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUGFyaywgUGEuPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QZW5uc3lsdmFu

aWEgU3RhdGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAyNzEwMjE2NTkgKGNs

b3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjEyNDczODc1PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBG

MTQxMC41OyAuQzQ2IDIwMDImI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgRjE0MTAuNTsgLkM0NiAyMDAyPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSGVyYnN0IDIwMDA7IENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMik8

L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij40PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10

eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5IZXJic3QsIEplZmZyZXkgSXJhPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0

aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEw

MCUiPlN0YXRlcyBhbmQgcG93ZXIgaW4gQWZyaWNhPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFs

IiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmNvbXBhcmF0aXZlIGxlc3NvbnMgaW4gYXV0aG9y

aXR5IGFuZCBjb250cm9sPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJpbmNldG9u

IHN0dWRpZXMgaW4gaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IGFuZCBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54LCAyODAgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5BZnJpY2EgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvd2Vy

IChTb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMpIEFmcmljYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHll

YXI+MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwMTAyNzcgKGNsb3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDswNjkxMDEwMjg1IChwYmsu

IGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjExNzY3OTQ0PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBKUTE4

NzU7IC5INDcgMjAwMDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93

d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL3ByaW4wMzIvOTkwNDE3MzYuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9wcmluMDIxLzk5MDQxNzM2Lmh0bWw8

L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+

Q2VudGVubzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEy

ODI1MDU2ODgiPjY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+Njwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNlbnRlbm8sIE1pZ3VlbCBB

bmdlbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5CbG9vZCBhbmQgZGVi

dDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj53

YXIgYW5kIHRoZSBuYXRpb24tc3RhdGUgaW4gTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAzMjkgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRp

biBBbWVyaWNhIEhpc3RvcnksIE1pbGl0YXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIE1pbGl0YXJ5IHBvbGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2FyIGFuZCBzb2NpZXR5IExh

dGluIEFtZXJpY2EuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCB3YXIuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUGFyaywgUGEuPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QZW5uc3lsdmFu

aWEgU3RhdGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAyNzEwMjE2NTkgKGNs

b3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjEyNDczODc1PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBG

MTQxMC41OyAuQzQ2IDIwMDImI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgRjE0MTAuNTsgLkM0NiAyMDAyPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Herbst 2000; Centeno 2002); or focus instead has been on more intermediate processes, such as inter-state or inter-elite rivalry PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaGllczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43ODk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFRoaWVzIDIwMDQsIDIwMDU7IFNsYXRlciAy

MDEwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43ODk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZv

cmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2py

ZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE3ODA5MyI+Nzg5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmli

dXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5UaGllcywgQ2FtZXJvbiBHLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9y

cz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TdGF0ZSBCdWlsZGluZywgSW50ZXJzdGF0

ZSBhbmQgSW50cmFzdGF0ZSBSaXZhbHJ5OiBBIFN0dWR5IG9mIFBvc3QtQ29sb25pYWwgRGV2ZWxv

cGluZyBDb3VudHJ5IEV4dHJhY3RpdmUgRWZmb3J0cywgMTk3NeKAkzIwMDA8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNv

bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTdHVkaWVzIFF1YXJ0ZXJseTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU3R1ZGll

cyBRdWFydGVybHk8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41My03MjwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT40ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5CbGFja3dlbGwgUHVibGlzaGluZzwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxp

c2JuPjE0NjgtMjQ3ODwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRv

aS5vcmcvMTAuMTExMS9qLjAwMjAtODgzMy4yMDA0LjAwMjkxLng8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4wMDIwLTg4MzMuMjAw

NC4wMDI5MS54PC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+

PEF1dGhvcj5UaGllczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT43ODg8L1JlY051

bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjc4ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkg

YXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGlt

ZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg5MTc4MDczIj43ODg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFt

ZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPlRoaWVzLCBDYW1lcm9uIEcuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

Pjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPldhciwgUml2YWxyeSwgYW5kIFN0YXRlIEJ1aWxkaW5nIGluIExhdGlu

IEFtZXJpY2E8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+QW1lcmljYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBQb2xp

dGljYWwgU2NpZW5jZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxs

LXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgUG9saXRpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2U8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+

PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz40NTEtNDY1PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjQ5PC92b2x1bWU+PG51

bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVy

PkJsYWNrd2VsbCBQdWJsaXNoaW5nLCBJbmMuPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MTU0MC01OTA3PC9p

c2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMTExL2ou

MTU0MC01OTA3LjIwMDUuMDAxMzQueDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ry

b25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTExMS9qLjE1NDAtNTkwNy4yMDA1LjAwMTM0Lng8L2VsZWN0

cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNsYXRlcjwv

QXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xMjg1PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVj

LW51bWJlcj4xMjg1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTg4

NTM0MjAiPjEyODU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+Njwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlNsYXRlciwgRGFuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJu

b3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPk9yZGVyaW5nIHBvd2VyPC9zdHlsZT48

c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxz

dHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmNvbnRlbnRpb3Vz

IHBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBhdXRob3JpdGFyaWFuIGxldmlhdGhhbnMgaW4gU291dGhlYXN0IEFzaWE8

L3N0eWxlPjwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DYW1icmlkZ2Ugc3R1ZGllcyBpbiBjb21w

YXJhdGl2ZSBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54dmlpaSwg

MzE5IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QXV0aG9yaXRhcmlhbmlzbSBTb3V0aGVh

c3QgQXNpYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U291dGhlYXN0IEFzaWEgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdv

dmVybm1lbnQgMjFzdCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4y

MDEwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48

cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+OTc4

MDUyMTE5MDQxMSYjeEQ7MDUyMTE5MDQxWCYjeEQ7OTc4MDUyMTE2NTQ1NyAocGJrLikmI3hEOzA1

MjExNjU0NTggKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjE2MTYyNjc4PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBK

UTc1MC5BNTg7IFM1MyAyMDEwPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkxMDA3LzIwMTAwMTM1NjktYi5o

dG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTEw

MDcvMjAxMDAxMzU2OS1kLmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIv

ZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTAwNy8yMDEwMDEzNTY5LXQuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

PjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPgB=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaGllczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43ODk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFRoaWVzIDIwMDQsIDIwMDU7IFNsYXRlciAy

MDEwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43ODk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZv

cmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2py

ZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE3ODA5MyI+Nzg5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmli

dXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5UaGllcywgQ2FtZXJvbiBHLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9y

cz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TdGF0ZSBCdWlsZGluZywgSW50ZXJzdGF0

ZSBhbmQgSW50cmFzdGF0ZSBSaXZhbHJ5OiBBIFN0dWR5IG9mIFBvc3QtQ29sb25pYWwgRGV2ZWxv

cGluZyBDb3VudHJ5IEV4dHJhY3RpdmUgRWZmb3J0cywgMTk3NeKAkzIwMDA8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNv

bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTdHVkaWVzIFF1YXJ0ZXJseTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU3R1ZGll

cyBRdWFydGVybHk8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41My03MjwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT40ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5CbGFja3dlbGwgUHVibGlzaGluZzwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxp

c2JuPjE0NjgtMjQ3ODwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRv

aS5vcmcvMTAuMTExMS9qLjAwMjAtODgzMy4yMDA0LjAwMjkxLng8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4wMDIwLTg4MzMuMjAw

NC4wMDI5MS54PC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+

PEF1dGhvcj5UaGllczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT43ODg8L1JlY051

bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjc4ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkg

YXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGlt

ZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg5MTc4MDczIj43ODg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFt

ZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPlRoaWVzLCBDYW1lcm9uIEcuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

Pjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPldhciwgUml2YWxyeSwgYW5kIFN0YXRlIEJ1aWxkaW5nIGluIExhdGlu

IEFtZXJpY2E8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+QW1lcmljYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBQb2xp

dGljYWwgU2NpZW5jZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxs

LXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgUG9saXRpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2U8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+

PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz40NTEtNDY1PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjQ5PC92b2x1bWU+PG51

bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVy

PkJsYWNrd2VsbCBQdWJsaXNoaW5nLCBJbmMuPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MTU0MC01OTA3PC9p

c2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMTExL2ou

MTU0MC01OTA3LjIwMDUuMDAxMzQueDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ry

b25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTExMS9qLjE1NDAtNTkwNy4yMDA1LjAwMTM0Lng8L2VsZWN0

cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNsYXRlcjwv

QXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xMjg1PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVj

LW51bWJlcj4xMjg1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTg4

NTM0MjAiPjEyODU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+Njwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlNsYXRlciwgRGFuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJu

b3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPk9yZGVyaW5nIHBvd2VyPC9zdHlsZT48

c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxz

dHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmNvbnRlbnRpb3Vz

IHBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBhdXRob3JpdGFyaWFuIGxldmlhdGhhbnMgaW4gU291dGhlYXN0IEFzaWE8

L3N0eWxlPjwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DYW1icmlkZ2Ugc3R1ZGllcyBpbiBjb21w

YXJhdGl2ZSBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54dmlpaSwg

MzE5IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QXV0aG9yaXRhcmlhbmlzbSBTb3V0aGVh

c3QgQXNpYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U291dGhlYXN0IEFzaWEgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdv

dmVybm1lbnQgMjFzdCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4y

MDEwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48

cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+OTc4

MDUyMTE5MDQxMSYjeEQ7MDUyMTE5MDQxWCYjeEQ7OTc4MDUyMTE2NTQ1NyAocGJrLikmI3hEOzA1

MjExNjU0NTggKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjE2MTYyNjc4PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBK

UTc1MC5BNTg7IFM1MyAyMDEwPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkxMDA3LzIwMTAwMTM1NjktYi5o

dG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTEw

MDcvMjAxMDAxMzU2OS1kLmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIv

ZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTAwNy8yMDEwMDEzNTY5LXQuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

PjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPgB=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Thies 2004, 2005; Slater 2010). Regarding the European record, although several accounts have highlighted core weaknesses of the Tillyan model PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIyMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBTcHJ1eXQgMTk5

NDsgRXJ0bWFuIDE5OTc7IEdvcnNraSAyMDAzKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51

bWJlcj4yMjM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJh

c3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5

MSI+MjIzPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10

eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nLCBCcmlhbiBNLjwvYXV0

aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgTWlsaXRhcnkg

UmV2b2x1dGlvbiBhbmQgUG9saXRpY2FsIENoYW5nZTogT3JpZ2lucyBvZiBEZW1vY3JhY3kgYW5k

IEF1dG9jcmFjeSBpbiBFYXJseSBNb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+VGhl

IE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24gYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBDaGFuZ2U8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwv

dGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aWksIDMwODwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbW9jcmFj

eSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1l

bnQgNDc2LTE0OTI8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MjwveWVhcj48

L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwNzg4

NjY8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpvc2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBT

dGFja3MgSk43LkQ2OTAgMTk5MiBjLjE8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48

L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TcHJ1eXQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk0PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTY3PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xNjc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1

YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUxODY1NiI+MTY3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcj5TcHJ1eXQsIEhlbmRyaWs8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0i

MTAwJSI+VGhlIHNvdmVyZWlnbiBzdGF0ZSBhbmQgaXRzIGNvbXBldGl0b3JzPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHls

ZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFuIGFuYWx5c2lzIG9m

IHN5c3RlbXMgY2hhbmdlPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJpbmNldG9u

IHN0dWRpZXMgaW4gaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IGFuZCBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aWksIDI4OCBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlNvdmVyZWlnbnR5IEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xpdGlj

cyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NDwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwMzM1

NjAgKENMIGFjaWQtZnJlZSBwYXBlcik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjA2NzkxNzwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcg

Um9vbXMgSkMzMjc7IC5TNjUgMTk5NCYjeEQ7SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJl

YWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgLSBTVE9SRUQgT0ZGU0lURSBKQzMyNzsgLlM2NSAxOTk0PC9jYWxsLW51bT48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlw

dGlvbi9wcmluMDMxLzk0MDEwNzU5Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9j

YXRkaXIvdG9jL3ByaW4wMzEvOTQwMTA3NTkuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJs

cz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5FcnRtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk3

PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTU2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xNTY8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVk

dnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUwNzM2MCI+MTU2PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5FcnRtYW4sIFRob21hczwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2Nv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5CaXJ0aCBvZiB0aGUgbGV2aWF0aGFuOiBidWlsZGlu

ZyBzdGF0ZXMgYW5kIHJlZ2ltZXMgaW4gbWVkaWV2YWwgYW5kIGVhcmx5IG1vZGVybiBFdXJvcGU8

L3RpdGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5CaXJ0aCBvZiB0aGUgbGV2aWF0aGFuPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAzNjMgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJv

cGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvbnN0aXR1dGlv

bmFsIGhpc3RvcnkgRXVyb3BlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Mb2NhbCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IEV1

cm9wZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db21wYXJhdGl2ZSBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwv

a2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk3PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1s

b2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2

ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTQ4MjIyNCYjeEQ7MDUyMTQ4NDI3OCAo

cGJrLik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+NDk0MzkwMTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1u

dW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSk41OyAuRTc3IDE5

OTcmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVE

IE9GRlNJVEUgSk41OyAuRTc3IDE5OTc8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVy

bD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9uL2NhbTAyNy85NjAxOTU4Mi5o

dG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9jYW0wMjUvOTYwMTk1

ODIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+

PEF1dGhvcj5Hb3Jza2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTY4PC9SZWNO

dW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xNjg8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5

IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRp

bWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUzMDc1MyI+MTY4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5h

bWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Hb3Jz

a2ksIFBoaWxpcCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0

aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5UaGUg

ZGlzY2lwbGluYXJ5IHJldm9sdXRpb248L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9

ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0i

ZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+Q2FsdmluaXNtIGFuZCB0aGUgcmlzZSBvZiB0aGUgc3RhdGUg

aW4gZWFybHkgbW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eHZp

aSwgMjQ5IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hyaXN0aWFuIHNvY2lvbG9neSBS

ZWZvcm1lZCBDaHVyY2ggSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2h1cmNoIGFuZCBzdGF0

ZSBSZWZvcm1lZCBDaHVyY2ggSGlzdG9yeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DaHVyY2ggYW5kIHN0

YXRlIEV1cm9wZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DYWx2aW5pc20gRXVyb3BlIEhp

c3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIENodXJjaCBoaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdv

cmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAzPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DaGljYWdv

PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIENoaWNhZ28gUHJlc3M8L3B1

Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMjI2MzA0ODMzIChhbGsuIHBhcGVyKSYjeEQ7MDIyNjMwNDg0MSAocGJr

LiBhbGsuIHBhcGVyKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMzAyMjI0NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51

bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgQlg5

NDIzLlM2MzsgRzY3IDIwMDM8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRw

Oi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9uL3VjaGkwNTIvMjAwMjE1NTA4Ni5odG1s

PC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Jpb3MvdWNoaTA1MS8yMDAyMTU1

MDg2Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL3VjaGkwNTEv

MjAwMjE1NTA4Ni5odG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIyMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBTcHJ1eXQgMTk5

NDsgRXJ0bWFuIDE5OTc7IEdvcnNraSAyMDAzKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51

bWJlcj4yMjM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJh

c3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5

MSI+MjIzPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10

eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nLCBCcmlhbiBNLjwvYXV0

aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgTWlsaXRhcnkg

UmV2b2x1dGlvbiBhbmQgUG9saXRpY2FsIENoYW5nZTogT3JpZ2lucyBvZiBEZW1vY3JhY3kgYW5k

IEF1dG9jcmFjeSBpbiBFYXJseSBNb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+VGhl

IE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24gYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBDaGFuZ2U8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwv

dGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aWksIDMwODwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbW9jcmFj

eSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1l

bnQgNDc2LTE0OTI8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MjwveWVhcj48

L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwNzg4

NjY8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpvc2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBT

dGFja3MgSk43LkQ2OTAgMTk5MiBjLjE8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48

L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TcHJ1eXQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk0PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTY3PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xNjc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1

YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUxODY1NiI+MTY3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcj5TcHJ1eXQsIEhlbmRyaWs8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0i

MTAwJSI+VGhlIHNvdmVyZWlnbiBzdGF0ZSBhbmQgaXRzIGNvbXBldGl0b3JzPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHls

ZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFuIGFuYWx5c2lzIG9m

IHN5c3RlbXMgY2hhbmdlPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJpbmNldG9u

IHN0dWRpZXMgaW4gaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IGFuZCBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aWksIDI4OCBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlNvdmVyZWlnbnR5IEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xpdGlj

cyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NDwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwMzM1

NjAgKENMIGFjaWQtZnJlZSBwYXBlcik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjA2NzkxNzwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcg

Um9vbXMgSkMzMjc7IC5TNjUgMTk5NCYjeEQ7SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJl

YWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgLSBTVE9SRUQgT0ZGU0lURSBKQzMyNzsgLlM2NSAxOTk0PC9jYWxsLW51bT48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlw

dGlvbi9wcmluMDMxLzk0MDEwNzU5Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9j

YXRkaXIvdG9jL3ByaW4wMzEvOTQwMTA3NTkuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJs

cz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5FcnRtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk3

PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTU2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xNTY8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVk

dnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUwNzM2MCI+MTU2PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5FcnRtYW4sIFRob21hczwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2Nv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5CaXJ0aCBvZiB0aGUgbGV2aWF0aGFuOiBidWlsZGlu

ZyBzdGF0ZXMgYW5kIHJlZ2ltZXMgaW4gbWVkaWV2YWwgYW5kIGVhcmx5IG1vZGVybiBFdXJvcGU8

L3RpdGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5CaXJ0aCBvZiB0aGUgbGV2aWF0aGFuPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAzNjMgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJv

cGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvbnN0aXR1dGlv

bmFsIGhpc3RvcnkgRXVyb3BlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Mb2NhbCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IEV1

cm9wZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db21wYXJhdGl2ZSBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwv

a2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk3PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1s

b2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2

ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTQ4MjIyNCYjeEQ7MDUyMTQ4NDI3OCAo

cGJrLik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+NDk0MzkwMTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1u

dW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSk41OyAuRTc3IDE5

OTcmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVE

IE9GRlNJVEUgSk41OyAuRTc3IDE5OTc8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVy

bD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9uL2NhbTAyNy85NjAxOTU4Mi5o

dG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9jYW0wMjUvOTYwMTk1

ODIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+

PEF1dGhvcj5Hb3Jza2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTY4PC9SZWNO

dW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xNjg8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5

IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRp

bWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUzMDc1MyI+MTY4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5h

bWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Hb3Jz

a2ksIFBoaWxpcCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0

aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5UaGUg

ZGlzY2lwbGluYXJ5IHJldm9sdXRpb248L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9

ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0i

ZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+Q2FsdmluaXNtIGFuZCB0aGUgcmlzZSBvZiB0aGUgc3RhdGUg

aW4gZWFybHkgbW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eHZp

aSwgMjQ5IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hyaXN0aWFuIHNvY2lvbG9neSBS

ZWZvcm1lZCBDaHVyY2ggSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2h1cmNoIGFuZCBzdGF0

ZSBSZWZvcm1lZCBDaHVyY2ggSGlzdG9yeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DaHVyY2ggYW5kIHN0

YXRlIEV1cm9wZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DYWx2aW5pc20gRXVyb3BlIEhp

c3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIENodXJjaCBoaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdv

cmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAzPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DaGljYWdv

PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIENoaWNhZ28gUHJlc3M8L3B1

Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMjI2MzA0ODMzIChhbGsuIHBhcGVyKSYjeEQ7MDIyNjMwNDg0MSAocGJr

LiBhbGsuIHBhcGVyKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMzAyMjI0NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51

bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgQlg5

NDIzLlM2MzsgRzY3IDIwMDM8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRw

Oi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9uL3VjaGkwNTIvMjAwMjE1NTA4Ni5odG1s

PC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Jpb3MvdWNoaTA1MS8yMDAyMTU1

MDg2Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL3VjaGkwNTEv

MjAwMjE1NTA4Ni5odG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Downing 1992; Spruyt 1994; Ertman 1997; Gorski 2003), the prevailing wisdom is that these arguments do “not refute Tilly’s thesis completely but only suggest…the limit of its scope” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>3495</RecNum><Pages>153</Pages><DisplayText>(Vu 2010, 153)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3495</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1333240198">3495</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vu,Tuong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Studying the State through State Formation</title><secondary-title>World Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>World Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>148-175</pages><volume>62</volume><number>01</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge Journals Online</publisher><isbn>0043-8871</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Vu 2010, 153). Tilly himself questioned the applicability of the war-based hypothesis to the modern world, yet such applicability is regularly presumed and tested PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Mw7NwZXotQWx2ZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAxPC9Z

ZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODQxPC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihMw7NwZXotQWx2ZXMgMjAwMTsg

SGV5ZGVtYW5uIDIwMDApPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjg0MTwvcmVj

LW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3Nm

ZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg5NzY2MjQ5Ij44NDE8L2tleT48

L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+TMOzcGV6LUFsdmVzLCBGZXJuYW5kbzwvYXV0

aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5DZW50ZW5vLCBNaWd1ZWwg

QW5nZWw8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkzDs3Blei1BbHZlcywgRmVybmFuZG88L2F1dGhvcj48L3Nl

Y29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBUcmFuc2F0

bGFudGljIEJyaWRnZTogTWlycm9ycywgQ2hhcmxlcyBUaWxseSwgYW5kIFN0YXRlIEZvcm1hdGlv

biBpbiB0aGUgUml2ZXIgUGxhdGUgPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlRoZSBvdGhlciBtaXJyb3I8L3N0

eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5

bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+Z3JhbmQg

dGhlb3J5IHRocm91Z2ggdGhlIGxlbnMgb2YgTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvc3R5bGU+PC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPjE1My0xNzY8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5Tb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBQaGlsb3NvcGh5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5Tb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgUGhpbG9zb3BoeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4g

QW1lcmljYSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4g

QW1lcmljYSBFY29ub21pYyBjb25kaXRpb25zLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48

eWVhcj4yMDAxPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b248L3B1Yi1sb2Nh

dGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlz

Ym4+MDY5MTA1MDE2MyAoYWxrLiBwYXBlcikmI3hEOzA2OTEwNTAxNzEgKHBiay4gYWxrLiBwYXBl

cik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTE5ODI5MjY8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVt

PkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEg1My5MMzsgTzg0IDIw

MDE8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3Yv

Y2F0ZGlyL2Jpb3MvcHJpbjA1MS8wMDAzMjYyNS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3Lmxv

Yy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9wcmluMDMxLzAwMDMyNjI1Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93

d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZGVzY3JpcHRpb24vcHJpbjAyMi8wMDAzMjYyNS5odG1sPC91cmw+

PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkhleWRl

bWFubjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4zNDA1PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zNDA1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzMzExODI4NTYiPjM0MDU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkhleWRlbWFubiwg

U3RldmVuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPldh

ciwgaW5zdGl0dXRpb25zLCBhbmQgc29jaWFsIGNoYW5nZSBpbiB0aGUgTWlkZGxlIEVhc3Q8L3Rp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlv

bj5CZXJrZWxleTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBDYWxpZm9y

bmlhIFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVm

YXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+MDUyMDIyNDIxMyAoYWxrLiBwYXBlcikmI3hEOzA1MjAyMjQyMjEg

KHBiay48L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEy

Ij46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAw

JSI+YWxrLiBwYXBlcik8L3N0eWxlPjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRl

PjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Mw7NwZXotQWx2ZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAxPC9Z

ZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODQxPC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihMw7NwZXotQWx2ZXMgMjAwMTsg

SGV5ZGVtYW5uIDIwMDApPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjg0MTwvcmVj

LW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3Nm

ZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg5NzY2MjQ5Ij44NDE8L2tleT48

L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+TMOzcGV6LUFsdmVzLCBGZXJuYW5kbzwvYXV0

aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5DZW50ZW5vLCBNaWd1ZWwg

QW5nZWw8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkzDs3Blei1BbHZlcywgRmVybmFuZG88L2F1dGhvcj48L3Nl

Y29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBUcmFuc2F0

bGFudGljIEJyaWRnZTogTWlycm9ycywgQ2hhcmxlcyBUaWxseSwgYW5kIFN0YXRlIEZvcm1hdGlv

biBpbiB0aGUgUml2ZXIgUGxhdGUgPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlRoZSBvdGhlciBtaXJyb3I8L3N0

eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEyIj46IDwvc3R5

bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+Z3JhbmQg

dGhlb3J5IHRocm91Z2ggdGhlIGxlbnMgb2YgTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvc3R5bGU+PC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPjE1My0xNzY8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5Tb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYSBQaGlsb3NvcGh5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5Tb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgUGhpbG9zb3BoeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4g

QW1lcmljYSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGF0aW4g

QW1lcmljYSBFY29ub21pYyBjb25kaXRpb25zLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48

eWVhcj4yMDAxPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b248L3B1Yi1sb2Nh

dGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlz

Ym4+MDY5MTA1MDE2MyAoYWxrLiBwYXBlcikmI3hEOzA2OTEwNTAxNzEgKHBiay4gYWxrLiBwYXBl

cik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTE5ODI5MjY8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVt

PkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEg1My5MMzsgTzg0IDIw

MDE8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3Yv

Y2F0ZGlyL2Jpb3MvcHJpbjA1MS8wMDAzMjYyNS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3Lmxv

Yy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9wcmluMDMxLzAwMDMyNjI1Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93

d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZGVzY3JpcHRpb24vcHJpbjAyMi8wMDAzMjYyNS5odG1sPC91cmw+

PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkhleWRl

bWFubjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4zNDA1PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zNDA1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzMzExODI4NTYiPjM0MDU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkhleWRlbWFubiwg

U3RldmVuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPldh

ciwgaW5zdGl0dXRpb25zLCBhbmQgc29jaWFsIGNoYW5nZSBpbiB0aGUgTWlkZGxlIEVhc3Q8L3Rp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlv

bj5CZXJrZWxleTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBDYWxpZm9y

bmlhIFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVm

YXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+MDUyMDIyNDIxMyAoYWxrLiBwYXBlcikmI3hEOzA1MjAyMjQyMjEg

KHBiay48L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEy

Ij46IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAw

JSI+YWxrLiBwYXBlcik8L3N0eWxlPjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRl

PjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (López-Alves 2001; Heydemann 2000). Accordingly, a more fundamental question needs to be also asked: do the European cases that generated the hypothesis truly support it? Did war make the European states? I test the bellicist hypothesis by introducing new empirical data. These highlight a striking fact: the borders of England and France today, two key European states, are broadly similar to the ones established by the year 1000. On the dimensions of state size and border definition, war was inversely related to the formation of these key unitary states. In these cases, borders were defined by historically remote markers such as Roman administrative limits or the Carolingian partition. The more war was involved in the delimitation of a political unit and its borders, by contrast, the less unitary and integrated its internal structure was. War was thus constitutive of those political units typically identified as alternatives to the unitary state, empires mostly, but also some federations. The more war, the less unitary “state.” This pattern challenges the key theories tying war to state formation through the impact of military pressures on geographical size, as I argue below.Reconsidering this foundational topic in social science requires some conceptual and empirical clarifications, however. Crucially, it means acknowledging that the dependent variable in the literature is not any political form with state-like features, such as fiscal extraction and military organization. Such a broad net cannot distinguish what happened in Europe from elsewhere. The generic state (a category that includes city-states, federations, empires, theocracies etc.), proliferated across the globe and throughout history. Some non-Western cases made advances in institution-building and in extraction that preceded, matched, and/or exceeded European practices, from ancient China ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hui</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1274</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hui 2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1274</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1298847120">1274</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hui, Victoria Tin-bor</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and state formation in ancient China and early modern Europe</title></titles><pages>xiv, 294 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>World politics.</keyword><keyword>China Politics and government To 221 B.C.</keyword><keyword>Europe Politics and government.</keyword><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>War.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9780521819725 (hbk.)&#xD;0521819725 (hbk.)&#xD;9780521525763 (pbk.)&#xD;0521525764 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>13757319</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms D32; .H85 2005</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Hui 2005) and the Mongols ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Smith</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>19354</RecNum><DisplayText>(Smith 1970)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19354</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1425501532">19354</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Smith, John Masson</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mongol and Nomadic Taxation</title><secondary-title>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>46-85</pages><volume>30</volume><dates><year>1970</year></dates><publisher>Harvard-Yenching Institute</publisher><isbn>00730548</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Smith 1970) to the Duchy of Russia ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kollmann</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>10468</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kollmann 1987)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10468</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1418011223">10468</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kollmann, Nancy Shields</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Kinship and politics: the making of the Muscovite political system, 1345-1547</title><short-title>Kinship and politics</short-title></titles><pages>x, 324 p. ; 24 cm.</pages><keywords><keyword>Elite (Social sciences) -- Soviet Union</keyword><keyword>Kinship -- Soviet Union</keyword><keyword>Russia -- Politics and government -- To 1533</keyword><keyword>Russia -- Politics and government -- 1533-1613</keyword><keyword>Kollmann, Nancy Shields, 1950-</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>1987.</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Stanford</pub-location><publisher>Stanford University Press</publisher><isbn>0804713405 (alk. paper)</isbn><call-num>DK62 .K57 1987 VA@@ ALDERMAN</call-num><work-type>Book</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>, 324 p. ; 24 cm.; Includes index.; Bibliography: p. [289]-308.</research-notes></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kollmann 1987) and the Ottoman Empire PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7EsG5hbGPEsWs8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk0PC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+NjE1ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSW5hbGNpayBhbmQgUXVhdGFlcnQg

MTk5NDsgS2FyYW1hbiBhbmQgUGFtdWsgMjAxMyk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1u

dW1iZXI+NjE1ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9

ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzUyNDIx

MzQ0Ij42MTU4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkVkaXRlZCBCb29r

Ij4yODwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkluYWxjaWssIEhh

bGlsPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5RdWF0YWVydCwgRG9uYWxkPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkFuIGVjb25vbWljIGFuZCBzb2NpYWwgaGlzdG9y

eSBvZiB0aGUgT3R0b21hbiBFbXBpcmUsIDEzMDAtMTkxNDwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2Vz

Pnh4eGksIDEwMjYgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXkgRWNvbm9taWMg

Y29uZGl0aW9ucy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VHVya2V5IFNvY2lhbCBjb25kaXRpb25zLjwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXkgSGlzdG9yeSBPdHRvbWFuIEVtcGlyZSwgMTI4OC0xOTE4

Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk0PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIFVu

aXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNTIxMzQzMTUxPC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51

bT5BTERFUk1BTiBTVEFDS1MgSEM0OTIgLkUyOTUgMTk5NCBCT09LJiN4RDtBTERFUk1BTiBDSEVD

S0VET1VUIEhDNDkyIC5FMjk1IDE5OTQgQk9PSzwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVj

b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkthcmFtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+NzExODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzExODwvcmVjLW51bWJl

cj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhw

MjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzc0NzIwNTU2Ij43MTE4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5LYXJhbWFuLCBLLiBLxLF2YW7DpzwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+UGFtdWssIMWeZXZrZXQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RGlmZmVyZW50IFBhdGhzIHRvIHRoZSBNb2Rlcm4gU3RhdGUgaW4gRXVy

b3BlOiBUaGUgSW50ZXJhY3Rpb24gQmV0d2VlbiBXYXJmYXJlLCBFY29ub21pYyBTdHJ1Y3R1cmUs

IGFuZCBQb2xpdGljYWwgUmVnaW1lPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIFBv

bGl0aWNhbCBTY2llbmNlIFJldmlldzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBTY2llbmNlIFJldmlldzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkFtIFBvbGl0IFNjaSBSZXY8L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2Vz

PjEtMjQ8L3BhZ2VzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEzPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTUzNy01

OTQzPC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4x

MDE3L1MwMDAzMDU1NDEzMDAwMzEyPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJv

bmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT5kb2k6MTAuMTAxNy9TMDAwMzA1NTQxMzAwMDMxMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25p

Yy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PGFjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjIwMTM8L2FjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7EsG5hbGPEsWs8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk0PC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+NjE1ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSW5hbGNpayBhbmQgUXVhdGFlcnQg

MTk5NDsgS2FyYW1hbiBhbmQgUGFtdWsgMjAxMyk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1u

dW1iZXI+NjE1ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9

ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzUyNDIx

MzQ0Ij42MTU4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkVkaXRlZCBCb29r

Ij4yODwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkluYWxjaWssIEhh

bGlsPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5RdWF0YWVydCwgRG9uYWxkPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkFuIGVjb25vbWljIGFuZCBzb2NpYWwgaGlzdG9y

eSBvZiB0aGUgT3R0b21hbiBFbXBpcmUsIDEzMDAtMTkxNDwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2Vz

Pnh4eGksIDEwMjYgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXkgRWNvbm9taWMg

Y29uZGl0aW9ucy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VHVya2V5IFNvY2lhbCBjb25kaXRpb25zLjwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXkgSGlzdG9yeSBPdHRvbWFuIEVtcGlyZSwgMTI4OC0xOTE4

Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk0PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIFVu

aXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNTIxMzQzMTUxPC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51

bT5BTERFUk1BTiBTVEFDS1MgSEM0OTIgLkUyOTUgMTk5NCBCT09LJiN4RDtBTERFUk1BTiBDSEVD

S0VET1VUIEhDNDkyIC5FMjk1IDE5OTQgQk9PSzwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVj

b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkthcmFtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+NzExODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzExODwvcmVjLW51bWJl

cj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhw

MjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzc0NzIwNTU2Ij43MTE4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5LYXJhbWFuLCBLLiBLxLF2YW7DpzwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+UGFtdWssIMWeZXZrZXQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RGlmZmVyZW50IFBhdGhzIHRvIHRoZSBNb2Rlcm4gU3RhdGUgaW4gRXVy

b3BlOiBUaGUgSW50ZXJhY3Rpb24gQmV0d2VlbiBXYXJmYXJlLCBFY29ub21pYyBTdHJ1Y3R1cmUs

IGFuZCBQb2xpdGljYWwgUmVnaW1lPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIFBv

bGl0aWNhbCBTY2llbmNlIFJldmlldzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBTY2llbmNlIFJldmlldzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkFtIFBvbGl0IFNjaSBSZXY8L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2Vz

PjEtMjQ8L3BhZ2VzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEzPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTUzNy01

OTQzPC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4x

MDE3L1MwMDAzMDU1NDEzMDAwMzEyPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJv

bmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT5kb2k6MTAuMTAxNy9TMDAwMzA1NTQxMzAwMDMxMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25p

Yy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PGFjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjIwMTM8L2FjY2Vzcy1kYXRlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Inalcik and Quataert 1994; Karaman and Pamuk 2013). Examining the micro-practices tying war and institution-building in a global, comparative manner leaves only a narrow domain in which Western Europe produced a distinct outcome: the emergence of the national, unitary state as a distinct political form. It was the political innovation that was to shape the international system over the next few centuries. It should not be confused with the nation-state, i.e. an ethnically homogeneous state. As I will argue, the unitary state was distinguished by the central institutions that provided political unity and integration across regions and social groups. It was a unit that “governed multiple contiguous regions and their cities by means of centralized, differentiated, and autonomous structures”—chiefly, as I show, parliaments ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>2</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 2)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1990, 2). Although the state-building literature typically bypasses regime type ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Blank</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>20306</RecNum><Prefix>c.f. </Prefix><DisplayText>(c.f. Blank et al. 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1505091122">20306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Unpublished Work">34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Meredith Blank</author><author>Mark Dincecco</author><author>Yuri Zhukov</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Political Regime Type and Warfare: Evidence from 600 Years of European History</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(c.f. Blank et al. 2017), analytical precision forces us to prioritize it in our understanding of state emergence.This point, I argue in the next section, is why older analysts assumed that two cases best approximate the definition of a national or unitary state in the premodern period, England and, to a less degree, France, the two main constitutional exemplars PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaW5lcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5NzU8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT41MjQ1PC9SZWNOdW0+PFBhZ2VzPjg2PC9QYWdlcz48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEZpbmVyIDE5

NzUsIDg2OyBQb2dnaSAxOTkwLCA1MTsgWm9sYmVyZyAxOTgwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41MjQ1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzMzY0MjAyMDIiPjUyNDU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Rmlu

ZXIsIFNhbXVlbCBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5UaWxseSwgQ2hhcmxlczwvYXV0aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+U3RhdGUgYW5kIE5hdGlvbi1CdWlsZGluZyBpbiBFdXJvcGU6IFRo

ZSBSb2xlIG9mIHRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgRm9ybWF0

aW9uIG9mIE5hdGlvbmFsIFN0YXRlcyBpbiBXZXN0ZXJuIEV1cm9wZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5Gb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgTmF0aW9uYWwgU3RhdGVzPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCA3MTE8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUg

UG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+

MTk3NTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2

OTEwNTIxOTAuJiN4RDswNjkxMDA3NzIxPC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5IYXJwZXIgTGlicmFyeSBI

YXJwZXIgTGliIEpOOTQuQTJGNzIgYy4zJiN4RDtIYXJwZXIgTGlicmFyeSBIYXJwZXIgTGliIEpO

OTQuQTJGNzIgYy40JiN4RDtIYXJwZXIgTGlicmFyeSBIYXJwZXIgTGliIEpOOTQuQTJGNzIgYy41

JiN4RDtKb3NlcGggUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpOOTQuQTJG

NzIgYy4yJiN4RDtKb3NlcGggUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpO

OTQuQTJGNzIgYy42PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRl

PjxBdXRob3I+UG9nZ2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NjQ3ODwvUmVj

TnVtPjxQYWdlcz41MTwvUGFnZXM+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42NDc4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVy

Pjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAy

NXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzNTYyODk5ODIiPjY0Nzg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlBvZ2dpLCBHaWFuZnJhbmNvPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1

bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlRoZSBzdGF0ZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9u

dD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250

PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5pdHMgbmF0dXJlLCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCwgYW5kIHByb3Nw

ZWN0czwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+dmlpLCAyMTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxr

ZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5EZW1vY3JhY3ku

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVi

LWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJyaWRnZTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UG9saXR5IFByZXNz

PC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDc0NTYwNTcxMCYjeEQ7MDc0NTYwODc5NSAocGJrLik8L2lzYm4+

PGNhbGwtbnVtPkFMREVSTUFOIFNUQUNLUyBKQzMyNSAuUDU4IDE5OTAgQk9PSyYjeEQ7TEFXIFNU

QUNLUyBKQzMyNSAuUDU4IDE5OTBiIEJPT0s8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ab2xiZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjM2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxm

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdq

cmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIzNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Wm9sYmVyZywgQXJpc3RpZGUgUi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+U3RyYXRlZ2ljIEludGVyYWN0aW9u

cyBhbmQgdGhlIEZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBNb2Rlcm4gU3RhdGVzOiBGcmFuY2UgYW5kIEVuZ2xhbmQ8

L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTb2NpYWwgU2NpZW5jZSBKb3Vy

bmFsPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPlN0cmF0ZWdpYyBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnM8

L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9u

YWwgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2UgSm91cm5hbDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2Vz

PjY4Ny03MTY8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MzI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgUG9saXRpY3M8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48

ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxsYWJlbD5TdGF0ZSBmb3JtYXRpb248L2xh

YmVsPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaW5lcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5NzU8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT41MjQ1PC9SZWNOdW0+PFBhZ2VzPjg2PC9QYWdlcz48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEZpbmVyIDE5

NzUsIDg2OyBQb2dnaSAxOTkwLCA1MTsgWm9sYmVyZyAxOTgwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41MjQ1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzMzY0MjAyMDIiPjUyNDU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Rmlu

ZXIsIFNhbXVlbCBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5UaWxseSwgQ2hhcmxlczwvYXV0aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+U3RhdGUgYW5kIE5hdGlvbi1CdWlsZGluZyBpbiBFdXJvcGU6IFRo

ZSBSb2xlIG9mIHRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgRm9ybWF0

aW9uIG9mIE5hdGlvbmFsIFN0YXRlcyBpbiBXZXN0ZXJuIEV1cm9wZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5Gb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgTmF0aW9uYWwgU3RhdGVzPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCA3MTE8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUg

UG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+

MTk3NTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2

OTEwNTIxOTAuJiN4RDswNjkxMDA3NzIxPC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5IYXJwZXIgTGlicmFyeSBI

YXJwZXIgTGliIEpOOTQuQTJGNzIgYy4zJiN4RDtIYXJwZXIgTGlicmFyeSBIYXJwZXIgTGliIEpO

OTQuQTJGNzIgYy40JiN4RDtIYXJwZXIgTGlicmFyeSBIYXJwZXIgTGliIEpOOTQuQTJGNzIgYy41

JiN4RDtKb3NlcGggUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpOOTQuQTJG

NzIgYy4yJiN4RDtKb3NlcGggUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpO

OTQuQTJGNzIgYy42PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRl

PjxBdXRob3I+UG9nZ2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NjQ3ODwvUmVj

TnVtPjxQYWdlcz41MTwvUGFnZXM+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42NDc4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVy

Pjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAy

NXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzNTYyODk5ODIiPjY0Nzg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlBvZ2dpLCBHaWFuZnJhbmNvPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1

bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlRoZSBzdGF0ZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9u

dD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250

PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5pdHMgbmF0dXJlLCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCwgYW5kIHByb3Nw

ZWN0czwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+dmlpLCAyMTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxr

ZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5EZW1vY3JhY3ku

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVi

LWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJyaWRnZTwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UG9saXR5IFByZXNz

PC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDc0NTYwNTcxMCYjeEQ7MDc0NTYwODc5NSAocGJrLik8L2lzYm4+

PGNhbGwtbnVtPkFMREVSTUFOIFNUQUNLUyBKQzMyNSAuUDU4IDE5OTAgQk9PSyYjeEQ7TEFXIFNU

QUNLUyBKQzMyNSAuUDU4IDE5OTBiIEJPT0s8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ab2xiZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjM2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxm

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdq

cmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIzNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Wm9sYmVyZywgQXJpc3RpZGUgUi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+U3RyYXRlZ2ljIEludGVyYWN0aW9u

cyBhbmQgdGhlIEZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBNb2Rlcm4gU3RhdGVzOiBGcmFuY2UgYW5kIEVuZ2xhbmQ8

L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTb2NpYWwgU2NpZW5jZSBKb3Vy

bmFsPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPlN0cmF0ZWdpYyBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnM8

L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9u

YWwgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2UgSm91cm5hbDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2Vz

PjY4Ny03MTY8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MzI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgUG9saXRpY3M8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48

ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxsYWJlbD5TdGF0ZSBmb3JtYXRpb248L2xh

YmVsPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Finer 1975, 86; Poggi 1990, 51; Zolberg 1980). Such focus is not the result of Euro- or Anglo-centrism, but the analytical implication of a precise definition. Unless the unit of analysis is rigorously defined, any theory risks being unfalsifiable. War was pervasive in Western Europe, but so were different political forms that have state-like features and are frequently conflated with the national, unitary state. As Tilly and Spruyt emphasized, various political structures developed after the medieval period, but only one dominated the international system in the centuries since ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Spruyt</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>167</RecNum><DisplayText>(Spruyt 1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282518656">167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spruyt, Hendrik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sovereign state and its competitors</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">an analysis of systems change</style></title><secondary-title>Princeton studies in international history and politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>xii, 288 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Sovereignty History.</keyword><keyword>Europe Politics and government.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><isbn>0691033560 (CL acid-free paper)</isbn><accession-num>2067917</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms JC327; .S65 1994&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE JC327; .S65 1994</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Spruyt 1994). In what follows, I first define the concept of the state, as well as alternative political forms from the period. I focus on the medieval and premodern periods, which saw a dwindling in the number of political units in Europe, from a hypothetical median of about 200 to less than 30 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>45-7</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 45-7)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1990, 45-7). The bellicist insight of war creating the large, territorial state has been operationalized in two ways. One theoretical approach claims that borders were shaped through an internal trade-off between costs and benefits ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alesina</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1039</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alesina and Spolaore 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1039</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1291448871">1039</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alesina, Alberto</author><author>Spolaore, Enrico</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The size of nations</title></titles><pages>x, 261 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>States, Size of.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>MIT Press</publisher><isbn>0262012049 (hc. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>13161733</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms JC364; .A39 2003&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE JC364; .A39 2003</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alesina and Spolaore 2003), with war as a major motor of change. The other theoretical approach posits a critical juncture in military technology, the Military Revolution, which forced political units to expand and differentiate institutionally ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bean</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>178</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bean 1973; Boix 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282777111">178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bean, Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and the Birth of the Nation State</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Economic History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Economic History</full-title></periodical><pages>203-221</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1973</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association</publisher><isbn>00220507</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1425767346">19386</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Boix, Carles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Political order and inequality: their foundations and their consequences for human welfare</title><secondary-title>Cambridge studies in comparative politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>pages cm.</pages><keywords><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>Common good.</keyword><keyword>Equality.</keyword><keyword>POLITICAL SCIENCE / General.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9781107089433 (hardback)&#xD;9781107461079 (paperback)</isbn><accession-num>18287231</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bean 1973; Boix 2015). Using new GIS-generated data, I show that border definition is inversely related to warfare: the more remote the border definition, the less war was involved in determining state size, and the more unitary the type of state. Finally, I challenge the main mechanism stipulating how military pressures generated unitary states and increased state size. Instead, I show that the more a unit was engaged in war to increase or simply retain its size, the more its unitary form was compromised. To conclude, I identify what aspects of state growth war can help us explain and are not disputed in this article.Defining the Unitary State and its AlternativesDefining the state accurately explains why the impact of war has to be assessed first by a study of England and France, not all European political units. The war hypothesis enjoys wide acceptance because it captures a powerful intuition, believed to apply across European states. Any war to defend or claim territory, especially one that increases expenditure, forces rulers to engage in intense population control not possible during peacetime. But collinearity is a serious problem, since war was as pervasive as varied institution-building in the region. War certainly occurred during the formation of many kinds of political units. However, not every instance of border definition or institution building that occurred within Europe (or elsewhere) produced the distinctive outcome of interest here, the national, unitary state ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>2</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 2; Spruyt 1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Spruyt</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>167</RecNum><record><rec-number>167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282518656">167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spruyt, Hendrik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sovereign state and its competitors</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">an analysis of systems change</style></title><secondary-title>Princeton studies in international history and politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>xii, 288 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Sovereignty History.</keyword><keyword>Europe Politics and government.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><isbn>0691033560 (CL acid-free paper)</isbn><accession-num>2067917</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms JC327; .S65 1994&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE JC327; .S65 1994</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tilly 1990, 2; Spruyt 1994). Confusion exists, moreover, because Tilly and other authors use the term “state” to also describe the alternative political forms. “Most states have been non-national: empires, city-states, or something else” PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaWxseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxQYWdlcz4yPC9QYWdlcz48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFRpbGx5IDE5OTAs

IDI7IFN0YXNhdmFnZSAyMDExOyBEaW5jZWNjbyBldCBhbC4gMjAxMSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+Nzk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0i

RU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFt

cD0iMTI4MjUwNTY4OCI+Nzk8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlRpbGx5LCBDaGFy

bGVzPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkNvZXJj

aW9uLCBDYXBpdGFsLCBhbmQgRXVyb3BlYW4gU3RhdGVzLCBBZCA5OTAtMTk5MDwvdGl0bGU+PC90

aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJy

aWRnZSwgTWFzcy48L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkIuIEJsYWNrd2VsbDwvcHVibGlz

aGVyPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdGFzYXZhZ2U8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTA0NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTA0NjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt

aWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjkx

NDc2MTkwIj4xMDQ2PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8

L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5TdGFzYXZhZ2UsIERhdmlk

PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlN0YXRlcyBv

ZiBDcmVkaXQ6IFNpemUsIFBvd2VyLCBhbmQgdGhlIERldmVsb3BtZW50IG9mIEV1cm9wZWFuIFBv

bGl0aWVzPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxw

dWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24g

VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+

PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EaW5jZWNjbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4z

NTA2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zNTA2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4

ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzM1ODQwOTAiPjM1MDY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9y

cz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRpbmNlY2NvLCBNYXJrPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5GZWRlcmlj

bywgR2lvdmFubmk8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZpbmRpZ25pLCBBbmRyZWE8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2FyZmFyZSwgVGF4YXRpb24sIGFu

ZCBQb2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlOiBFdmlkZW5jZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBJdGFsaWFuIFJpc29yZ2ltZW50

bzwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21pYyBIaXN0b3J5

PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+VGhlIEpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgRWNvbm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2Vz

Pjg4Ny05MTQ8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NzE8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjA0PC9udW1iZXI+PGRh

dGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBKb3VybmFs

cyBPbmxpbmU8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMDIyLTA1MDc8L2lzYm4+PGxhYmVsPldhcjwvbGFi

ZWw+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly9keC5kb2kub3JnLzEwLjEwMTcvUzAw

MjIwNTA3MTEwMDIxOFg8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVz

b3VyY2UtbnVtPmRvaToxMC4xMDE3L1MwMDIyMDUwNzExMDAyMThYPC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291

cmNlLW51bT48YWNjZXNzLWRhdGU+MjAxMTwvYWNjZXNzLWRhdGU+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwv

RW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaWxseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxQYWdlcz4yPC9QYWdlcz48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFRpbGx5IDE5OTAs

IDI7IFN0YXNhdmFnZSAyMDExOyBEaW5jZWNjbyBldCBhbC4gMjAxMSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+Nzk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0i

RU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFt

cD0iMTI4MjUwNTY4OCI+Nzk8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlRpbGx5LCBDaGFy

bGVzPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkNvZXJj

aW9uLCBDYXBpdGFsLCBhbmQgRXVyb3BlYW4gU3RhdGVzLCBBZCA5OTAtMTk5MDwvdGl0bGU+PC90

aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJy

aWRnZSwgTWFzcy48L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkIuIEJsYWNrd2VsbDwvcHVibGlz

aGVyPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdGFzYXZhZ2U8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTA0NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTA0NjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt

aWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjkx

NDc2MTkwIj4xMDQ2PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8

L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5TdGFzYXZhZ2UsIERhdmlk

PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlN0YXRlcyBv

ZiBDcmVkaXQ6IFNpemUsIFBvd2VyLCBhbmQgdGhlIERldmVsb3BtZW50IG9mIEV1cm9wZWFuIFBv

bGl0aWVzPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxw

dWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24g

VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+

PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EaW5jZWNjbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4z

NTA2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zNTA2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4

ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzM1ODQwOTAiPjM1MDY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9y

cz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRpbmNlY2NvLCBNYXJrPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5GZWRlcmlj

bywgR2lvdmFubmk8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZpbmRpZ25pLCBBbmRyZWE8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1

dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2FyZmFyZSwgVGF4YXRpb24sIGFu

ZCBQb2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlOiBFdmlkZW5jZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBJdGFsaWFuIFJpc29yZ2ltZW50

bzwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21pYyBIaXN0b3J5

PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+VGhlIEpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgRWNvbm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2Vz

Pjg4Ny05MTQ8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NzE8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjA0PC9udW1iZXI+PGRh

dGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBKb3VybmFs

cyBPbmxpbmU8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMDIyLTA1MDc8L2lzYm4+PGxhYmVsPldhcjwvbGFi

ZWw+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly9keC5kb2kub3JnLzEwLjEwMTcvUzAw

MjIwNTA3MTEwMDIxOFg8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVz

b3VyY2UtbnVtPmRvaToxMC4xMDE3L1MwMDIyMDUwNzExMDAyMThYPC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291

cmNlLW51bT48YWNjZXNzLWRhdGU+MjAxMTwvYWNjZXNzLWRhdGU+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwv

RW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Tilly 1990, 2; Stasavage 2011; Dincecco et al. 2011). However, other scholars define the state as “a type of organization distinct from both the empire and the city;” these are the alternatives against which the state needs to be defined PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ab2xiZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxQYWdlcz42ODk8L1BhZ2VzPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oWm9sYmVy

ZyAxOTgwLCA2ODk7IFNwcnV5dCAxOTk0OyBWYW4gQ3JldmVsZCAxOTk5LCAxLTIpPC9EaXNwbGF5

VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjIzNjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkxIj4yMzY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

cz48YXV0aG9yPlpvbGJlcmcsIEFyaXN0aWRlIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlN0cmF0ZWdpYyBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnMgYW5kIHRoZSBGb3Jt

YXRpb24gb2YgTW9kZXJuIFN0YXRlczogRnJhbmNlIGFuZCBFbmdsYW5kPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2UgSm91cm5hbDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5TdHJhdGVnaWMgSW50ZXJhY3Rpb25zPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIFNvY2lhbCBTY2ll

bmNlIEpvdXJuYWw8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz42ODctNzE2PC9wYWdl

cz48dm9sdW1lPjMyPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj40PC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkNvbXBhcmF0aXZlIFBvbGl0aWNzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5

ODA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48bGFiZWw+U3RhdGUgZm9ybWF0aW9uPC9sYWJlbD48dXJscz48L3Vy

bHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+U3BydXl0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5

NDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE2NzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTY3PC9yZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2Zl

ZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1MTg2NTYiPjE2Nzwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U3BydXl0LCBIZW5kcmlrPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRl

ZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlRoZSBzb3ZlcmVpZ24gc3RhdGUgYW5kIGl0cyBjb21wZXRpdG9y

czwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5h

biBhbmFseXNpcyBvZiBzeXN0ZW1zIGNoYW5nZTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPlByaW5jZXRvbiBzdHVkaWVzIGluIGludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgaGlzdG9yeSBhbmQgcG9saXRp

Y3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAyODggcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxr

ZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Tb3ZlcmVpZ250eSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5F

dXJvcGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVz

Pjx5ZWFyPjE5OTQ8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbjwvcHViLWxv

Y2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48

aXNibj4wNjkxMDMzNTYwIChDTCBhY2lkLWZyZWUgcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjIwNjc5MTc8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWls

ZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpDMzI3OyAuUzY1IDE5OTQmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFt

cyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSkMzMjc7IC5TNjUgMTk5

NDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9j

YXRkaXIvZGVzY3JpcHRpb24vcHJpbjAzMS85NDAxMDc1OS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9wcmluMDMxLzk0MDEwNzU5Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0

ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VmFuIENyZXZlbGQ8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk5PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODE2PC9SZWNOdW0+PFBhZ2VzPjEtMjwv

UGFnZXM+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj44MTY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE4MDYxNCI+ODE2PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl

IG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5W

YW4gQ3JldmVsZCwgTWFydGluPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSByaXNlIGFuZCBkZWNsaW5lIG9mIHRoZSBzdGF0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnZpaWksIDQzOSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPlN0YXRlLCBU

aGUuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldvcmxkIHBvbGl0aWNzLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk5PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTY1MTkwNSAoaGJrLikmI3hEOzA1MjE2NTYyOVggKHBiay4pPC9pc2Ju

PjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ1MDc0MTM8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNv

biBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpDMTE7IC5WMzUgMTk5OSYjeEQ7SmVm

ZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgLSBTVE9SRUQgT0ZGU0lURSBK

QzExOyAuVjM1IDE5OTk8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmgtbmV0Lm9yZy9yZXZpZXcvaHJldi1hMGI1ZTQtYWE8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cu

bG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvc2FtcGxlcy9jYW0wMzIvOTgwMzA5OTMuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9jYW0wMjkvOTgwMzA5OTMuaHRtbDwv

dXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvY2FtMDIxLzk4MDMwOTkzLmh0

bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ab2xiZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxQYWdlcz42ODk8L1BhZ2VzPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oWm9sYmVy

ZyAxOTgwLCA2ODk7IFNwcnV5dCAxOTk0OyBWYW4gQ3JldmVsZCAxOTk5LCAxLTIpPC9EaXNwbGF5

VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjIzNjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkxIj4yMzY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

cz48YXV0aG9yPlpvbGJlcmcsIEFyaXN0aWRlIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlN0cmF0ZWdpYyBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnMgYW5kIHRoZSBGb3Jt

YXRpb24gb2YgTW9kZXJuIFN0YXRlczogRnJhbmNlIGFuZCBFbmdsYW5kPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2UgSm91cm5hbDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5TdHJhdGVnaWMgSW50ZXJhY3Rpb25zPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIFNvY2lhbCBTY2ll

bmNlIEpvdXJuYWw8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz42ODctNzE2PC9wYWdl

cz48dm9sdW1lPjMyPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj40PC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkNvbXBhcmF0aXZlIFBvbGl0aWNzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5

ODA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48bGFiZWw+U3RhdGUgZm9ybWF0aW9uPC9sYWJlbD48dXJscz48L3Vy

bHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+U3BydXl0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5

NDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE2NzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTY3PC9yZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2Zl

ZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1MTg2NTYiPjE2Nzwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U3BydXl0LCBIZW5kcmlrPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRl

ZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlRoZSBzb3ZlcmVpZ24gc3RhdGUgYW5kIGl0cyBjb21wZXRpdG9y

czwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5h

biBhbmFseXNpcyBvZiBzeXN0ZW1zIGNoYW5nZTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPlByaW5jZXRvbiBzdHVkaWVzIGluIGludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgaGlzdG9yeSBhbmQgcG9saXRp

Y3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAyODggcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxr

ZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Tb3ZlcmVpZ250eSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5F

dXJvcGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVz

Pjx5ZWFyPjE5OTQ8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbjwvcHViLWxv

Y2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48

aXNibj4wNjkxMDMzNTYwIChDTCBhY2lkLWZyZWUgcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjIwNjc5MTc8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWls

ZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpDMzI3OyAuUzY1IDE5OTQmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFt

cyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSkMzMjc7IC5TNjUgMTk5

NDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9j

YXRkaXIvZGVzY3JpcHRpb24vcHJpbjAzMS85NDAxMDc1OS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9wcmluMDMxLzk0MDEwNzU5Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0

ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VmFuIENyZXZlbGQ8

L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk5PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODE2PC9SZWNOdW0+PFBhZ2VzPjEtMjwv

UGFnZXM+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj44MTY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4OTE4MDYxNCI+ODE2PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl

IG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5W

YW4gQ3JldmVsZCwgTWFydGluPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSByaXNlIGFuZCBkZWNsaW5lIG9mIHRoZSBzdGF0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnZpaWksIDQzOSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPlN0YXRlLCBU

aGUuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldvcmxkIHBvbGl0aWNzLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk5PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTY1MTkwNSAoaGJrLikmI3hEOzA1MjE2NTYyOVggKHBiay4pPC9pc2Ju

PjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ1MDc0MTM8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNv

biBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpDMTE7IC5WMzUgMTk5OSYjeEQ7SmVm

ZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgLSBTVE9SRUQgT0ZGU0lURSBK

QzExOyAuVjM1IDE5OTk8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmgtbmV0Lm9yZy9yZXZpZXcvaHJldi1hMGI1ZTQtYWE8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cu

bG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvc2FtcGxlcy9jYW0wMzIvOTgwMzA5OTMuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9jYW0wMjkvOTgwMzA5OTMuaHRtbDwv

dXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvY2FtMDIxLzk4MDMwOTkzLmh0

bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Zolberg 1980, 689; Spruyt 1994; Van Creveld 1999, 1-2). Since, as suggested, European outcomes are differentiated from non-Western forms only in the emergence of the national, unitary state, the analysis here will focus on this unit of analysis, which is also sovereign and territorial. The unitary type is the real dependent variable in the existing state-building literature, I argue (though of course, alternatives are also of major importance ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nexon</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>969</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nexon 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>969</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1290820534">969</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nexon, Daniel H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The struggle for power in early modern Europe</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">religious conflict, dynastic empires, and international change</style></title><secondary-title>Princeton studies in international history and politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>xv, 354 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Europe Politics and government 1517-1648.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><isbn>9780691137926 (alk. paper)&#xD;0691137927 (alk. paper)&#xD;9780691137933 (pbk. alk. paper)&#xD;0691137935 (pbk. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>15466214</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms D217; .N49 2009</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nexon 2009).Moreover, the unitary type is empirically the same as Tilly’s “intermediate” type of capitalized coercion, in which neither capital nor coercion were dominant. This categorization is typically thought of as the result of the exogenous distribution of the two factors, money and troops. However, Tilly did not empirically test this claim to demonstrate that capital and coercion were indeed balanced; he deduced the classification from the presence of bargaining practices. The cases adduced were England and France ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>2-3`, 64</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 2-3, 64)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1990, 2-3, 64). The reasons for this focus, as I explain, is that these are the two cases that had the most developed central institutions to administer bargaining. By contrast, “war, statemaking, and extraction” in general were common to states and city-states and empires ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>22</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 22)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1990, 22)—confirming that political types cannot be distinguished by whether they engaged in or grew by war; they all did. What was unique to the national state, and a function of the intermediate levels of capital and coercion was that, since neither of these resources was in excess supply, the state was “compelled by bargaining over the subject’s population’s cession of coercive means to invest heavily in protection, adjudication, and sometimes even production and distribution” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>22</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 22)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1990, 22). Too much capital available to rulers, as with city-states, or too many coercive capabilities, as with empires, allowed rulers to avoid bargaining and providing the types of institutions that build unitary states. At stake in this literature, therefore, is not just the creation of institutions in general or any growth in state size; it is how political units effectively integrated a diverse population over an extensive territory by forming central, unified institutions that eventually reflected that population’s preferences in some form. Although the state-building literature typically keeps domestic factors analytically separate, preferences are reflected only where representative institutions exist—without assuming they are democratic of course. “Kings of England did not want a Parliament to form and assume ever-greater power; they conceded to barons, and then to clergy, gentry, and bourgeois, in the course of persuading them to raise the money for warfare” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Pages>64`, for repeated references to assemblies`, see also`, 99-103`, 26`, 30`, 32</Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1990, 64, for repeated references to assemblies, see also, 99-103, 26, 30, 32)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1990, 64, for repeated references to assemblies, see also, 99-103, 26, 30, 32). Representative institutions are integral in securing the political form that is being explained in his and other state-building studies ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Poggi</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>6478</RecNum><Prefix>see also`, </Prefix><Pages>25`, 51</Pages><DisplayText>(see also, Poggi 1990, 25, 51; Finer 1999a, 1024-51)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6478</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1356289982">6478</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Poggi, Gianfranco</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The state</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">its nature, development, and prospects</style></title></titles><pages>vii, 214 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>Democracy.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Polity Press</publisher><isbn>0745605710&#xD;0745608795 (pbk.)</isbn><call-num>ALDERMAN STACKS JC325 .P58 1990 BOOK&#xD;LAW STACKS JC325 .P58 1990b BOOK</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Finer</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>20326</RecNum><Pages>1024-51</Pages><record><rec-number>20326</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1507430617">20326</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Finer, Samuel E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The history of government from the earliest times</title></titles><volume>Vol. 2: The intermediate ages</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><isbn>019820664X (v. 1)&#xD;0198206658 (v. 2)&#xD;0198206666 (v. 3)</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(see also, Poggi 1990, 25, 51; Finer 1999a, 1024-51).Only a unit that includes nation-wide bargaining institutions qualifies as an intermediate type (and thus a national state) in this literature and can be distinguished from city-states, empires, and absolutist states. City-states may have had representative institutions, but they did not extend over the countryside—a major reason causing them to succumb to despotic governance ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jones</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>511</RecNum><DisplayText>(Jones 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>511</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1284924097">511</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jones, Philip James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria</title></titles><pages>x, 702</pages><keywords><keyword>Cities and towns, Medieval Italy History.</keyword><keyword>City-states Italy History.</keyword><keyword>Italy History 1268-1492.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Clarendon Press</publisher><isbn>0198225857</isbn><accession-num>007422156-6</accession-num><call-num>WID DG443 .J662 1997x</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Jones 1997). Empires, on the other hand, stretched over extended territory, but did not involve centralized collective bargaining with the population, despite often abundant localized exchange (which typically exempted the most powerful, the nobility, from taxation). Absolutist states may have contained representative elements, but these did not apply uniformly in the polity. Castile for instance only convened the towns, not other social groups, and France, in its absolutist phase, had local representative institutions, but no central one. As such, they differed in degree, not kind, from political units further east.Tilly’s distinction between unit types is predicated on this institutional dimension, although state theory is widely associated with his two variables of capital and coercion. His definition instead suggests that the constitutional (and eventually democratic) state is in fact the limiting case of the Weberian prototype of the state and his variant. Weber’s famous definition begins, “Today…we have to say that the state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weber</Author><Year>[1919] 1946</Year><RecNum>19414</RecNum><Prefix>italics added`, </Prefix><Pages>78</Pages><DisplayText>(italics added, Weber [1919] 1946, 78)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19414</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1426108320">19414</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weber, Max</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Gerth, Hans Heinrich</author><author>Mills, C. Wright</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Politics as a Vocation</title><secondary-title>From Max Weber: Essays in sociology</secondary-title></titles><pages>77-128</pages><keywords><keyword>Social sciences.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>[1919] 1946</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><accession-num>275221</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(italics added, Weber [1919] 1946, 78). The “state” is a “human community”—not its ruler or the ruling apparatus. But ultimately a “human community” can only legitimately hold the monopoly of violence when it is sovereign—a condition that only holds de facto once the regime becomes representative, even if not democratic. Political entities can enjoy legitimacy without the community being sovereign, of course, but this is not what Weber is stipulating in his definition. De jure sovereignty and legitimacy were invoked across a wide variety of societies historically, such as the Ottoman one. Nonetheless, and ultimately, the Weberian and Tillyan definitions only fully apply to a political entity with representative or polity-wide bargaining institutions.Given this specific definition of the state, it is not an accident that the foundational literature on state-building focuses on England and France primarily PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaWxseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oVGlsbHkgMTk5MDsgTGV2aSAxOTg4OyBNYW5u

IDE5ODg7IEhpbnR6ZSAxOTc1YTsgRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBab2xiZXJnIDE5ODA7IEtpc2VyIGFu

ZCBMaW50b24gMjAwMSwgNDEyOyBLaXNlciBhbmQgS2FuZSAyMDAxOyBCYXRlcyBhbmQgTGllbiAx

OTg1KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij43OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+VGlsbHksIENoYXJsZXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Q29lcmNpb24sIENhcGl0YWwsIGFuZCBFdXJvcGVhbiBTdGF0ZXMsIEFk

IDk5MC0xOTkwPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVz

PjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlLCBNYXNzLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+

Qi4gQmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPkxldmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODA8L1JlY051

bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjgwPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBh

cHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1l

c3RhbXA9IjEyODI1MDU2ODgiPjgwPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9

IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5MZXZpLCBN

YXJnYXJldDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5P

ZiBSdWxlIGFuZCBSZXZlbnVlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4ODwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVy

PkJlcmtlbGV5IFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNv

cmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+TWFubjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODg8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4zMDg8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjMwODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkzIj4zMDg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

PjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+TWFubiwgTWljaGFlbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TdGF0ZSBhbmQgU29jaWV0eSwgMTEzMC0xODE1OiBhbiBB

bmFseXNpcyBvZiBFbmdsaXNoIFN0YXRlIEZpbmFuY2VzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PlN0YXRlcywgV2FyLCBhbmQgQ2FwaXRhbGlzbTogU3R1ZGllcyBpbiBQb2xpdGljYWwgU29jaW9s

b2d5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPjczLTEyMzwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdv

cmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhciBFY29ub21pYyBhc3BlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pbGl0

YXJpc20gRWNvbm9taWMgYXNwZWN0cy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2FwaXRhbGlzbTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Tb2NpYWwgY2xhc3Nlczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhl

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5ODg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVi

LWxvY2F0aW9uPk94Zm9yZDwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDYzMTE1OTczODwvaXNibj48Y2FsbC1udW0+Sm9zZXBoIFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4g

TGlicmFyeSBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIFN0YWNrcyBIQjE5NS5NMjI1MCAxOTg4IGMuMTwvY2FsbC1udW0+

PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPkM6XE15IERvY3VtZW50c1xNeSBEb2N1bWVudHNcSGlz

dG9yeVxNaWRkbGUgQWdlc1xFbmdsYW5kXEVjb25vbXlcTWFubi5kb2M8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+SGludHplPC9BdXRob3I+

PFllYXI+MTk3NTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0MTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+

MjQxPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0

cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjI0

MTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3Jl

Zi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IaW50emUsIE90dG88L2F1dGhv

cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RmVsaXggR2lsYmVydDwvYXV0

aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhl

IEZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBTdGF0ZXMgYW5kIENvbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIERldmVsb3BtZW50OiBBIFN0

dWR5IGluIEhpc3RvcnkgYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBI

aXN0b3JpY2FsIEVzc2F5cyBvZiBPdHRvIEhpbnR6ZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

PjxwYWdlcz4/PzwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhpc3Rvcnk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SGlzdG9yeSBQaGlsb3NvcGh5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9y

eTwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTc1PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+T3hmb3JkIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMTk1MDE4MTkyPC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5S

ZWdlbnN0ZWluIFN0YWNrcyBERDUuSDY2IGMuMjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVj

b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRvd25pbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkyPC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+MjIzPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMjM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+

PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1

d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5MSI+MjIzPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1

dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nLCBCcmlhbiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgTWlsaXRhcnkgUmV2b2x1dGlvbiBhbmQgUG9saXRp

Y2FsIENoYW5nZTogT3JpZ2lucyBvZiBEZW1vY3JhY3kgYW5kIEF1dG9jcmFjeSBpbiBFYXJseSBN

b2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+VGhlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24g

YW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBDaGFuZ2U8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aWksIDMw

ODwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbW9jcmFjeSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgNDc2LTE0OTI8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVy

c2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwNzg4NjY8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpv

c2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBTdGFja3MgSk43LkQ2OTAgMTk5MiBj

LjE8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5a

b2xiZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjIzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjM2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIzNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3Vy

bmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+

Wm9sYmVyZywgQXJpc3RpZGUgUi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRp

dGxlcz48dGl0bGU+U3RyYXRlZ2ljIEludGVyYWN0aW9ucyBhbmQgdGhlIEZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBN

b2Rlcm4gU3RhdGVzOiBGcmFuY2UgYW5kIEVuZ2xhbmQ8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTb2NpYWwgU2NpZW5jZSBKb3VybmFsPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PHNo

b3J0LXRpdGxlPlN0cmF0ZWdpYyBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnM8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxw

ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2UgSm91cm5h

bDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjY4Ny03MTY8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+

MzI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRp

dmUgUG9saXRpY3M8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4MDwveWVhcj48

L2RhdGVzPjxsYWJlbD5TdGF0ZSBmb3JtYXRpb248L2xhYmVsPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaXNlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDE8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT44NTU8L1JlY051bT48UGFnZXM+NDEyPC9QYWdlcz48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjg1

NTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAw

YjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg5NzczNjY0Ij44NTU8

L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktpc2VyLCBFZGdhcjwvYXV0

aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TGludG9uLCBBcHJpbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9y

cz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EZXRlcm1pbmFudHMgb2YgdGhlIEdyb3d0aCBvZiB0aGUgU3RhdGU6

IFdhciBhbmQgVGF4YXRpb24gaW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJuIEZyYW5jZSBhbmQgRW5nbGFuZDwvdGl0

bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Tb2NpYWwgRm9yY2VzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+U29jaWFsIEZvcmNlczwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3Bl

cmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjQxMS00NDg8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+ODA8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVy

PjI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwMTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+VW5p

dmVyc2l0eSBvZiBOb3J0aCBDYXJvbGluYSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAwMzc3NzMy

PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFi

bGUvMjY3NTU4NTwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENp

dGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaXNlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMzQxPC9S

ZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMzQxPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHow

IiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMDcyMTM0OTEiPjIzNDE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5

cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0

aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktpc2VyLCBFZGdhcjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2FuZSwgSm9zaHVhPC9h

dXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlJldm9sdXRpb24g

YW5kIFN0YXRlIFN0cnVjdHVyZTogVGhlIEJ1cmVhdWNyYXRpemF0aW9uIG9mIFRheCBBZG1pbmlz

dHJhdGlvbiBpbiBFYXJseSBNb2Rlcm4gRW5nbGFuZCBhbmQgRnJhbmNlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgU29jaW9sb2d5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QW1lcmljYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBTb2Np

b2xvZ3k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xODMtMjIzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9s

dW1lPjEwNzwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAxPC95ZWFy

PjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5UaGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBDaGljYWdvIFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDAwMjk2MDI8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6

Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iub3JnL3N0YWJsZS8xMC4xMDg2LzMyMzY1NjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

PjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYXRlczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy

PjE5ODU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yNDY8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0Njwv

cmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUy

c3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkxIj4yNDY8L2tl

eT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVm

LXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkJhdGVzLCBSb2JlcnQgSC48L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkxpZW4sIERhLUhzaWFuZyBEb25hbGQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9j

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QSBOb3RlIG9uIFRheGF0aW9uLCBEZXZlbG9wbWVu

dCwgYW5kIFJlcHJlc2VudGF0aXZlIEdvdmVybm1lbnQ8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

UG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIFNvY2lldHk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QSBOb3Rl

IG9uIFRheGF0aW9uPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT5Qb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgU29jaWV0eTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjUz

LTcwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjE0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4xPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRz

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkhpc3RvcnkgIC0tICBNZWRpZXZhbDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db21wYXJh

dGl2ZSBQb2xpdGljczwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTg1PC95ZWFy

PjwvZGF0ZXM+PGxhYmVsPlN0YXRlIEZvcm1hdGlvbiAtLSAgRWNvbm9teTwvbGFiZWw+PHVybHM+

PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaWxseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oVGlsbHkgMTk5MDsgTGV2aSAxOTg4OyBNYW5u

IDE5ODg7IEhpbnR6ZSAxOTc1YTsgRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBab2xiZXJnIDE5ODA7IEtpc2VyIGFu

ZCBMaW50b24gMjAwMSwgNDEyOyBLaXNlciBhbmQgS2FuZSAyMDAxOyBCYXRlcyBhbmQgTGllbiAx

OTg1KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij43OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+VGlsbHksIENoYXJsZXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Q29lcmNpb24sIENhcGl0YWwsIGFuZCBFdXJvcGVhbiBTdGF0ZXMsIEFk

IDk5MC0xOTkwPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVz

PjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlLCBNYXNzLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+

Qi4gQmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPkxldmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODA8L1JlY051

bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjgwPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBh

cHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1l

c3RhbXA9IjEyODI1MDU2ODgiPjgwPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9

IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5MZXZpLCBN

YXJnYXJldDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5P

ZiBSdWxlIGFuZCBSZXZlbnVlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4ODwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVy

PkJlcmtlbGV5IFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNv

cmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+TWFubjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODg8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4zMDg8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjMwODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkzIj4zMDg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

PjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+TWFubiwgTWljaGFlbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TdGF0ZSBhbmQgU29jaWV0eSwgMTEzMC0xODE1OiBhbiBB

bmFseXNpcyBvZiBFbmdsaXNoIFN0YXRlIEZpbmFuY2VzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PlN0YXRlcywgV2FyLCBhbmQgQ2FwaXRhbGlzbTogU3R1ZGllcyBpbiBQb2xpdGljYWwgU29jaW9s

b2d5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPjczLTEyMzwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdv

cmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhciBFY29ub21pYyBhc3BlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pbGl0

YXJpc20gRWNvbm9taWMgYXNwZWN0cy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2FwaXRhbGlzbTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Tb2NpYWwgY2xhc3Nlczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhl

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5ODg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVi

LWxvY2F0aW9uPk94Zm9yZDwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDYzMTE1OTczODwvaXNibj48Y2FsbC1udW0+Sm9zZXBoIFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4g

TGlicmFyeSBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIFN0YWNrcyBIQjE5NS5NMjI1MCAxOTg4IGMuMTwvY2FsbC1udW0+

PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPkM6XE15IERvY3VtZW50c1xNeSBEb2N1bWVudHNcSGlz

dG9yeVxNaWRkbGUgQWdlc1xFbmdsYW5kXEVjb25vbXlcTWFubi5kb2M8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+SGludHplPC9BdXRob3I+

PFllYXI+MTk3NTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0MTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+

MjQxPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0

cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjI0

MTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3Jl

Zi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IaW50emUsIE90dG88L2F1dGhv

cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RmVsaXggR2lsYmVydDwvYXV0

aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhl

IEZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBTdGF0ZXMgYW5kIENvbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIERldmVsb3BtZW50OiBBIFN0

dWR5IGluIEhpc3RvcnkgYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBI

aXN0b3JpY2FsIEVzc2F5cyBvZiBPdHRvIEhpbnR6ZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

PjxwYWdlcz4/PzwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhpc3Rvcnk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SGlzdG9yeSBQaGlsb3NvcGh5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9y

eTwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTc1PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+T3hmb3JkIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMTk1MDE4MTkyPC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5S

ZWdlbnN0ZWluIFN0YWNrcyBERDUuSDY2IGMuMjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVj

b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRvd25pbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkyPC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+MjIzPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMjM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+

PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1

d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5MSI+MjIzPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1

dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nLCBCcmlhbiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgTWlsaXRhcnkgUmV2b2x1dGlvbiBhbmQgUG9saXRp

Y2FsIENoYW5nZTogT3JpZ2lucyBvZiBEZW1vY3JhY3kgYW5kIEF1dG9jcmFjeSBpbiBFYXJseSBN

b2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+VGhlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24g

YW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBDaGFuZ2U8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aWksIDMw

ODwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbW9jcmFjeSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgNDc2LTE0OTI8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVy

c2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwNzg4NjY8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpv

c2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBTdGFja3MgSk43LkQ2OTAgMTk5MiBj

LjE8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5a

b2xiZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjIzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjM2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIzNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3Vy

bmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+

Wm9sYmVyZywgQXJpc3RpZGUgUi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRp

dGxlcz48dGl0bGU+U3RyYXRlZ2ljIEludGVyYWN0aW9ucyBhbmQgdGhlIEZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBN

b2Rlcm4gU3RhdGVzOiBGcmFuY2UgYW5kIEVuZ2xhbmQ8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBTb2NpYWwgU2NpZW5jZSBKb3VybmFsPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PHNo

b3J0LXRpdGxlPlN0cmF0ZWdpYyBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnM8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxw

ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2UgSm91cm5h

bDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjY4Ny03MTY8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+

MzI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRp

dmUgUG9saXRpY3M8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4MDwveWVhcj48

L2RhdGVzPjxsYWJlbD5TdGF0ZSBmb3JtYXRpb248L2xhYmVsPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaXNlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDE8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT44NTU8L1JlY051bT48UGFnZXM+NDEyPC9QYWdlcz48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjg1

NTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAw

YjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg5NzczNjY0Ij44NTU8

L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktpc2VyLCBFZGdhcjwvYXV0

aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TGludG9uLCBBcHJpbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9y

cz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EZXRlcm1pbmFudHMgb2YgdGhlIEdyb3d0aCBvZiB0aGUgU3RhdGU6

IFdhciBhbmQgVGF4YXRpb24gaW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJuIEZyYW5jZSBhbmQgRW5nbGFuZDwvdGl0

bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Tb2NpYWwgRm9yY2VzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+U29jaWFsIEZvcmNlczwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3Bl

cmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjQxMS00NDg8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+ODA8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVy

PjI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwMTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+VW5p

dmVyc2l0eSBvZiBOb3J0aCBDYXJvbGluYSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAwMzc3NzMy

PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFi

bGUvMjY3NTU4NTwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENp

dGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaXNlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMzQxPC9S

ZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMzQxPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHow

IiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMDcyMTM0OTEiPjIzNDE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5

cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0

aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktpc2VyLCBFZGdhcjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2FuZSwgSm9zaHVhPC9h

dXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlJldm9sdXRpb24g

YW5kIFN0YXRlIFN0cnVjdHVyZTogVGhlIEJ1cmVhdWNyYXRpemF0aW9uIG9mIFRheCBBZG1pbmlz

dHJhdGlvbiBpbiBFYXJseSBNb2Rlcm4gRW5nbGFuZCBhbmQgRnJhbmNlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPkFtZXJpY2FuIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgU29jaW9sb2d5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QW1lcmljYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBTb2Np

b2xvZ3k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xODMtMjIzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9s

dW1lPjEwNzwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAxPC95ZWFy

PjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5UaGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBDaGljYWdvIFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDAwMjk2MDI8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6

Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iub3JnL3N0YWJsZS8xMC4xMDg2LzMyMzY1NjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

PjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYXRlczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy

PjE5ODU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yNDY8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0Njwv

cmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUy

c3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkxIj4yNDY8L2tl

eT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVm

LXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkJhdGVzLCBSb2JlcnQgSC48L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkxpZW4sIERhLUhzaWFuZyBEb25hbGQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9j

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QSBOb3RlIG9uIFRheGF0aW9uLCBEZXZlbG9wbWVu

dCwgYW5kIFJlcHJlc2VudGF0aXZlIEdvdmVybm1lbnQ8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

UG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIFNvY2lldHk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QSBOb3Rl

IG9uIFRheGF0aW9uPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT5Qb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgU29jaWV0eTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjUz

LTcwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjE0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4xPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRz

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkhpc3RvcnkgIC0tICBNZWRpZXZhbDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db21wYXJh

dGl2ZSBQb2xpdGljczwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTg1PC95ZWFy

PjwvZGF0ZXM+PGxhYmVsPlN0YXRlIEZvcm1hdGlvbiAtLSAgRWNvbm9teTwvbGFiZWw+PHVybHM+

PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Tilly 1990; Levi 1988; Mann 1988; Hintze 1975a; Downing 1992; Zolberg 1980; Kiser and Linton 2001, 412; Kiser and Kane 2001; Bates and Lien 1985)—these countries were the first and most important to integrate on these dimensions (though in different ways and degrees). Nor is it an accident that coercion and capital were bargained with in Parliaments, Estates, and other assemblies that are critical in Tilly’s argument, even though he does not dwell on them. Spain, the Habsburg Empire, the Italian city-states that turned into principalities, and the fragmented Low Countries, did not achieve similar levels of integration.Without this distinction, not much separates Europe from other regions: China, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, all developed highly sophisticated bureaucratic structures, often more advanced and meritocratic than those observed in Western Europe at the time PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTI3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSHVpIDIwMDU7IEFybXN0cm9uZyAxOTcyKTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMjc0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4

ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTg4NDcxMjAiPjEyNzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPkh1aSwgVmljdG9yaWEgVGluLWJvcjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIgYW5kIHN0YXRlIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbiBhbmNpZW50IENo

aW5hIGFuZCBlYXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAy

OTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Xb3JsZCBwb2xpdGljcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hpbmEgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgVG8gMjIxIEIuQy48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYXIuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk5ldyBZb3Jr

PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVi

bGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA1MjE4MTk3MjUgKGhiay4pJiN4RDswNTIxODE5NzI1IChoYmsuKSYj

eEQ7OTc4MDUyMTUyNTc2MyAocGJrLikmI3hEOzA1MjE1MjU3NjQgKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjEzNzU3MzE5PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3Ig

QWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBEMzI7IC5IODUgMjAwNTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL2VjaXAw

NTIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Vu

aGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTA2MzIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS1kLmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cu

bG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MDczMi8yMDA0MDI0OTg5LWIuaHRtbDwvdXJs

PjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm1z

dHJvbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTcyPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzMwMDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzMwMDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxNDAwMDk0ODM1Ij43MzAwPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9Ikpv

dXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5Bcm1zdHJvbmcsIEpvaG4gQWxleGFuZGVyPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPk9sZC1SZWdpbWUgR292ZXJub3JzOiBCdXJlYXVjcmF0aWMgYW5k

IFBhdHJpbW9uaWFsIEF0dHJpYnV0ZXM8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q29tcGFyYXRp

dmUgU3R1ZGllcyBpbiBTb2NpZXR5IGFuZCBIaXN0b3J5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgU3R1ZGllcyBpbiBTb2NpZXR5

IGFuZCBIaXN0b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+Mi0yOTwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT4xNDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTcyPC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlz

aGVyPjxpc2JuPjAwMTA0MTc1PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFibGUvMTc4MDU3PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxl

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4yMzA3LzE3ODA1NzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJj

ZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTI3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSHVpIDIwMDU7IEFybXN0cm9uZyAxOTcyKTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMjc0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4

ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTg4NDcxMjAiPjEyNzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPkh1aSwgVmljdG9yaWEgVGluLWJvcjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIgYW5kIHN0YXRlIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbiBhbmNpZW50IENo

aW5hIGFuZCBlYXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAy

OTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Xb3JsZCBwb2xpdGljcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hpbmEgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgVG8gMjIxIEIuQy48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYXIuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk5ldyBZb3Jr

PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVi

bGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA1MjE4MTk3MjUgKGhiay4pJiN4RDswNTIxODE5NzI1IChoYmsuKSYj

eEQ7OTc4MDUyMTUyNTc2MyAocGJrLikmI3hEOzA1MjE1MjU3NjQgKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjEzNzU3MzE5PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3Ig

QWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBEMzI7IC5IODUgMjAwNTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL2VjaXAw

NTIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Vu

aGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTA2MzIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS1kLmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cu

bG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MDczMi8yMDA0MDI0OTg5LWIuaHRtbDwvdXJs

PjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm1z

dHJvbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTcyPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzMwMDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzMwMDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxNDAwMDk0ODM1Ij43MzAwPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9Ikpv

dXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5Bcm1zdHJvbmcsIEpvaG4gQWxleGFuZGVyPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPk9sZC1SZWdpbWUgR292ZXJub3JzOiBCdXJlYXVjcmF0aWMgYW5k

IFBhdHJpbW9uaWFsIEF0dHJpYnV0ZXM8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q29tcGFyYXRp

dmUgU3R1ZGllcyBpbiBTb2NpZXR5IGFuZCBIaXN0b3J5PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRs

ZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgU3R1ZGllcyBpbiBTb2NpZXR5

IGFuZCBIaXN0b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+Mi0yOTwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT4xNDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTcyPC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlz

aGVyPjxpc2JuPjAwMTA0MTc1PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFibGUvMTc4MDU3PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxl

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4yMzA3LzE3ODA1NzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJj

ZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hui 2005; Armstrong 1972). If we include empires or “coercion-rich” political entities in the explanandum, like Prussia or Spain, simply because they have many elements of the state, few distinctions can be made with other regions. Karaman and Pamuk ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Karaman</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>7118</RecNum><Pages>606</Pages><DisplayText>(2013, 606)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1374720556">7118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Karaman, K. K?van?</author><author>Pamuk, ?evket</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Different Paths to the Modern State in Europe: The Interaction Between Warfare, Economic Structure, and Political Regime</title><secondary-title>American Political Science Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Political Science Review</full-title><abbr-1>Am Polit Sci Rev</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1-24</pages><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1537-5943</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(2013, 606) have strikingly shown that up until the 1700s, non-Western cases grew as sharply as Western ones in terms of fiscal extraction. And although the Ottomans extracted relatively less, they still displayed remarkable military organization, often exceeding Western forces ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Murphey</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>20297</RecNum><DisplayText>(Murphey 2010; 1999, 35-49)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1502406973">20297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murphey, Rhoads</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Tallett, Frank</author><author>Trim, D. J. B.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Ottoman military organization in south-eastern Europe, c. 1420-1720</title><secondary-title>European warfare, 1350-1750</secondary-title></titles><pages>135-158</pages><number>Core text</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9780511679223&#xD;9780521713894&#xD;9780521886284</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Murphey</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>20305</RecNum><Pages>35-49</Pages><record><rec-number>20305</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1504899535">20305</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murphey, Rhoads</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700</title></titles><dates><year>1999</year></dates><pub-location>New Brunswick</pub-location><publisher>Rutgers University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Murphey 2010; 1999, 35-49). A wide variety of political units increase troop size and fiscal extraction due to continuous warfare ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dincecco</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>20309</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dincecco and Wang 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20309</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1505170030">20309</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dincecco, Mark </author><author>Wang, Yuhua</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Violent Conflict and Political Development over the Long Run: China versus Europe</title><secondary-title>Annual Review of Political Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annual Review of Political Science</full-title></periodical><volume>21</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dincecco and Wang 2018). What was distinctive to Western Europe—and there, to only a few cases—was the internal, centralized, and representative organization of political bargaining between capital and coercion, which produced the unitary state.To maintain theoretical precision, the analysis is thus best confined to the two traditional cases. The other political units can be placed on a continuum, with empires and coercion-rich cases at the low end of the legitimacy dimension and city-states at the low end of territorial extent ( REF _Ref492920207 \h Table 1). When historians posited an “age of the territorial state,” therefore, they were not offering a statistical generalization; they were focusing on a few statistical outliers, on territorial units that would eventually provide the template for the political organization of communities on a global scale. Assessing the role of war in premodern European national state-formation is, by definition, a small-n enterprise. MechanismsTo see what war does explain we must specify the key mechanisms that are typically invoked linking war and state emergence. Listing episodes matching war to a change in borders and an increase in size (or to the emergence of institutions or the raising of taxes) does not confirm the thesis; it typically just demonstrates a tautology. Of course warring entities will often raise more revenue and may change borders. But that does not necessarily result in a unitary state. All alternative forms of political organization engage in the same activities of war-making, border-changing, institution-building, and revenue-raising, but the outcome is not always a unitary state. Instead, we need to test specific, clearly defined mechanisms that produce unitary, i.e. sovereign, territorial, and centrally bargaining states. These mechanisms can be distinguished in terms of timing, process type, and type of impact.Table 2 about hereWar timing impacts social organization in three different ways: before it occurs (as preparations), during its occurrence, and in its aftermath. Clearly isolating these temporal points, especially the first two, is usually not possible, even within individual cases. The third case is beyond the scope of the article, as it typically assumes a formed state. However, as I suggest at the end, the aftermath of war offers most evidence for the positive political effects of war. But wars may also accelerate existing conditions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kasza</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>19385</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kasza 1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1425767161">19385</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kasza, Gregory J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and Comparative Politics</title><secondary-title>Comparative Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Comparative Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>355-373</pages><volume>28</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1996</year></dates><publisher>Ph.D. Program in Political Science of the City University of New York</publisher><isbn>00104159</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kasza 1996), for instance by ensconcing pre-existing institutions, or they may introduce a critical juncture, the outcome of which is “related stochastically” to initial conditions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mahoney</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>10828</RecNum><Pages>237</Pages><DisplayText>(Mahoney 2000, 237)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1418011223">10828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mahoney, James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Path Dependence in Historical Sociology</title><secondary-title>Theory and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Theory and Society</full-title></periodical><pages>507-548</pages><volume>29</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><isbn>03042421</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mahoney 2000, 237), for instance by leading to loss of territory that alters the distribution of power. Finally, war shapes unit size and unit type: it can affect the size of a political unit, both in geographical and fiscal terms; but it is also held to affect whether the unit becomes a state, an empire, a federation, or a city-state.In this article, I consider the two mechanisms that relate to the geographical size of the state: the first claims that borders were shaped through an internal trade-off between costs and benefits ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alesina</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1039</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alesina and Spolaore 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1039</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1291448871">1039</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alesina, Alberto</author><author>Spolaore, Enrico</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The size of nations</title></titles><pages>x, 261 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>States, Size of.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>MIT Press</publisher><isbn>0262012049 (hc. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>13161733</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms JC364; .A39 2003&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE JC364; .A39 2003</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alesina and Spolaore 2003) and the second posits a drastic change in military technology, the Military Revolution, which forced political units to expand territorially and differentiate institutionally ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bean</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>178</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bean 1973; Boix 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282777111">178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bean, Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and the Birth of the Nation State</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Economic History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Economic History</full-title></periodical><pages>203-221</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1973</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association</publisher><isbn>00220507</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1425767346">19386</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Boix, Carles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Political order and inequality: their foundations and their consequences for human welfare</title><secondary-title>Cambridge studies in comparative politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>pages cm.</pages><keywords><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>Common good.</keyword><keyword>Equality.</keyword><keyword>POLITICAL SCIENCE / General.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9781107089433 (hardback)&#xD;9781107461079 (paperback)</isbn><accession-num>18287231</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bean 1973; Boix 2015). They thus cover both types of process type identified in the literature, that of endogenous change and of critical junctures. Regarding timing, the mechanisms occur both before and during war. In the following sections, I will show why these mechanisms do not explain the empirical record, concluding that the impact of war is overstressed. Border Timing, War, and Unitary StatesBorders are one of three elements that conventionally define statehood—the others being monopoly over the use of force and legitimate authority ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><Prefix>*</Prefix><Pages>131</Pages><DisplayText>(*Tilly 1990, 131)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282505688">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>B. Blackwell</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(*Tilly 1990, 131). Of these, borders can be objectively measured, thereby serving as indicators of the beginning of state-formation. Borders can be set in two ways: either exogenously, by an administrative division in the remote past via conquest or a natural barrier, like a mountain, or through conflict and accommodation, i.e. endogenously. In the literature on optimal state size, borders are endogenized as a cost-benefit trade-off between the costs of heterogeneity and the benefits of economies of scale, under military pressure from outside PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGVzaW5hPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMzwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwMzk8L1JlY051bT48UGFnZXM+OTUtMTM2PC9QYWdlcz48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEFs

ZXNpbmEgYW5kIFNwb2xhb3JlIDIwMDMsIDk1LTEzNjsgTGFrZSBhbmQgTyZhcG9zO01haG9ueSAy

MDA0OyBCZWFuIDE5NzM7IEJvaXggZXQgYWwuIDIwMTEpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxy

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRi

LWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI5

MTQ0ODg3MSI+MTAzOTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42

PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QWxlc2luYSwgQWxiZXJ0

bzwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U3BvbGFvcmUsIEVucmljbzwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2Nv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgc2l6ZSBvZiBuYXRpb25zPC90aXRsZT48L3Rp

dGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eCwgMjYxIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3RhdGVzLCBT

aXplIG9mLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAzPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0

ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2UsIE1hc3MuPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hl

cj5NSVQgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMjYyMDEyMDQ5IChoYy4gYWxrLiBwYXBlcik8

L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTMxNjE3MzM8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpl

ZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpDMzY0OyAuQTM5IDIwMDMm

I3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9G

RlNJVEUgSkMzNjQ7IC5BMzkgMjAwMzwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkxha2U8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+

NTg4NzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTg4NzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVh

eGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzQ3ODMyNjYzIj41ODg3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5MYWtlLCBEYXZpZCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TyZhcG9z

O01haG9ueSwgQW5nZWxhPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBJbmNyZWRpYmxlIFNocmlua2luZyBTdGF0ZTogRXhwbGFpbmluZyBDaGFuZ2Ug

aW4gdGhlIFRlcnJpdG9yaWFsIFNpemUgb2YgQ291bnRyaWVzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIENvbmZsaWN0IFJlc29sdXRpb248L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBDb25mbGljdCBS

ZXNvbHV0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+Njk5LTcyMjwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT40ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5TYWdlIFB1YmxpY2F0aW9ucywgSW5jLjwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjAwMjIwMDI3PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3

LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFibGUvNDE0OTgxNjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3Jl

Y29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3MzwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjE3ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTc4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxm

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdq

cmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI3NzcxMTEiPjE3ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QmVhbiwgUmljaGFyZDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIgYW5kIHRoZSBCaXJ0aCBvZiB0aGUgTmF0

aW9uIFN0YXRlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25vbWlj

IEhpc3Rvcnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21pYyBIaXN0b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNh

bD48cGFnZXM+MjAzLTIyMTwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4zMzwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVt

YmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTczPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2Ug

VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzcyBvbiBiZWhhbGYgb2YgdGhlIEVjb25vbWljIEhpc3RvcnkgQXNzb2Np

YXRpb248L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMDIyMDUwNzwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5qc3Rvci5vcmcvc3RhYmxlLzIxMTcxNTE8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+Qm9peDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZ

ZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4zMzk2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4z

Mzk2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0

cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzA3NDg5MjIiPjMz

OTY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9y

ZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Qm9peCwgQ2FybGVzPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5CcnVubyBDb2Rlbm90dGk8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkdpb3Zhbm5pIFJlc3Rh

PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPk5vcm1hbiBTY2hv

ZmllbGQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L3NlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPldhciwgV2VhbHRoIGFuZCB0aGUgRm9ybWF0aW9uIG9mIFN0YXRlczwvdGl0bGU+PHNl

Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Qb2xpdGljYWwgRWNvbm9teSBhbmQgSW5zdGl0dXRpb25zPC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlz

aGVyPlNwcmluZ2VyLVZlcmxhZzwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0Np

dGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPgB=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGVzaW5hPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMzwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwMzk8L1JlY051bT48UGFnZXM+OTUtMTM2PC9QYWdlcz48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEFs

ZXNpbmEgYW5kIFNwb2xhb3JlIDIwMDMsIDk1LTEzNjsgTGFrZSBhbmQgTyZhcG9zO01haG9ueSAy

MDA0OyBCZWFuIDE5NzM7IEJvaXggZXQgYWwuIDIwMTEpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxy

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRi

LWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI5

MTQ0ODg3MSI+MTAzOTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42

PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QWxlc2luYSwgQWxiZXJ0

bzwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U3BvbGFvcmUsIEVucmljbzwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2Nv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgc2l6ZSBvZiBuYXRpb25zPC90aXRsZT48L3Rp

dGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eCwgMjYxIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3RhdGVzLCBT

aXplIG9mLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAzPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0

ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2UsIE1hc3MuPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hl

cj5NSVQgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMjYyMDEyMDQ5IChoYy4gYWxrLiBwYXBlcik8

L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTMxNjE3MzM8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpl

ZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpDMzY0OyAuQTM5IDIwMDMm

I3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9G

RlNJVEUgSkMzNjQ7IC5BMzkgMjAwMzwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkxha2U8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+

NTg4NzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTg4NzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVh

eGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzQ3ODMyNjYzIj41ODg3PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5MYWtlLCBEYXZpZCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TyZhcG9z

O01haG9ueSwgQW5nZWxhPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBJbmNyZWRpYmxlIFNocmlua2luZyBTdGF0ZTogRXhwbGFpbmluZyBDaGFuZ2Ug

aW4gdGhlIFRlcnJpdG9yaWFsIFNpemUgb2YgQ291bnRyaWVzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIENvbmZsaWN0IFJlc29sdXRpb248L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBDb25mbGljdCBS

ZXNvbHV0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+Njk5LTcyMjwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT40ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NTwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5TYWdlIFB1YmxpY2F0aW9ucywgSW5jLjwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjAwMjIwMDI3PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3

LmpzdG9yLm9yZy9zdGFibGUvNDE0OTgxNjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3Jl

Y29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3MzwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjE3ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTc4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxm

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdq

cmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI3NzcxMTEiPjE3ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJp

YnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QmVhbiwgUmljaGFyZDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIgYW5kIHRoZSBCaXJ0aCBvZiB0aGUgTmF0

aW9uIFN0YXRlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25vbWlj

IEhpc3Rvcnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21pYyBIaXN0b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNh

bD48cGFnZXM+MjAzLTIyMTwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4zMzwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MTwvbnVt

YmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTczPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2Ug

VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzcyBvbiBiZWhhbGYgb2YgdGhlIEVjb25vbWljIEhpc3RvcnkgQXNzb2Np

YXRpb248L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wMDIyMDUwNzwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxz

Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5qc3Rvci5vcmcvc3RhYmxlLzIxMTcxNTE8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+Qm9peDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZ

ZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4zMzk2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4z

Mzk2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0

cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzA3NDg5MjIiPjMz

OTY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayBTZWN0aW9uIj41PC9y

ZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Qm9peCwgQ2FybGVzPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5CcnVubyBDb2Rlbm90dGk8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkdpb3Zhbm5pIFJlc3Rh

PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPk5vcm1hbiBTY2hv

ZmllbGQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L3NlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPldhciwgV2VhbHRoIGFuZCB0aGUgRm9ybWF0aW9uIG9mIFN0YXRlczwvdGl0bGU+PHNl

Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Qb2xpdGljYWwgRWNvbm9teSBhbmQgSW5zdGl0dXRpb25zPC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlz

aGVyPlNwcmluZ2VyLVZlcmxhZzwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0Np

dGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPgB=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Alesina and Spolaore 2003, 95-136; Lake and O'Mahony 2004; Bean 1973; Boix et al. 2011). In other words, borders are a process-dependent outcome that matches optimum levels of heterogeneity with size sufficient for survival in a competitive (i.e. war-ridden) international environment. In this section, I show that the critical factor was the timing of border definition: if an exogenous definition had occurred before the military pressures invoked in the state-building literature, then a unitary state could emerge; if border definition was endogenous to these pressures, then composite units were more likely to emerge, remaining so even with the passage of time.To evaluate these alternatives, I first specify a starting point for the analysis, a historical point prior to the impact of the war pressures invoked by the literature on state building. An origin is necessary to begin the analysis, so that a temporal sequence and causal precedence can be determined ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Waldner</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>5151</RecNum><DisplayText>(Waldner 2003; Capoccia and Ziblatt 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5151</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1335008828">5151</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Unpublished Work">34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Waldner, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ON THE NON-INSTITUTIONAL ORIGINS OF THE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF CAPITALISM</title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><pub-location>Charlottesville</pub-location><publisher>University of Virginia</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Capoccia</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>3001</RecNum><record><rec-number>3001</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1316109996">3001</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Capoccia, Giovanni</author><author>Ziblatt, Daniel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond</title><secondary-title>Comparative Political Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Comparative Political Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>931-968</pages><volume>43</volume><number>8-9</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>August/September 2010</date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Waldner 2003; Capoccia and Ziblatt 2010). Since the earliest starting point of most institutional histories ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baldwin</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>5091</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baldwin 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5091</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1334199087">5091</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baldwin, John W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The government of Philip Augustus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foundations of French royal power in the Middle Ages</style></title></titles><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley</pub-location><publisher>University of California Press</publisher><isbn>0520052722</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baldwin 1986), as of key accounts about the impact of war on state structures PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIyMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBFcnRtYW4gMTk5

Nyk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjIzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIyMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+RG93bmluZywgQnJpYW4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24gYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBD

aGFuZ2U6IE9yaWdpbnMgb2YgRGVtb2NyYWN5IGFuZCBBdXRvY3JhY3kgaW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJu

IEV1cm9wZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeSBSZXZvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBQ

b2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAzMDg8L3Bh

Z2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5EZW1vY3JhY3kgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDQ3Ni0xNDkyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5j

ZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkg

UHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNjkxMDc4ODY2PC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5Kb3NlcGgg

UmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpONy5ENjkwIDE5OTIgYy4xPC9j

YWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFu

PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE1NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTU2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1

MDczNjAiPjE1Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9y

ZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFuLCBUaG9tYXM8L2F1

dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhl

IGxldmlhdGhhbjogYnVpbGRpbmcgc3RhdGVzIGFuZCByZWdpbWVzIGluIG1lZGlldmFsIGFuZCBl

YXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlh

dGhhbjwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzYzIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5Db25zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IEV1cm9wZS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TG9jYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBFdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFy

YXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5Nzwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjE0ODIy

MjQmI3hEOzA1MjE0ODQyNzggKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDM5MDE8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVh

ZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlv

bi9jYW0wMjcvOTYwMTk1ODIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRp

ci90b2MvY2FtMDI1Lzk2MDE5NTgyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIyMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBFcnRtYW4gMTk5

Nyk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjIzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIyMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+RG93bmluZywgQnJpYW4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24gYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBD

aGFuZ2U6IE9yaWdpbnMgb2YgRGVtb2NyYWN5IGFuZCBBdXRvY3JhY3kgaW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJu

IEV1cm9wZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeSBSZXZvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBQ

b2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAzMDg8L3Bh

Z2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5EZW1vY3JhY3kgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDQ3Ni0xNDkyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5j

ZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkg

UHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNjkxMDc4ODY2PC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5Kb3NlcGgg

UmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpONy5ENjkwIDE5OTIgYy4xPC9j

YWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFu

PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE1NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTU2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1

MDczNjAiPjE1Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9y

ZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFuLCBUaG9tYXM8L2F1

dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhl

IGxldmlhdGhhbjogYnVpbGRpbmcgc3RhdGVzIGFuZCByZWdpbWVzIGluIG1lZGlldmFsIGFuZCBl

YXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlh

dGhhbjwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzYzIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5Db25zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IEV1cm9wZS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TG9jYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBFdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFy

YXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5Nzwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjE0ODIy

MjQmI3hEOzA1MjE0ODQyNzggKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDM5MDE8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVh

ZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlv

bi9jYW0wMjcvOTYwMTk1ODIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRp

ci90b2MvY2FtMDI1Lzk2MDE5NTgyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Downing 1992; Ertman 1997) is in the eleventh or twelfth centuries, the original point is set in the year 1000. The Big Bang Theory of Border Formation Using new GIS data, I compare this original point with the location of borders in the year 2000, to assess the degree to which current borders are rooted in the historical past. I select this upper limit, rather than 1800 or 1900 for instance, because the latter dates had not seen the de-composition of empires that assigned sovereignty to units we describe as national states, so they would omit crucial cases. Moreover, as stated, the goal in this analysis is to refine our claims about the prototypes for subsequent state-building, not to offer an assessment of the aggregate picture, which is a task for additional analysis and testing.The analysis reveals the striking fact that some units—especially those generating the national state “form,” England and France—have similar borders to the year 1000. The core “states” thus had a historically remote and arbitrary definition of borders. The pattern is not deterministic; other states with remote borders did not have a continuous trajectory, but we need to first assess the ones that did and that generated the unitary state form. By contrast, the more process- and war-dependent the definition of borders, the more likely the state to be a confederation or an empire. In short, the importance of war varied inversely with the degree to which the unit conformed to the definition of a national, unitary state. Typically, arbitrary borders are identified with the colonial world and the “artificial” political entities imposed by colonial powers. The colonial borders in the Middle East, Africa, and Latin American are classic cases, a fact commonly invoked to explain the weakness of states in these regions PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSGVyYnN0IDIwMDA7IENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMik8

L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij40PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10

eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5IZXJic3QsIEplZmZyZXkgSXJhPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0

aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEw

MCUiPlN0YXRlcyBhbmQgcG93ZXIgaW4gQWZyaWNhPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFs

IiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmNvbXBhcmF0aXZlIGxlc3NvbnMgaW4gYXV0aG9y

aXR5IGFuZCBjb250cm9sPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJpbmNldG9u

IHN0dWRpZXMgaW4gaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IGFuZCBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54LCAyODAgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5BZnJpY2EgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvd2Vy

IChTb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMpIEFmcmljYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHll

YXI+MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwMTAyNzcgKGNsb3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDswNjkxMDEwMjg1IChwYmsu

IGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjExNzY3OTQ0PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBKUTE4

NzU7IC5INDcgMjAwMDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93

d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL3ByaW4wMzIvOTkwNDE3MzYuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9wcmluMDIxLzk5MDQxNzM2Lmh0bWw8

L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+

Q2VudGVubzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEy

ODI1MDU2ODgiPjY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+Njwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNlbnRlbm8sIE1pZ3VlbCBB

bmdlbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5CbG9vZCBhbmQgZGVi

dDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj53

YXIgYW5kIHRoZSBuYXRpb24tc3RhdGUgaW4gTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAzMjkgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRp

biBBbWVyaWNhIEhpc3RvcnksIE1pbGl0YXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIE1pbGl0YXJ5IHBvbGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2FyIGFuZCBzb2NpZXR5IExh

dGluIEFtZXJpY2EuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCB3YXIuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUGFyaywgUGEuPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QZW5uc3lsdmFu

aWEgU3RhdGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAyNzEwMjE2NTkgKGNs

b3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjEyNDczODc1PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBG

MTQxMC41OyAuQzQ2IDIwMDImI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgRjE0MTAuNTsgLkM0NiAyMDAyPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJic3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSGVyYnN0IDIwMDA7IENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMik8

L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjgyNTA1Njg4Ij40PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10

eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5IZXJic3QsIEplZmZyZXkgSXJhPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0

aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEw

MCUiPlN0YXRlcyBhbmQgcG93ZXIgaW4gQWZyaWNhPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFs

IiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmNvbXBhcmF0aXZlIGxlc3NvbnMgaW4gYXV0aG9y

aXR5IGFuZCBjb250cm9sPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJpbmNldG9u

IHN0dWRpZXMgaW4gaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IGFuZCBwb2xpdGljczwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54LCAyODAgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29y

ZD5BZnJpY2EgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvd2Vy

IChTb2NpYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMpIEFmcmljYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHll

YXI+MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9uLCBOLkouPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjA2OTEwMTAyNzcgKGNsb3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDswNjkxMDEwMjg1IChwYmsu

IGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjExNzY3OTQ0PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBKUTE4

NzU7IC5INDcgMjAwMDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93

d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL3ByaW4wMzIvOTkwNDE3MzYuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9wcmluMDIxLzk5MDQxNzM2Lmh0bWw8

L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+

Q2VudGVubzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEy

ODI1MDU2ODgiPjY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+Njwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNlbnRlbm8sIE1pZ3VlbCBB

bmdlbDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5CbG9vZCBhbmQgZGVi

dDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjog

PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj53

YXIgYW5kIHRoZSBuYXRpb24tc3RhdGUgaW4gTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAzMjkgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRp

biBBbWVyaWNhIEhpc3RvcnksIE1pbGl0YXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXRpbiBBbWVy

aWNhIE1pbGl0YXJ5IHBvbGljeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2FyIGFuZCBzb2NpZXR5IExh

dGluIEFtZXJpY2EuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCB3YXIuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUGFyaywgUGEuPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QZW5uc3lsdmFu

aWEgU3RhdGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAyNzEwMjE2NTkgKGNs

b3RoIGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjEyNDczODc1PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBG

MTQxMC41OyAuQzQ2IDIwMDImI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgRjE0MTAuNTsgLkM0NiAyMDAyPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Herbst 2000; Centeno 2002). The borders of several core European states (especially England and France), however, also resulted from remote conquest and arbitrary partition and originally combined peoples with few linguistic or cultural commonalities; I call these exogenously defined borders. This point is typically ignored, though it carries important implications for state-building in regions where development remains problematic: it suggests that arbitrariness in border definition is not as debilitating as usually assumed. The logic here is that, if a state’s borders can be dated back to the year 1000, long before the military pressures traditionally adduced in the literature as being causal for state-building, then it was not the process of setting borders through war that determined the size of the state (other relevant dimensions are examined below). Moreover, those states developed a more a unitary form.Figure 1: Timing of Borders, War, and State TypeBorder defined by year 1000 The less effect of war (Military Revolution) The more unitary stateBorder defined after year 1000 The more effect of war (Military Revolution) The less unitary state (more empire/federation) None of this implies that unitary states did not engage in war at all; to the contrary. England was a formidable military power that fought constantly on the Continent but also in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Blank</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>20306</RecNum><DisplayText>(Blank et al. 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1505091122">20306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Unpublished Work">34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Meredith Blank</author><author>Mark Dincecco</author><author>Yuri Zhukov</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Political Regime Type and Warfare: Evidence from 600 Years of European History</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Blank et al. 2017). But bellicist theories don’t just vaguely invoke war; they are specific. Here I challenge their main claims: the one that ascribes state size to endogenous and time-dependent processes, specifically to military developments after the fourteenth century, which are assumed to have imposed different dynamics on size than earlier kinds of wars. Τhe article, therefore, does not offer an independent measure of war; it utilizes existing measures that sea a drastic increase after 1400. I argue that these processes were not causally relevant for the rough shape and size of key states like England and France. Indeed, border stability preceded their expansive military postures. So, the literature treating borders and state size as endogenous is flawed for the cases closest to the definition of a unitary state. The two foremost states from the European arena had borders already set by the year 1000. By contrast, war was critical for Prussian, Spanish, and Habsburg expansion, as well as for other composite entities.Critically, protracted warfare (the type claimed to increase size and build institutions) was least responsible for exogenous borders. Maybe the original, remote border-delimiting event involved some war (the Romans did invade Britain); but borders were already defined at the time scholarship places state-formation, namely around 1500 or before. The argument, therefore, is that war was inversely related to the process of state-formation, because of the temporal distance separating the two. The degree to which France deviates from this pattern is examined in the following section.By contrast, composite entities had fluid borders, some disappearing over time, as with city-leagues (Hansa) and empires (Holy Roman Empire), some gradually growing, as with confederations (Swiss federation). Other composite entities, like Germany and Italy, engaged in extended warfare over a long period of time to demarcate their present borders. It is in these cases that war was central to state formation; these are described here as cases where border definition is endogenous to war. Finally, though borders may have remained relatively unchanged, war may have been required for their defense and reconsolidation. In this way, war may have been important in shaping internal institutions. This seems to be the case with France (and other cases, e.g. Poland). We can’t claim war was unimportant there; it was necessary. These, however, are theoretically separate claims, about the effect of war on institutions, not size per se. I challenge them in section D, by showing that the more this was the case, the less unitary (and effective) the state. This approach implies no teleology or determinism. Continuity cannot be assumed over the intervening centuries in all cases in government, ethnic groups, or historical tradition. In fact, very few show continuity, as will be seen below. But important patterns can be observed for the two prototypes of the state form. The DataTo address the question, I first identified how many current political entities had nominal counterparts between the year 1000 and 1400, depending on the year of their first appearance on the maps. Out of a total of forty-five European countries today, sixteen states and five major administrative units had medieval precursors. The units were ranked according to the degree of change from medieval borders, using a measure that was relative to state size. This required first expressing state areas in a linear measure: they were converted into a circle through GIS. Then, the center for each state circle was calculated at the baseline year, t1, and in the year 2000. The distance between these two points is the GIS centroid distance. Further, in order to express this distance in terms of the overall size of the state, the ratio of the centroid distance between the two temporal points over the diameter of the state circle was calculated. For instance, the border of France moved eastward between the years 1000 and 2000, increasing the area by 26**%. This means that the centroid for the year 2000 is rightward to the one for the year 1000 by 80 kilometers, over a diameter of 746 kilometers. The ratio of the distance between those two points over the putative diameter of France measures the movement of borders. This method is a simplified way of capturing the extent of border change, whilst smoothing out the volatility in border changes in different directions. I then posited that borders could be considered historically given (or exogenous) if their location changed little between the starting year and 2000, indicated by minimal movement in the centroid. To operationalize this intuition, borders were classified as exogenous if the distance between the centroid at time t1 and in 2000 was less than 15% of the state diameter at time t1 (i.e. border movement was limited). The threshold of 15% is not arbitrary, but is confirmed by a k-means cluster analysis that shows the cases are grouped. If the distance between the centers at the two points in time exceeded 15% of the unit diameter, on the other hand, borders were considered endogenous, i.e. defined over time through state interaction. The measure, by necessity, simplifies an inordinate amount of volatility that occurred within and between the units. The millennium separating the two points encompassed endless conflict that involved different forms of political reorganization, all of which were consequential in some way. One might, for instance, construct a measure that includes all century benchmarks. Yet that would not be representative either, as the turn of a century is an arbitrary moment: for instance, the most drastic changes in France occurred after the year 1800. Calculating volatility for all years in between instead, on the other hand, is a monumental project that exceeds current capabilities. Since no approach is without limitations, the one adopted here is to take the two outer limits of European state-building phase (the same ones adopted by Tilly) and to identify the cases where continuity exists. The method measures border location and movement imperfectly mostly in cases where states grew concentrically in all directions, as with Hungary and Poland—the center moves minimally, but large changes in territory are observed. As seen in REF _Ref493445714 \h Table 5, these cases are not considered fully exogenous, though they retained a critical core that remained stable over time. Even if the core was not a political entity throughout, it is noteworthy that both cases figure prominently in standard accounts of state formation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5FcnRtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk3PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTU2PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihFcnRtYW4gMTk5NzsgRG93bmluZyAxOTky

OyBGaW5lciAxOTk5Yik8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTU2PC9yZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2Zl

ZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1MDczNjAiPjE1Njwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFuLCBUaG9tYXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9j

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlhdGhhbjogYnVpbGRp

bmcgc3RhdGVzIGFuZCByZWdpbWVzIGluIG1lZGlldmFsIGFuZCBlYXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3Bl

PC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlhdGhhbjwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+

PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzYzIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVy

b3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db25zdGl0dXRp

b25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IEV1cm9wZS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TG9jYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBF

dXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48

L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5p

dmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjE0ODIyMjQmI3hEOzA1MjE0ODQyNzgg

KHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDM5MDE8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwt

bnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpONTsgLkU3NyAx

OTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JF

RCBPRkZTSVRFIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9jYW0wMjcvOTYwMTk1ODIu

aHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvY2FtMDI1Lzk2MDE5

NTgyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRl

PjxBdXRob3I+RG93bmluZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMjM8L1Jl

Y051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjIyMzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkxIj4yMjM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRv

d25pbmcsIEJyaWFuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeSBSZXZvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBQb2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlOiBPcmln

aW5zIG9mIERlbW9jcmFjeSBhbmQgQXV0b2NyYWN5IGluIEVhcmx5IE1vZGVybiBFdXJvcGU8L3Rp

dGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5UaGUgTWlsaXRhcnkgUmV2b2x1dGlvbiBhbmQgUG9saXRpY2FsIENo

YW5nZTwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzA4PC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29y

ZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVtb2NyYWN5IEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQ

b2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudCA0NzYtMTQ5Mjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRl

cz48eWVhcj4xOTkyPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b24sIE4uSi48

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDY5MTA3ODg2NjwvaXNibj48Y2FsbC1udW0+Sm9zZXBoIFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4g

TGlicmFyeSBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIFN0YWNrcyBKTjcuRDY5MCAxOTkyIGMuMTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkZpbmVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

YXI+MTk5OTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjIwMzIzPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4y

MDMyMzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3

dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNTA1Njk2OTcyIj4y

MDMyMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlw

ZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RmluZXIsIFNhbXVlbCBFLjwvYXV0aG9y

PjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgaGlzdG9yeSBvZiBn

b3Zlcm5tZW50IGZyb20gdGhlIGVhcmxpZXN0IHRpbWVzPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48dm9sdW1l

PklJSTogRW1waXJlcywgTW9uYXJjaGllcywgYW5kIHRoZSBNb2Rlcm48L3ZvbHVtZT48ZGF0ZXM+

PHllYXI+MTk5OTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+T3hmb3JkPC9wdWItbG9jYXRp

b24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5PeGZvcmQgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAx

OTgyMDY2NFggKHYuIDEpJiN4RDswMTk4MjA2NjU4ICh2LiAyKSYjeEQ7MDE5ODIwNjY2NiAodi4g

Myk8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5FcnRtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk3PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTU2PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihFcnRtYW4gMTk5NzsgRG93bmluZyAxOTky

OyBGaW5lciAxOTk5Yik8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTU2PC9yZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2Zl

ZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1MDczNjAiPjE1Njwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFuLCBUaG9tYXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9j

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlhdGhhbjogYnVpbGRp

bmcgc3RhdGVzIGFuZCByZWdpbWVzIGluIG1lZGlldmFsIGFuZCBlYXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3Bl

PC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlhdGhhbjwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+

PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzYzIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVy

b3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db25zdGl0dXRp

b25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IEV1cm9wZS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TG9jYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBF

dXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48

L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5p

dmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjE0ODIyMjQmI3hEOzA1MjE0ODQyNzgg

KHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDM5MDE8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwt

bnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpONTsgLkU3NyAx

OTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JF

RCBPRkZTSVRFIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9jYW0wMjcvOTYwMTk1ODIu

aHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvY2FtMDI1Lzk2MDE5

NTgyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRl

PjxBdXRob3I+RG93bmluZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMjM8L1Jl

Y051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjIyMzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkxIj4yMjM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRv

d25pbmcsIEJyaWFuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeSBSZXZvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBQb2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlOiBPcmln

aW5zIG9mIERlbW9jcmFjeSBhbmQgQXV0b2NyYWN5IGluIEVhcmx5IE1vZGVybiBFdXJvcGU8L3Rp

dGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5UaGUgTWlsaXRhcnkgUmV2b2x1dGlvbiBhbmQgUG9saXRpY2FsIENo

YW5nZTwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzA4PC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29y

ZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVtb2NyYWN5IEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBQ

b2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudCA0NzYtMTQ5Mjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRl

cz48eWVhcj4xOTkyPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b24sIE4uSi48

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDY5MTA3ODg2NjwvaXNibj48Y2FsbC1udW0+Sm9zZXBoIFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4g

TGlicmFyeSBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIFN0YWNrcyBKTjcuRDY5MCAxOTkyIGMuMTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkZpbmVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

YXI+MTk5OTwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjIwMzIzPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4y

MDMyMzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3

dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNTA1Njk2OTcyIj4y

MDMyMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlw

ZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RmluZXIsIFNhbXVlbCBFLjwvYXV0aG9y

PjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgaGlzdG9yeSBvZiBn

b3Zlcm5tZW50IGZyb20gdGhlIGVhcmxpZXN0IHRpbWVzPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48dm9sdW1l

PklJSTogRW1waXJlcywgTW9uYXJjaGllcywgYW5kIHRoZSBNb2Rlcm48L3ZvbHVtZT48ZGF0ZXM+

PHllYXI+MTk5OTwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+T3hmb3JkPC9wdWItbG9jYXRp

b24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5PeGZvcmQgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAx

OTgyMDY2NFggKHYuIDEpJiN4RDswMTk4MjA2NjU4ICh2LiAyKSYjeEQ7MDE5ODIwNjY2NiAodi4g

Myk8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ertman 1997; Downing 1992; Finer 1999b). Otherwise, the measure does a good job of separating the European cases on the dimension of continuity. Map data were obtained from the Euratlas Georeferenced Historical Vector Data project that “covers the Earth's surface from the degree 15 west to 50 east, and from degree 20 north to 60 north.” I have used the shapefile “sovereign states” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nu?ssli</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>11316</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nu?ssli and Nu?ssli 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11316</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1418011224">11316</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nu?ssli, Christos</author><author>Nu?ssli, Marc-Antoine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Euratlas georeferenced historical vector data</title></titles><pages>online electronic file</pages><keywords><keyword>Historical geography</keyword><keyword>Europe -- Historical geography -- Maps -- Databases</keyword><keyword>Africa, North -- Historical geography -- Maps -- Databases</keyword><keyword>Middle East -- Historical geography -- Maps -- Databases</keyword><keyword>Europe -- History -- Maps -- Databases</keyword><keyword>Africa, North</keyword><keyword>Europe</keyword><keyword>Middle East</keyword><keyword>Geographic information systems data</keyword><keyword>Databases</keyword><keyword>History</keyword><keyword>Maps</keyword><keyword>Nu?ssli, Christos</keyword><keyword>Nu?ssli, Marc-Antoine</keyword><keyword>Euratlas-Nu?ssli (Firm)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><call-num>XX(6385360.1)</call-num><work-type>Map; Online</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> | electronic file; Euratlas Georeferenced Vector Data is composed of 21 maps, one for each century from year 1 to year 2000. These maps depict the detailed political situation of Europe at the last year of each century. Each map is composed of physical features layers and political features layers. Data file provides description of data layers, the spatial reference system, and Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) files. System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader, GIS software.</research-notes></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nu?ssli and Nu?ssli 2008) for the years 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000, to define the spatial areas associated with political units in each bicentennial year.The PatternsThe overall patterns are striking. The more temporally remote the definition of borders, the more unitary the political entity. Conversely, units that changed significantly over time, often through war, tended to retain a composite format. We can contrast state units with sub-national administrative components with long historical roots to increase observations, adding further support to the argument advanced here. For instance, England’s border with Scotland remains close to the limes established by the Romans. England saw continuous invasions after the Romans, leading to the creation of the seven kingdoms that were only unified in the tenth century. The Norman invasion in 1066 proved to be the last until the seventeenth century, as England remained unitary in the interim. Throughout this period, borders remained fairly stable, except for minor shifts in Scotland and the conquest of Wales. Wars may have occurred, but they did not really affect the location of the English border. The composite entity of the United Kingdom, by contrast, which formally incorporated Scotland only after 1707 and Ireland after 1801, had a very different and fluctuating trajectory, so I classify it as endogenous. The contrast with sub-state administrative units also underscores the fact that many modern states are often unfinished products (Spain is another example). The continuity in borders observed in England is approximated by Denmark (Figure 2)*, which is thus placed in the exogenous category, as a unitary state. However, Denmark had a dual history too, as both a unitary core and the center of a composite structure; it ruled over England, Norway and parts of Sweden between 1016 and 1035 and it was unified with Sweden and Norway through the Union of Kalmar (1397-1523), though Norway remained united until 1814. Nonetheless, its own southern border and core retains remarkable consistency. Portugal also shows minimal change both in border location and area between 1200 and today, although in 1600 in was incorporated into the Spanish kingdom. Another case of exogenous border definition is Croatia, which shows only eight percent change on both border movement and area increase between the year 1000 and 2000. No political continuity exists in the intervening period in this case, however—the relation is not deterministic, as mentioned. At most, historical borders were focal points ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Goemans</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>7093</RecNum><DisplayText>(Goemans 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7093</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1371265114">7093</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Unpublished Work">34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Goemans, Hein</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Bounded Communities: Territoriality, Territorial Attachment and Conflict</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>University of Rochester</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Goemans 2007) in the long process of state-formation and the reinvention of tradition ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hobsbawm</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>20327</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20327</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1507432615">20327</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hobsbawm, E. J.</author><author>Ranger, T. O.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Invention of tradition</title><secondary-title>Past and present publications</secondary-title></titles><pages>vi, 320 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Manners and customs Origin.</keyword><keyword>Rites and ceremonies Origin.</keyword><keyword>Folklore.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1983</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0521246458</isbn><accession-num>2332822</accession-num><call-num>GT95 .I58 1983</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983). Borders as focal points were also strikingly the case in some endogenous cases, such as the Czech Republic: about sixty percent of its southern border today appears to follow that of 1400, even though Bohemia fluctuated greatly in size over time. France is a more complicated case: it had broadly exogenously defined borders and, although its state-formation process was more conflictual than that of England, it also retained a core. French borders were set through the exogenous shock of the division of the Carolingian Empire in the ninth century (Stasavage 2010; Blaydes and Chaney 2013). France’s geographical center (not to be confused with the capital) moved about 11% between the years 1000 and 2000, as mentioned—with a major but reversed fluctuation under Napoleon. But its present perimeter remains on the broad lines set by historical accident and by geographical markers, such as mountains. The Carolingian division defined French borders de jure. Successive rulers reclaimed provinces de facto, over the course of many centuries. The institutional implications of this are examined in the next section.Figure 2 about hereTable 4 about hereThe remaining countries in the dataset consist of cases of endogenous border definition with some prefiguration of borders in the year 1000. Modern Italy and Germany, for instance, were end products of a long unification process of subunits with different trajectories. Germany can be defined both in relation to the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, which provided focal points for imperial extension into the nineteenth century, and of which it is today about half, and to those of Prussia, the leading state in its expansion, which grew almost twenty times in size. Both were the product of extended war. The Ottoman and Habsburg empires are not represented in the GIS data, but they confirm the association of composite units with war.In all, endogenous cases are typically composite and fall in different categories: they can be federal, such as Germany and Belgium since the nineteenth century and the Swiss Confederation from the medieval period; unions like the United Kingdom; imperial entities, such as the Habsburg and Ottoman empires; or aggregates of communities with constitutionally-recognized autonomy, like Spain. Italy is in the latter category, as an aggregate of distinct administrative units, although their autonomy is more curtailed than Spain’s. As Riker noted long ago ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Riker</Author><Year>1964</Year><RecNum>19679</RecNum><Pages>12</Pages><DisplayText>(1964, 12)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19679</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1431061880">19679</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Riker, William H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Federalism: origin, operation, significance</title><secondary-title>LB basic studies in politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>xvii, 169 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Federal government.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1964</year></dates><pub-location>Boston</pub-location><publisher>Little</publisher><accession-num>4059170</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1964, 12), federal units that are likelier to have seen border change resulting from protracted war or annexation over time. War was not the only factor, as dynastic mechanisms and alliances were also important ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nexon</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>969</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nexon 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>969</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1290820534">969</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nexon, Daniel H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The struggle for power in early modern Europe</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">religious conflict, dynastic empires, and international change</style></title><secondary-title>Princeton studies in international history and politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>xv, 354 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Europe Politics and government 1517-1648.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><isbn>9780691137926 (alk. paper)&#xD;0691137927 (alk. paper)&#xD;9780691137933 (pbk. alk. paper)&#xD;0691137935 (pbk. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>15466214</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms D217; .N49 2009</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nexon 2009). Nonetheless, borders were fluidly defined and overlapped little with medieval precedent. It is no accident that the names of federal or composite units (Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom of Great Britain) are meaningless for the medieval period, but not those of more unitary polities. In short, the first mechanism, linking war to border definition, applies increasingly only as we move away from political entities we would define as unitary “states.” Although federal states are of course considered fully states, their trajectory, conditions of emergence, and mechanisms of consolidation are not identical to those of unitary states PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aaWJsYXR0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwNDg8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFppYmxhdHQgMjAwNjsgUmlrZXIgMTk2

NCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTA0ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjkxNDg3NTQ2Ij4xMDQ4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5aaWJsYXR0LCBEYW5pZWw8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6

ZT0iMTAwJSI+U3RydWN0dXJpbmcgdGhlIHN0YXRlPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFs

IiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRoZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgSXRhbHkgYW5kIEdl

cm1hbnkgYW5kIHRoZSBwdXp6bGUgb2YgZmVkZXJhbGlzbTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48cGFnZXM+eGlpaSwgMjIwIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3RhdGUsIFRo

ZSBIaXN0b3J5IDE5dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2VybWFueSBQb2xpdGlj

cyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudCAxOXRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkl0YWx5IFBv

bGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDE5dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVk

ZXJhbCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IEdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9yeSAxOXRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPkZlZGVyYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBJdGFseSBIaXN0b3J5IDE5dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jk

cz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9u

LCBOLkouPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVz

czwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA2OTExMjE2NzMgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjEzODg3ODAzPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3Ig

QWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBKQzIwMTsgLlo1MyAyMDA2PC9jYWxsLW51bT48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNl

bWVudHMvZnkwNjU0LzIwMDUwNDMzNzgtZC5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5n

b3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTA2NTQvMjAwNTA0MzM3OC10Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJs

Pmh0dHA6Ly93d3cuaC1uZXQub3JnL3Jldmlldy9ocmV2LWEwZTd2NC1hYTwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkwNzM0LzIwMDUwNDMzNzgtYi5o

dG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0

aG9yPlJpa2VyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2NDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE5Njc5PC9SZWNOdW0+

PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xOTY3OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkg

YXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGlt

ZXN0YW1wPSIxNDMxMDYxODgwIj4xOTY3OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBu

YW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Umlr

ZXIsIFdpbGxpYW0gSC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48

dGl0bGU+RmVkZXJhbGlzbTogb3JpZ2luLCBvcGVyYXRpb24sIHNpZ25pZmljYW5jZTwvdGl0bGU+

PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5MQiBiYXNpYyBzdHVkaWVzIGluIHBvbGl0aWNzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnkt

dGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnh2aWksIDE2OSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkZlZGVyYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+

MTk2NDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Qm9zdG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1

Ymxpc2hlcj5MaXR0bGU8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT40MDU5MTcwPC9hY2Nlc3Np

b24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aaWJsYXR0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwNDg8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFppYmxhdHQgMjAwNjsgUmlrZXIgMTk2

NCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTA0ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjkxNDg3NTQ2Ij4xMDQ4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5aaWJsYXR0LCBEYW5pZWw8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6

ZT0iMTAwJSI+U3RydWN0dXJpbmcgdGhlIHN0YXRlPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFs

IiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRoZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgSXRhbHkgYW5kIEdl

cm1hbnkgYW5kIHRoZSBwdXp6bGUgb2YgZmVkZXJhbGlzbTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48cGFnZXM+eGlpaSwgMjIwIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3RhdGUsIFRo

ZSBIaXN0b3J5IDE5dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2VybWFueSBQb2xpdGlj

cyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudCAxOXRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkl0YWx5IFBv

bGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDE5dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVk

ZXJhbCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IEdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9yeSAxOXRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPkZlZGVyYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBJdGFseSBIaXN0b3J5IDE5dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFyYXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jk

cz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+UHJpbmNldG9u

LCBOLkouPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5QcmluY2V0b24gVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVz

czwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA2OTExMjE2NzMgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjEzODg3ODAzPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3Ig

QWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBKQzIwMTsgLlo1MyAyMDA2PC9jYWxsLW51bT48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNl

bWVudHMvZnkwNjU0LzIwMDUwNDMzNzgtZC5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5n

b3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTA2NTQvMjAwNTA0MzM3OC10Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJs

Pmh0dHA6Ly93d3cuaC1uZXQub3JnL3Jldmlldy9ocmV2LWEwZTd2NC1hYTwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkwNzM0LzIwMDUwNDMzNzgtYi5o

dG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0

aG9yPlJpa2VyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2NDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE5Njc5PC9SZWNOdW0+

PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xOTY3OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkg

YXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGlt

ZXN0YW1wPSIxNDMxMDYxODgwIj4xOTY3OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBu

YW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Umlr

ZXIsIFdpbGxpYW0gSC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48

dGl0bGU+RmVkZXJhbGlzbTogb3JpZ2luLCBvcGVyYXRpb24sIHNpZ25pZmljYW5jZTwvdGl0bGU+

PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5MQiBiYXNpYyBzdHVkaWVzIGluIHBvbGl0aWNzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnkt

dGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnh2aWksIDE2OSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkZlZGVyYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+

MTk2NDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Qm9zdG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1

Ymxpc2hlcj5MaXR0bGU8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT40MDU5MTcwPC9hY2Nlc3Np

b24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ziblatt 2006; Riker 1964) nor are they considered as stable and effective ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gerring</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>20296</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gerring et al. 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20296</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1501506575">20296</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Unpublished Work">34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gerring, John</author><author>Strom C. Thacker</author><author>Carola Moreno</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Are Federal Systems Better than Unitary Systems?</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>Boston University</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gerring et al. 2007), especially if the Swiss and the former British colonies are excluded from the set. Switzerland, moreover, was the product of an alliance, not war. For the rest of cases, evidence suggests that the more war, the less “state,” or at least unitary state.It is interesting to note that the data do not support an East-West division. As I have suggested, the differences between eastern, coercion-rich empires like Russia and the Ottoman Empire and western absolutist polities, which suppressed central bargaining institutions, like Prussia and late France, are ones of degree, not kind. Nor did geography and open plains compromise Eastern Europe, by allowing invasions, as Northern Europe faced similar conditions. Further, geographical barriers did not necessarily foster unification: Spain was well protected from the north and the threat from the south was minimal after the Reconquista ended in the 1490s, but it never overcame its composite nature. The main division occurred in the northwest of Europe chiefly, where a few polities managed to unify institutionally, with England at the forefront.War and Internal Shape: Troops, Size of States, and InstitutionsIn this section, I examine the second mechanism, that a drastic change in military technology, the Military Revolution, forced political units to expand territorially and differentiate institutionally. So far, the article has shown that where borders were set remotely, the state was more unitary. Yet obviously war occurred in the interim; it was constant in the period. England was a prodigious military power, even invading the European continent. Yet its borders were not the product of this war-fighting, but of an exogenous event in the past. France also had its borders remotely defined, through the Carolingian partition, yet it engaged in protracted warfare to reclaim and defend those territories. France better exemplifies the mechanisms tying war to geographical size, articulated in the theory of the Military Revolution PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb2JlcnRzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk1NjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwNjM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFJvYmVydHMgMTk1NjsgUGFya2VyIDE5

OTY7IFJvZ2VycyAxOTk1KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDYzPC9y

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJz

c2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTE1MTc1OTkiPjEwNjM8L2tl

eT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlJvYmVydHMsIE1pY2hhZWw8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhv

cnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIG1pbGl0YXJ5IHJldm9sdXRpb248

L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4zMiBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1p

bGl0YXJ5IGFydCBhbmQgc2NpZW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5IDE2dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+TWlsaXRhcnkgYXJ0IGFuZCBzY2llbmNlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5

d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTU2PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2Nh

dGlvbj5CZWxmYXN0PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5NLiBCb3lkPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+

PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Nzk2NjM5MzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29u

IG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgVTM5OyAuUjU4PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+UGFya2VyPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

YXI+MTk5NjwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjcyOTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzI5

PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBi

NTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODY5MTYyMDciPjcyOTwv

a2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+UGFya2VyLCBHZW9mZnJleTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBm

b250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5UaGUgbWlsaXRhcnkgcmV2b2x1dGlvbjwvc3R5bGU+

PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48

c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5taWxpdGFyeSBp

bm5vdmF0aW9uIGFuZCB0aGUgcmlzZSBvZiB0aGUgV2VzdCwgMTUwMC0xODAwPC9zdHlsZT48L3Rp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aXgsIDI2NSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGVkaXRpb24+Mm5kPC9lZGl0

aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5NaWxpdGFyeSBhcnQgYW5kIHNjaWVuY2UgRXVyb3BlIEhp

c3RvcnkgMTZ0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWxpdGFyeSBhcnQgYW5kIHNj

aWVuY2UgRXVyb3BlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWxp

dGFyeSBhcnQgYW5kIHNjaWVuY2UgRXVyb3BlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTh0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29y

ZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk2PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlv

bj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5

IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTQ3NDI2NCYjeEQ7MDUyMTQ3OTU4NCAocGJrLik8

L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Mzk3OTQ0MjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVm

ZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgVTM5OyAuUDM3IDE5OTYmI3hE

O0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJ

VEUgVTM5OyAuUDM3IDE5OTY8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRw

Oi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9uL2NhbTAyNy85NTAyNDk3MC5odG1sPC91

cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9jYW0wMjEvOTUwMjQ5NzAuaHRt

bDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhv

cj5Sb2dlcnM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NTAwNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTAwNjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBw

PSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0

YW1wPSIxMzMzODM4OTQ3Ij41MDA2PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9

IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Sb2dlcnMs

IENsaWZmb3JkIEouPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRp

dGxlPlRoZSBtaWxpdGFyeSByZXZvbHV0aW9uIGRlYmF0ZTogcmVhZGluZ3Mgb24gdGhlIG1pbGl0

YXJ5IHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uIG9mIGVhcmx5IG1vZGVybiBFdXJvcGU8L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

Pjx2b2x1bWU+SGlzdG9yeSBhbmQgd2FyZmFyZTwvdm9sdW1lPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk1PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5Cb3VsZGVyPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hl

cj5XZXN0dmlldyBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA4MTMzMjA1MzQmI3hEOzA4MTMzMjA1

NDI8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb2JlcnRzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk1NjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwNjM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFJvYmVydHMgMTk1NjsgUGFya2VyIDE5

OTY7IFJvZ2VycyAxOTk1KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDYzPC9y

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJz

c2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTE1MTc1OTkiPjEwNjM8L2tl

eT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlJvYmVydHMsIE1pY2hhZWw8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhv

cnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIG1pbGl0YXJ5IHJldm9sdXRpb248

L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4zMiBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1p

bGl0YXJ5IGFydCBhbmQgc2NpZW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5IDE2dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+TWlsaXRhcnkgYXJ0IGFuZCBzY2llbmNlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5

d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTU2PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2Nh

dGlvbj5CZWxmYXN0PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5NLiBCb3lkPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+

PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Nzk2NjM5MzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29u

IG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgVTM5OyAuUjU4PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+UGFya2VyPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

YXI+MTk5NjwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjcyOTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzI5

PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBi

NTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODY5MTYyMDciPjcyOTwv

a2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+UGFya2VyLCBHZW9mZnJleTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBm

b250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5UaGUgbWlsaXRhcnkgcmV2b2x1dGlvbjwvc3R5bGU+

PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48

c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5taWxpdGFyeSBp

bm5vdmF0aW9uIGFuZCB0aGUgcmlzZSBvZiB0aGUgV2VzdCwgMTUwMC0xODAwPC9zdHlsZT48L3Rp

dGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aXgsIDI2NSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGVkaXRpb24+Mm5kPC9lZGl0

aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5NaWxpdGFyeSBhcnQgYW5kIHNjaWVuY2UgRXVyb3BlIEhp

c3RvcnkgMTZ0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWxpdGFyeSBhcnQgYW5kIHNj

aWVuY2UgRXVyb3BlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWxp

dGFyeSBhcnQgYW5kIHNjaWVuY2UgRXVyb3BlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTh0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29y

ZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk2PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlv

bj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5

IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTQ3NDI2NCYjeEQ7MDUyMTQ3OTU4NCAocGJrLik8

L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Mzk3OTQ0MjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVm

ZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgVTM5OyAuUDM3IDE5OTYmI3hE

O0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJ

VEUgVTM5OyAuUDM3IDE5OTY8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRw

Oi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9uL2NhbTAyNy85NTAyNDk3MC5odG1sPC91

cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL3RvYy9jYW0wMjEvOTUwMjQ5NzAuaHRt

bDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhv

cj5Sb2dlcnM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NTAwNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTAwNjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBw

PSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0

YW1wPSIxMzMzODM4OTQ3Ij41MDA2PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9

IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Sb2dlcnMs

IENsaWZmb3JkIEouPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRp

dGxlPlRoZSBtaWxpdGFyeSByZXZvbHV0aW9uIGRlYmF0ZTogcmVhZGluZ3Mgb24gdGhlIG1pbGl0

YXJ5IHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uIG9mIGVhcmx5IG1vZGVybiBFdXJvcGU8L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

Pjx2b2x1bWU+SGlzdG9yeSBhbmQgd2FyZmFyZTwvdm9sdW1lPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk1PC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5Cb3VsZGVyPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hl

cj5XZXN0dmlldyBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA4MTMzMjA1MzQmI3hEOzA4MTMzMjA1

NDI8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Roberts 1956; Parker 1996; Rogers 1995). Warfare was transformed after 1400, according to the revised version of the theory, replacing cavalry with large-scale infantry and standing armies. This created different pressures on societies. In one view, technological change increased demand for larger populations supplying troops and thus for greater territorial appropriation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bean</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>178</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bean 1973)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282777111">178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bean, Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and the Birth of the Nation State</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Economic History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Economic History</full-title></periodical><pages>203-221</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1973</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association</publisher><isbn>00220507</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Bean 1973). Another view focuses on the logistical and institutional pressures for centralization imposed by war PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaWxseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxQYWdlcz4yODwvUGFnZXM+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihUaWxseSAxOTkw

LCAyODsgQmxvY2ttYW5zIGFuZCBHZW7DqnQgMTk5MywgMTQzKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIg

ZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIx

MjgyNTA1Njg4Ij43OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42

PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VGlsbHksIENoYXJsZXM8

L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Q29lcmNpb24s

IENhcGl0YWwsIGFuZCBFdXJvcGVhbiBTdGF0ZXMsIEFkIDk5MC0xOTkwPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdl

LCBNYXNzLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Qi4gQmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+

PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJsb2NrbWFuczwvQXV0

aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTM8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42MjQzPC9SZWNOdW0+PFBhZ2VzPjE0MzwvUGFn

ZXM+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42MjQzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtl

eSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0

aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzNTI4NjY4MTkiPjYyNDM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iRWRpdGVkIEJvb2siPjI4PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+QmxvY2ttYW5zLCBXaWxsZW0gUGlldGVyPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5HZW7DqnQsIEpl

YW4tUGhpbGlwcGU8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0

bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+VmlzaW9u

cyBzdXIgbGUgZMOpdmVsb3BwZW1lbnQgZGVzIMOpdGF0cyBldXJvcMOpZW5zPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHls

ZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRow6lvcmllcyBldCBo

aXN0b3Jpb2dyYXBoaWVzIGRlIGwmYXBvczvDqXRhdCBtb2Rlcm5lPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFjdGVzIGR1IGNvbGxvcXVlPC9z

dHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q29sbGVjdGlvbiBkZSBsJmFwb3M7w4ljb2xl

IGZyYW7Dp2Fpc2UgZGUgUm9tZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz52aWlp

LCAzMzYgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxudW1iZXI+MTcxPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPlN0

YXRlLCBUaGUgQ29uZ3Jlc3Nlcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UG9saXRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2Ug

SGlzdG9yeSBDb25ncmVzc2VzLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeSBDb25n

cmVzc2VzLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yaW9ncmFwaHkgQ29uZ3Jlc3Nl

cy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IENvbmdy

ZXNzZXMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRl

cz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlJvbWU8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkVjb2xlIGZyYW7D

p2Fpc2UgZGUgUm9tZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjI3MjgzMDI3NTgmI3hEOzAyMjMtNTA5OSA7

PC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5BTERFUk1BTiBDSEVDS0VET1VUIEQxMDQgLlY1NyAxOTkzIEJPT0s8

L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaWxseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxQYWdlcz4yODwvUGFnZXM+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihUaWxseSAxOTkw

LCAyODsgQmxvY2ttYW5zIGFuZCBHZW7DqnQgMTk5MywgMTQzKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIg

ZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIx

MjgyNTA1Njg4Ij43OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42

PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VGlsbHksIENoYXJsZXM8

L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Q29lcmNpb24s

IENhcGl0YWwsIGFuZCBFdXJvcGVhbiBTdGF0ZXMsIEFkIDk5MC0xOTkwPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdl

LCBNYXNzLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Qi4gQmxhY2t3ZWxsPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+

PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJsb2NrbWFuczwvQXV0

aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTM8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42MjQzPC9SZWNOdW0+PFBhZ2VzPjE0MzwvUGFn

ZXM+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42MjQzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtl

eSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0

aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzNTI4NjY4MTkiPjYyNDM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iRWRpdGVkIEJvb2siPjI4PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+QmxvY2ttYW5zLCBXaWxsZW0gUGlldGVyPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5HZW7DqnQsIEpl

YW4tUGhpbGlwcGU8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0

bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+VmlzaW9u

cyBzdXIgbGUgZMOpdmVsb3BwZW1lbnQgZGVzIMOpdGF0cyBldXJvcMOpZW5zPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5

bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHls

ZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRow6lvcmllcyBldCBo

aXN0b3Jpb2dyYXBoaWVzIGRlIGwmYXBvczvDqXRhdCBtb2Rlcm5lPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFjdGVzIGR1IGNvbGxvcXVlPC9z

dHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q29sbGVjdGlvbiBkZSBsJmFwb3M7w4ljb2xl

IGZyYW7Dp2Fpc2UgZGUgUm9tZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz52aWlp

LCAzMzYgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxudW1iZXI+MTcxPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPlN0

YXRlLCBUaGUgQ29uZ3Jlc3Nlcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UG9saXRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2Ug

SGlzdG9yeSBDb25ncmVzc2VzLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeSBDb25n

cmVzc2VzLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yaW9ncmFwaHkgQ29uZ3Jlc3Nl

cy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IENvbmdy

ZXNzZXMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRl

cz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlJvbWU8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkVjb2xlIGZyYW7D

p2Fpc2UgZGUgUm9tZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjI3MjgzMDI3NTgmI3hEOzAyMjMtNTA5OSA7

PC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5BTERFUk1BTiBDSEVDS0VET1VUIEQxMDQgLlY1NyAxOTkzIEJPT0s8

L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Tilly 1990, 28; Blockmans and Genêt 1993, 143). “After 1400 the European pursuit of larger, more permanent, and more costly varieties of military organization did, in fact, drive spectacular increases in princely budgets, taxes, and staffs. After 1500 or so, princes who managed to create the costly varieties of military organization were, indeed, able to conquer new chunks of territory” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tilly</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>3384</RecNum><Pages>78 </Pages><DisplayText>(Tilly 1985, 78 )</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3384</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1329528395">3384</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tilly, Charles</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Evans, Peter B.</author><author>Rueschemeyer, Dietrich</author><author>Skocpol, Theda</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>War Making and State Making as Organized Crime</title><secondary-title>Bringing the state back in</secondary-title></titles><pages>169-91</pages><dates><year>1985</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0521307864&#xD;0521313139 (pbk.)</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tilly 1985, 78 ). A more specific mechanism involved the “institution of a standing army and its incorporation into the activities of the state [which] was what first created the early modern state with its concentration of power at the center” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oestreich</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>473</RecNum><Pages>50</Pages><DisplayText>(Oestreich 1982, 50)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>473</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1284924096">473</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oestreich, Gerhard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Neostoicism and the Early Modern State</title></titles><pages>280</pages><keywords><keyword>Germany History</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1982</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Oestreich 1982, 50). Accordingly, the dependent variable here is the growth of the state, proxied through the increase in size of troops and in the centralization of institutions, which are believed to lead to an increase in the geographical area of the unit itself, thus creating a “state.” The questions here are twofold. Did increased troop size truly impact the size or institutional structure of the state after 1500, creating a unitary state? If it did not, as I suggest here, might it have done so through war before the Military Revolution? If these effects cannot be established for a “critical case” such as France, their validity is thrust into doubt. Coupled with the fact that war-based theories have been disconfirmed in so many different regions (as outlined in the introduction), little, or highly qualified, confidence in them should remain. Armies did grow after the late medieval period: from 40,000 in 1470 to 150,000 in 1630 and to a remarkable 400,000 by 1700 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parker</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>4907</RecNum><Pages>26</Pages><DisplayText>(Parker 1976, 26)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4907</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1333838947">4907</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parker, Geoffrey</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Military Revolution 1560-1660 - a myth?</title><secondary-title>Journal of Medieval History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Medieval History</full-title></periodical><volume>48</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1976</year></dates><isbn>0304-4181</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Parker 1976, 26), an increase of over 1,000 percent in 200 hundred years. These trends ushered in multiple reforms; standing armies, the compagnies d'ordonnance, consolidated and administrative reforms such as the généralités were implemented ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Contamine</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecNum>6842</RecNum><DisplayText>(Contamine 1972)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6842</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1358908866">6842</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Contamine, Philippe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Guerre, état et société à la fin du Moyen Age. ?tudes sur les armées des rois de France 1337-1494.</title><secondary-title>Civilisations et sociétés,</secondary-title></titles><pages>xxxviii, 757 p.</pages><number>24</number><keywords><keyword>Military art and science History.</keyword><keyword>Military history, Medieval.</keyword><keyword>France History, Military.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1972</year></dates><pub-location>Paris</pub-location><publisher>Mouton</publisher><call-num>ALDERMAN CHECKEDOUT U37 .C66 BOOK</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Contamine 1972). These changes are supposed to capture the logic tying war and state formation together, in a compelling and widely invoked logic.Troop sizes thus did increase and institutions were differentiated and centralized, but did the period of the Military Revolution produce changes in the size of France, after 1500, to select Tilly’s cut-off point? Actually, by 1500, France already controlled 80% of today’s territory (Table 5). The unprecedentedly large armies fielded by French rulers for the large-scale wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries yielded no gains in the 1500s and only 13% of final territory in the 1600s. As Spruyt ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Spruyt</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>167</RecNum><Pages>85</Pages><DisplayText>(1994, 85)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282518656">167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spruyt, Hendrik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sovereign state and its competitors</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">an analysis of systems change</style></title><secondary-title>Princeton studies in international history and politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>xii, 288 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Sovereignty History.</keyword><keyword>Europe Politics and government.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><isbn>0691033560 (CL acid-free paper)</isbn><accession-num>2067917</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms JC327; .S65 1994&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE JC327; .S65 1994</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(1994, 85) perceptively pointed out, the Military Revolution followed French state-building success. The role of war in enlarging French territories was minimal precisely in the critical period: when military technology or simply the pressure of war is assumed to have the greatest effect on state-formation and especially on state size. Figure 3 about hereTable 5 about hereThat war did not create substantial increases in state size after 1500 does not mean that war was not important at all in accumulating the 80% already controlled by the French crown, however. War mattered, but before the period of the Military Revolution, i.e. independent of the mechanisms assumed by most of the literature regarding troop size and organization. In fact, war reclaimed almost 40% of the total of French territory before 1500 and about two thirds of the provinces. Table 6 shows the incorporation of French provinces by mode, whether war or some other dynastic mechanism (marriage, inheritance etc.), dividing the cases in two periods, before and after 1500. So, although the post-1500 mechanism of the Military Revolution is challenged, war seems to have had some state-building effect earlier on, leaving a variant of the theory intact. But what were these effects precisely? Table 6 about here.First, one should note that war pre-1500 aimed to reconsolidate control over territories already nominally under the jurisdiction of the French crown. Further, the pre-1500 period for France illustrates perfectly war’s “deformation” effects ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hui</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1274</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hui 2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1274</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1298847120">1274</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hui, Victoria Tin-bor</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and state formation in ancient China and early modern Europe</title></titles><pages>xiv, 294 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>World politics.</keyword><keyword>China Politics and government To 221 B.C.</keyword><keyword>Europe Politics and government.</keyword><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>War.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9780521819725 (hbk.)&#xD;0521819725 (hbk.)&#xD;9780521525763 (pbk.)&#xD;0521525764 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>13757319</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms D32; .H85 2005</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Hui 2005). Given precisely the intense warfare, the period confirms the hypothesis that “the more war, the less state” in two ways. First, the period was one of great internal weakness and hence least “state-ness” and monopoly of legitimate control. Second, the most intense warfare did not build “legitimate authority,” i.e. build “state-ness;” instead, national institutions were abolished once war ended, making France indistinguishable from coercion-intensive cases. In the period before 1500, extensive parts of French territory were out of the control of French kings. The English controlled Aquitaine, expanding their reach in the 1350s and 60s. The Duchy of Burgundy took over the Western part of France in the 1400s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vaughan</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>3712</RecNum><DisplayText>(Vaughan 1975, 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3712</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1333837341">3712</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vaughan, Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Valois Burgundy</title></titles><dates><year>1975</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Allen Lane</publisher><isbn>0713909242</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Vaughan</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3897</RecNum><record><rec-number>3897</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1333837341">3897</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vaughan, Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Philip the Good: the apogee of Burgundy</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><pub-location>Woodbridge</pub-location><publisher>Boydell Press</publisher><isbn>0851159176</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Vaughan 1975, 2002), and the Duchy of Normandy was ruled by the English between 1415 and 1450 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGxtYW5kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2ODwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjE4NDk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEFsbG1hbmQgMTk2OCwgMTk4Myk8L0Rp

c3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTg0OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzA0MzAzNTE1Ij4xODQ5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJl

Zi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5BbGxtYW5kLCBDLiBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgTGFuY2FzdHJpYW4gTGFuZCBTZXR0bGVtZW50IGlu

IE5vcm1hbmR5LCAxNDE3LTUwPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBFY29ub21pYyBI

aXN0b3J5IFJldmlldzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjx0ZXJ0aWFyeS10aXRsZT5OZXcgU2VyaWVz

PC90ZXJ0aWFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgRWNv

bm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeSBSZXZpZXc8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz40NjEt

NDc5PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjIxPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5

ZWFyPjE5Njg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVyPkJsYWNrd2VsbCBQdWJsaXNoaW5nIG9u

IGJlaGFsZiBvZiB0aGUgRWNvbm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeSBTb2NpZXR5PC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+

MDAxMzAxMTc8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iu

b3JnL3N0YWJsZS8yNTkyNzQ1PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkFsbG1hbmQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTgzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTg2MjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTg2MjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzA0MzAzNjQwIj4xODYyPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5BbGxtYW5kLCBDLiBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9y

cz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXpl

PSIxMDAlIj5MYW5jYXN0cmlhbiBOb3JtYW5keSwgMTQxNS0xNDUwPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRoZSBoaXN0b3J5IG9mIGEgbWVk

aWV2YWwgb2NjdXBhdGlvbjwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpaSwgMzQ5

IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+R3JlYXQgQnJpdGFpbiBIaXN0b3J5IEhlbnJ5

IFYsIDE0MTMtMTQyMi48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QnJpdGlzaCBGcmFuY2UgTm9ybWFuZHkg

SGlzdG9yeSBUbyAxNTAwLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3Rvcnkg

SGVucnkgVkksIDE0MjItMTQ2MS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Tm9ybWFuZHkgKEZyYW5jZSkg

SGlzdG9yeSBUbyAxNTE1Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTgzPC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5PeGZvcmQ8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVy

Pk94Zm9yZCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDE5ODIyNjQyWCAoT3hm

b3JkIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3MpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ2MDUxNTwvYWNjZXNz

aW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9v

bXMgREEyNTY7IC5BNDIgMTk4MzwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGxtYW5kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2ODwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjE4NDk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEFsbG1hbmQgMTk2OCwgMTk4Myk8L0Rp

c3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTg0OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzA0MzAzNTE1Ij4xODQ5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJl

Zi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5BbGxtYW5kLCBDLiBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgTGFuY2FzdHJpYW4gTGFuZCBTZXR0bGVtZW50IGlu

IE5vcm1hbmR5LCAxNDE3LTUwPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBFY29ub21pYyBI

aXN0b3J5IFJldmlldzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjx0ZXJ0aWFyeS10aXRsZT5OZXcgU2VyaWVz

PC90ZXJ0aWFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgRWNv

bm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeSBSZXZpZXc8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz40NjEt

NDc5PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjIxPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5

ZWFyPjE5Njg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVyPkJsYWNrd2VsbCBQdWJsaXNoaW5nIG9u

IGJlaGFsZiBvZiB0aGUgRWNvbm9taWMgSGlzdG9yeSBTb2NpZXR5PC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+

MDAxMzAxMTc8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iu

b3JnL3N0YWJsZS8yNTkyNzQ1PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkFsbG1hbmQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTgzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTg2MjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTg2MjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzA0MzAzNjQwIj4xODYyPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5BbGxtYW5kLCBDLiBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9y

cz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXpl

PSIxMDAlIj5MYW5jYXN0cmlhbiBOb3JtYW5keSwgMTQxNS0xNDUwPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNl

PSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPnRoZSBoaXN0b3J5IG9mIGEgbWVk

aWV2YWwgb2NjdXBhdGlvbjwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpaSwgMzQ5

IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+R3JlYXQgQnJpdGFpbiBIaXN0b3J5IEhlbnJ5

IFYsIDE0MTMtMTQyMi48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QnJpdGlzaCBGcmFuY2UgTm9ybWFuZHkg

SGlzdG9yeSBUbyAxNTAwLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3Rvcnkg

SGVucnkgVkksIDE0MjItMTQ2MS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Tm9ybWFuZHkgKEZyYW5jZSkg

SGlzdG9yeSBUbyAxNTE1Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTgzPC95

ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5PeGZvcmQ8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVy

Pk94Zm9yZCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDE5ODIyNjQyWCAoT3hm

b3JkIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3MpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ2MDUxNTwvYWNjZXNz

aW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9v

bXMgREEyNTY7IC5BNDIgMTk4MzwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Allmand 1968, 1983). Paris was captured by the Burgundians and then the English between 1419 and 1435 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Favier</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>321</RecNum><DisplayText>(Favier 1974)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>321</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1284924093">321</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Favier, Jean</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Paris au XVe siècle, 1380-1500</title><secondary-title>Nouvelle histoire de Paris</secondary-title></titles><pages>486</pages><keywords><keyword>Paris (France) History To 1515.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1974</year></dates><pub-location>Paris</pub-location><publisher>Hachette</publisher><isbn>2010018478</isbn><accession-num>000327885-9</accession-num><call-num>WID DC725 .F38 Consult Circ. desk for HWAGJY.</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Favier 1974). However, all the warfare that France was involved during the Hundred Years' War only re-appropriated about 9% of territory, by seizing Aquitaine from the English (Figure 3), whilst in 1488 Brittany was incorporated, adding another 7% (Table 7). Most territorial gains, e.g. in the early 1200s, were made through brief wars, often in single years. Characteristically, they followed the intense institution-building efforts of Philip Augustus since 1180 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baldwin</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>5091</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baldwin 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5091</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1334199087">5091</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baldwin, John W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The government of Philip Augustus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foundations of French royal power in the Middle Ages</style></title></titles><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley</pub-location><publisher>University of California Press</publisher><isbn>0520052722</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baldwin 1986), offering additional evidence for the importance of pre-existing institutions in allowing rulers to wage war that has been deduced from other regions and periods PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZW50ZW5vPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjY8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMjsgSGV5ZGVtYW5uIDIw

MDApPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1

YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUwNTY4OCI+Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxy

ZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+Q2VudGVubywgTWlndWVsIEFuZ2VsPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNp

emU9IjEwMCUiPkJsb29kIGFuZCBkZWJ0PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250

PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9

ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPndhciBhbmQgdGhlIG5hdGlvbi1zdGF0ZSBpbiBMYXRpbiBB

bWVyaWNhPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aXYsIDMyOSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+

PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdGluIEFtZXJpY2EgSGlzdG9yeSwgTWlsaXRhcnkuPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdGluIEFtZXJpY2EgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdGluIEFtZXJpY2EgTWlsaXRhcnkgcG9saWN5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5XYXIgYW5kIHNvY2lldHkgTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UG9s

aXRpY3MgYW5kIHdhci48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwMjwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQYXJrLCBQYS48L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlv

bj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlBlbm5zeWx2YW5pYSBTdGF0ZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNo

ZXI+PGlzYm4+MDI3MTAyMTY1OSAoY2xvdGggYWxrLiBwYXBlcik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+MTI0NzM4NzU8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBC

dWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEYxNDEwLjU7IC5DNDYgMjAwMiYjeEQ7SmVmZmVyc29uIG9y

IEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgLSBTVE9SRUQgT0ZGU0lURSBGMTQxMC41OyAu

QzQ2IDIwMDI8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1

dGhvcj5IZXlkZW1hbm48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzQwNTwvUmVj

TnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzQwNTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzMxMTgyODU2Ij4zNDA1PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl

IG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5I

ZXlkZW1hbm4sIFN0ZXZlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVz

Pjx0aXRsZT5XYXIsIGluc3RpdHV0aW9ucywgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIE1pZGRs

ZSBFYXN0PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxw

dWItbG9jYXRpb24+QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkg

b2YgQ2FsaWZvcm5pYSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPjA1MjAyMjQyMTMgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDsw

NTIwMjI0MjIxIChwYmsuPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0

IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQi

IHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9zdHlsZT48L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVj

b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZW50ZW5vPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjY8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENlbnRlbm8gMjAwMjsgSGV5ZGVtYW5uIDIw

MDApPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1

YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4MjUwNTY4OCI+Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxy

ZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+Q2VudGVubywgTWlndWVsIEFuZ2VsPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0

b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNp

emU9IjEwMCUiPkJsb29kIGFuZCBkZWJ0PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250

PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9

ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPndhciBhbmQgdGhlIG5hdGlvbi1zdGF0ZSBpbiBMYXRpbiBB

bWVyaWNhPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54aXYsIDMyOSBwLjwvcGFnZXM+

PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdGluIEFtZXJpY2EgSGlzdG9yeSwgTWlsaXRhcnkuPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdGluIEFtZXJpY2EgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQuPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdGluIEFtZXJpY2EgTWlsaXRhcnkgcG9saWN5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5XYXIgYW5kIHNvY2lldHkgTGF0aW4gQW1lcmljYS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UG9s

aXRpY3MgYW5kIHdhci48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwMjwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQYXJrLCBQYS48L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlv

bj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlBlbm5zeWx2YW5pYSBTdGF0ZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNo

ZXI+PGlzYm4+MDI3MTAyMTY1OSAoY2xvdGggYWxrLiBwYXBlcik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+MTI0NzM4NzU8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBC

dWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEYxNDEwLjU7IC5DNDYgMjAwMiYjeEQ7SmVmZmVyc29uIG9y

IEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgLSBTVE9SRUQgT0ZGU0lURSBGMTQxMC41OyAu

QzQ2IDIwMDI8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1

dGhvcj5IZXlkZW1hbm48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzQwNTwvUmVj

TnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzQwNTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzMxMTgyODU2Ij4zNDA1PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl

IG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5I

ZXlkZW1hbm4sIFN0ZXZlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVz

Pjx0aXRsZT5XYXIsIGluc3RpdHV0aW9ucywgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIE1pZGRs

ZSBFYXN0PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxw

dWItbG9jYXRpb24+QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkg

b2YgQ2FsaWZvcm5pYSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwi

IGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPjA1MjAyMjQyMTMgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpJiN4RDsw

NTIwMjI0MjIxIChwYmsuPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0

IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQi

IHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPmFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9zdHlsZT48L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVj

b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Centeno 2002; Heydemann 2000). The French state was thus not at war to increase its size strictly speaking, but because it was too weak to prevent attacks on or contestations of its sovereignty in the first place. (Table 7) about hereWhat about the effects of war on institution-building, especially through revenue-raising? Taxation is the conventional way in which war is expected to impact the state. Indeed, revenue increased from 8 million l.t. in 1440, to 16 million in 1560 and 27 million in 1789 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hoffman</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1206</RecNum><Pages>226</Pages><DisplayText>(Hoffman 1994, 226)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1297037060">1206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hoffman, Philip T.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Hoffman, Philip T.</author><author>Norberg, Kathryn</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Early Modern France, 1450-1700</title><secondary-title>The Making of modern freedom</secondary-title></titles><pages>226-252</pages><keywords><keyword>Finance, Public Europe History.</keyword><keyword>Representative government and representation Europe History.</keyword><keyword>Liberty.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Stanford, Calif.</pub-location><publisher>Stanford University Press</publisher><isbn>0804722927 (alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>1579681</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms HJ1000; .F55 1994&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE HJ1000; .F55 1994</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Hoffman 1994, 226). The aforementioned reforms, the first standing armies in Europe, the compagnies d'ordonnance, and administrative reforms, such as the généralités, took place in this period. However, neither a revenue increase nor a bureaucratic articulation necessarily builds up a unitary state. Taxes were successfully extracted across political types—even the nomadic Mongols had exceptional techniques for revenue generation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Smith</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>19354</RecNum><DisplayText>(Smith 1970)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19354</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1425501532">19354</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Smith, John Masson</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mongol and Nomadic Taxation</title><secondary-title>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>46-85</pages><volume>30</volume><dates><year>1970</year></dates><publisher>Harvard-Yenching Institute</publisher><isbn>00730548</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Smith 1970). And, as mentioned, China, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia developed bureaucratic forms that were in some respects far in advance of European patterns PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTI3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSHVpIDIwMDU7IEFybXN0cm9uZyAxOTczKTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMjc0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4

ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTg4NDcxMjAiPjEyNzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPkh1aSwgVmljdG9yaWEgVGluLWJvcjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIgYW5kIHN0YXRlIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbiBhbmNpZW50IENo

aW5hIGFuZCBlYXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAy

OTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Xb3JsZCBwb2xpdGljcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hpbmEgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgVG8gMjIxIEIuQy48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYXIuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk5ldyBZb3Jr

PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVi

bGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA1MjE4MTk3MjUgKGhiay4pJiN4RDswNTIxODE5NzI1IChoYmsuKSYj

eEQ7OTc4MDUyMTUyNTc2MyAocGJrLikmI3hEOzA1MjE1MjU3NjQgKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjEzNzU3MzE5PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3Ig

QWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBEMzI7IC5IODUgMjAwNTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL2VjaXAw

NTIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Vu

aGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTA2MzIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS1kLmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cu

bG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MDczMi8yMDA0MDI0OTg5LWIuaHRtbDwvdXJs

PjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm1z

dHJvbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTczPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzU5MjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzU5MjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxNDE4MDExMjIyIj43NTkyPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJv

b2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Bcm1zdHJvbmcs

IEpvaG4gQWxleGFuZGVyPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBFdXJvcGVhbiBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGl2ZSBlbGl0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+

PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgNDA2IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+UHVibGljIGFkbWlu

aXN0cmF0aW9uLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FbGl0ZSAoU29jaWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzKTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FY29ub21pYyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R292

ZXJubWVudCBleGVjdXRpdmVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhc2Ugc3R1ZGllcy48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5NzM8

L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4w

NjkxMDc1NTE0PC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPkpGMTQxMSAuQTczIEpGMTQxMSBBNzM8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpGMTQxMSAuQTczPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+MTI3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oSHVpIDIwMDU7IEFybXN0cm9uZyAxOTczKTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMjc0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4

ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyOTg4NDcxMjAiPjEyNzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48

YXV0aG9yPkh1aSwgVmljdG9yaWEgVGluLWJvcjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XYXIgYW5kIHN0YXRlIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbiBhbmNpZW50IENo

aW5hIGFuZCBlYXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGl2LCAy

OTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Xb3JsZCBwb2xpdGljcy48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hpbmEgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgVG8gMjIxIEIuQy48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TdGF0ZSwgVGhlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYXIuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk5ldyBZb3Jr

PC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVi

bGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA1MjE4MTk3MjUgKGhiay4pJiN4RDswNTIxODE5NzI1IChoYmsuKSYj

eEQ7OTc4MDUyMTUyNTc2MyAocGJrLikmI3hEOzA1MjE1MjU3NjQgKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjEzNzU3MzE5PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3Ig

QWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBEMzI7IC5IODUgMjAwNTwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvdG9jL2VjaXAw

NTIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS5odG1sPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Vu

aGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTA2MzIvMjAwNDAyNDk4OS1kLmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cu

bG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MDczMi8yMDA0MDI0OTg5LWIuaHRtbDwvdXJs

PjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm1z

dHJvbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTczPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzU5MjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNv

cmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzU5MjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxNDE4MDExMjIyIj43NTkyPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJv

b2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Bcm1zdHJvbmcs

IEpvaG4gQWxleGFuZGVyPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBFdXJvcGVhbiBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGl2ZSBlbGl0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+

PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgNDA2IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+UHVibGljIGFkbWlu

aXN0cmF0aW9uLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FbGl0ZSAoU29jaWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzKTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FY29ub21pYyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R292

ZXJubWVudCBleGVjdXRpdmVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhc2Ugc3R1ZGllcy48L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5NzM8

L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4w

NjkxMDc1NTE0PC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPkpGMTQxMSAuQTczIEpGMTQxMSBBNzM8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpGMTQxMSAuQTczPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hui 2005; Armstrong 1973). In the Ottoman Empire, for instance, robust negotiations took place between the ruler and his subjects, with a strong administrative role for the judges (kadis) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Murphey</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>20297</RecNum><Pages>147-152</Pages><DisplayText>(Murphey 2010, 147-152)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1502406973">20297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murphey, Rhoads</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Tallett, Frank</author><author>Trim, D. J. B.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Ottoman military organization in south-eastern Europe, c. 1420-1720</title><secondary-title>European warfare, 1350-1750</secondary-title></titles><pages>135-158</pages><number>Core text</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9780511679223&#xD;9780521713894&#xD;9780521886284</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Murphey 2010, 147-152).The question, rather, is: did military pressures, of the Hundred Years' War or of the Military Revolution that followed, affect the dimensions that matter according to the Weber/Tilly definition? The period fails on the most critical one: legitimacy of sovereign rule. Although monopoly of force was strengthened, this came at the expense of legitimacy: the end of the Hundred Years' War also saw the end of the Estates General as a regular institution, with one meeting held in 1463, one in 1468, one in 1484, another one in 1560 after a hiatus of 76 years, and then again one in 1614 and none until the French Revolution—cementing the description of France as “absolutist.” By contrast, England, during this same war-torn period, had 5.5 meetings per decade in the 1400s, 4.4 meetings per decade in the 1500s and 7 meetings per decade even in the trouble-infested 1600s PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GcnlkZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTY8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4yOTE8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEZyeWRlIDE5OTY7IDxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJp

dGFsaWMiPkFjdGVzIER1IFBhcmxlbWVudCBEZSBQYXJpczwvc3R5bGU+ICAxODYzOyBGdXJnZW90

IDE5MjA7IFNvdWxlIDE5NjgpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI5MTwv

cmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUy

c3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkyIj4yOTE8L2tl

eT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkZyeWRlLCBFLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5IYW5kYm9vayBvZiBCcml0aXNoIENocm9ub2xv

Z3k8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+R3VpZGVzIGFuZCBoYW5kYm9va3MsIG5vLiAyPC9z

ZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnh4eGl4LCA2MDU8L3BhZ2VzPjxlZGl0aW9u

PjNkPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5HcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3RvcnkgQ2hy

b25vbG9neSBIYW5kYm9va3MsIG1hbnVhbHMsIGV0Yy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0

ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjA1MjE1NjM1MFggKGhhcmRiYWNrKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4wMDcyMDI3

MDYtMTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+RGEzNCAuaDI4IDE5OTY7ICBXaWQgcnIgMzcx

NC4yOyAgTGF3IGRhMzQgLmgyOCAxOTk2PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+

PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlIEV4Y2x1ZGVBdXRoPSIxIj48WWVhcj4xODYzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzE5

PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zMTk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3Mw

ejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5MyI+MzE5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10

eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Qm91dGFyaWMsIEVkZ2FyZDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+

PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QWN0ZXMgZHUgUGFybGVtZW50IGRlIFBhcmlz

PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPk1pbmlzdMOocmUgZCZhcG9zO8OpdGF0LiBBcmNoaXZl

cyBkZSBsJmFwb3M7ZW1waXJlLiBJbnZlbnRhaXJlcyBldCBkb2N1bWVudHMgcHVibGnDqXMgcGFy

IG9yZHJlIGRlIGwmYXBvcztlbXBlcmV1cjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5B

Y3RlcyBkdSBQYXJsZW1lbnQgZGUgUGFyaXM8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4u

PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9

IjEwMCUiPjE6IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Iml0YWxpYyIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6

ZT0iMTAwJSI+MTI1NC0xMjk5PC9zdHlsZT48L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtLXZvbHM+MjwvbnVtLXZvbHM+

PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE4NjM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlBhcmlzPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5ILiBQbG9uPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MDAy

OTc1NzIyLTM8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpuMjQyOCAucDM7IFdJRCBGciAxNDAu

NTA7IExhdyBmcmEgOTA1LjAxIHBhcjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkZ1cmdlb3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTIwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+NTQ5MTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTQ5MTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzQzNTA4NDYzIj41NDkxPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5GdXJnZW90LCBIZW5yaTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1

dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5EaWxsYXksIE1hZGVsZWluZTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhv

cnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QWN0ZXMgZHUgUGFybGVtZW50IGRlIFBh

cmlzLiAyLiBzZcyBcmllLCBkZSBsJmFwb3M7YW4gMTMyOCBhzIAgbCZhcG9zO2FuIDEzNTAuIEp1

Z2XMgXM8L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTIwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QYXJpczwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+SW1wci4gbmF0aW9uYWxl

PC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNv

dWxlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2ODwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjMyMDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+

PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzIwPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEy

ODQ5MjQwOTMiPjMyMDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42

PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U291bGUsIENsYXVkZTwv

YXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5MZXMgw4l0YXRzIGfDqW7DqXJh

dXggZGUgRnJhbmNlICgxMzAyLTE3ODkpPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250

PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9

ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPsOpdHVkZSBoaXN0b3JpcXVlLCBjb21wYXJhdGl2ZSBldCBk

b2N0cmluYWxlPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4yNTIgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxr

ZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5GcmFuY2UuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFy

PjE5Njg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkhldWxlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHVy

bHM+PC91cmxzPjxjdXN0b20xPkZyIDEyMC4yNiBXaWRlbmVyPC9jdXN0b20xPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GcnlkZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTY8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4yOTE8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEZyeWRlIDE5OTY7IDxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJp

dGFsaWMiPkFjdGVzIER1IFBhcmxlbWVudCBEZSBQYXJpczwvc3R5bGU+ICAxODYzOyBGdXJnZW90

IDE5MjA7IFNvdWxlIDE5NjgpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI5MTwv

cmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUy

c3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDkyIj4yOTE8L2tl

eT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkZyeWRlLCBFLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5IYW5kYm9vayBvZiBCcml0aXNoIENocm9ub2xv

Z3k8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+R3VpZGVzIGFuZCBoYW5kYm9va3MsIG5vLiAyPC9z

ZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnh4eGl4LCA2MDU8L3BhZ2VzPjxlZGl0aW9u

PjNkPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5HcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3RvcnkgQ2hy

b25vbG9neSBIYW5kYm9va3MsIG1hbnVhbHMsIGV0Yy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0

ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVy

Pjxpc2JuPjA1MjE1NjM1MFggKGhhcmRiYWNrKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4wMDcyMDI3

MDYtMTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+RGEzNCAuaDI4IDE5OTY7ICBXaWQgcnIgMzcx

NC4yOyAgTGF3IGRhMzQgLmgyOCAxOTk2PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+

PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlIEV4Y2x1ZGVBdXRoPSIxIj48WWVhcj4xODYzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzE5

PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zMTk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3Mw

ejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NDkyNDA5MyI+MzE5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10

eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Qm91dGFyaWMsIEVkZ2FyZDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhvcnM+

PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QWN0ZXMgZHUgUGFybGVtZW50IGRlIFBhcmlz

PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPk1pbmlzdMOocmUgZCZhcG9zO8OpdGF0LiBBcmNoaXZl

cyBkZSBsJmFwb3M7ZW1waXJlLiBJbnZlbnRhaXJlcyBldCBkb2N1bWVudHMgcHVibGnDqXMgcGFy

IG9yZHJlIGRlIGwmYXBvcztlbXBlcmV1cjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxzaG9ydC10aXRsZT5B

Y3RlcyBkdSBQYXJsZW1lbnQgZGUgUGFyaXM8L3Nob3J0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4u

PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9

IjEwMCUiPjE6IDwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Iml0YWxpYyIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6

ZT0iMTAwJSI+MTI1NC0xMjk5PC9zdHlsZT48L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtLXZvbHM+MjwvbnVtLXZvbHM+

PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE4NjM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlBhcmlzPC9wdWIt

bG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5ILiBQbG9uPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MDAy

OTc1NzIyLTM8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpuMjQyOCAucDM7IFdJRCBGciAxNDAu

NTA7IExhdyBmcmEgOTA1LjAxIHBhcjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkZ1cmdlb3Q8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTIwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

dW0+NTQ5MTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTQ5MTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y

ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJk

djVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzQzNTA4NDYzIj41NDkxPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtl

eXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5GdXJnZW90LCBIZW5yaTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1

dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5EaWxsYXksIE1hZGVsZWluZTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LWF1dGhv

cnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QWN0ZXMgZHUgUGFybGVtZW50IGRlIFBh

cmlzLiAyLiBzZcyBcmllLCBkZSBsJmFwb3M7YW4gMTMyOCBhzIAgbCZhcG9zO2FuIDEzNTAuIEp1

Z2XMgXM8L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTIwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QYXJpczwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+SW1wci4gbmF0aW9uYWxl

PC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNv

dWxlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2ODwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjMyMDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+

PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzIwPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEy

ODQ5MjQwOTMiPjMyMDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42

PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U291bGUsIENsYXVkZTwv

YXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFj

ZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5MZXMgw4l0YXRzIGfDqW7DqXJh

dXggZGUgRnJhbmNlICgxMzAyLTE3ODkpPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250

PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMiI+OiA8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9

ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPsOpdHVkZSBoaXN0b3JpcXVlLCBjb21wYXJhdGl2ZSBldCBk

b2N0cmluYWxlPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4yNTIgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxr

ZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5GcmFuY2UuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFy

PjE5Njg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkhldWxlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHVy

bHM+PC91cmxzPjxjdXN0b20xPkZyIDEyMC4yNiBXaWRlbmVyPC9jdXN0b20xPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Fryde 1996; Actes Du Parlement De Paris 1863; Furgeot 1920; Soule 1968). Although the literature on state-formation has not explicitly engaged this dimension—the importance of representative institutions—no other factor captures the full scope of the definition of the unitary, national state. Of interest, one must repeat, is not simply the extension of infrastructural powers of political units—this is achieved by entities such as coercion-intensive types as well. The Ottoman Empire, in fact, “surpassed their central European contemporaries in their ability to mobilise and support large armies in the field” up to the first decade of the eighteenth century ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Murphey</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>20297</RecNum><Pages>136</Pages><DisplayText>(Murphey 2010, 136)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1502406973">20297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murphey, Rhoads</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Tallett, Frank</author><author>Trim, D. J. B.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Ottoman military organization in south-eastern Europe, c. 1420-1720</title><secondary-title>European warfare, 1350-1750</secondary-title></titles><pages>135-158</pages><number>Core text</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9780511679223&#xD;9780521713894&#xD;9780521886284</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Murphey 2010, 136). Rather, the outcome of interest is the creation of an integrated unit, the authority of which is legitimate and exclusive in the eyes of the “human community” involved and, specifically, which bargains with the ruler through central institutions. Empires and absolutist states don’t fulfill any of these conditions. But it is also not enough to simply observe representative assemblies held during wartime and deduce that unitary state infrastructure has been established by war. If those institutions do not survive after war ends (let alone if they are not resurrected once war begins anew on an even grander scale), then it can’t be claimed that war helped build “the state.” Instead, war generated a need for an institution, which lasted only as long as the need was active. There was thus no lasting effect of war on the institutional structure of the state, no ratchet effect and no path-dependency. So, although war was in full force between the 1480s and 1560s in France, and of course beyond, no central, state-wide institution was called to administer the bargaining that had to take place in order to finance these wars.This does not mean that representative activity ceased entirely in France; only that it devolved to the local level, where pre-existing institutions had long taken root. This is why scholars have questioned the term “absolutism;” in practice, political activity that looked little different from what occurred in England was also transpiring in these regional assemblies PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYWpvcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5NjA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT42MDA8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KE1ham9yIDE5NjA7IEJvbm5leSAxOTk1OyBD

b2xsaW5zIDE5ODg7IEhlbnNoYWxsIDE5OTIpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVt

YmVyPjYwMDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFz

dnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDk4

Ij42MDA8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5

cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPk1ham9yLCBKLiBSdXNzZWxsPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlJlcHJlc2VudGF0aXZl

IEluc3RpdHV0aW9ucyBpbiBSZW5haXNzYW5jZSBGcmFuY2UsIDE0MjEtMTU1OTwvdGl0bGU+PC90

aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPml4LCAxODI8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5GcmFuY2UuIEV0

YXRzIGfDqW7DqXJhdXguPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJlcHJlc2VudGF0aXZlIGdvdmVybm1l

bnQgYW5kIHJlcHJlc2VudGF0aW9uIEZyYW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5G

cmFuY2UgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgMTMyOC0xNTg5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5NjA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk1hZGlzb248

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgV2lzY29uc2luIFByZXNzPC9w

dWJsaXNoZXI+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpvc2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBT

dGFja3MgSk4yNDEzLk0yNCA8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+

PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25uZXk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTgz

MjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTgzMjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzA0MzAzMjAxIj4xODMyPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJl

Zi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1

dGhvcj5Cb25uZXksIFJpY2hhcmQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRp

dGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIGxpbWl0cyBvZiBhYnNvbHV0aXNtIGluIGFuY2llbiByw6lnaW1lIEZy

YW5jZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Db2xsZWN0ZWQgc3R1ZGllcyBzZXJpZXM8L3Nl

Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+MSB2LiAodmFyaW91cyBwYWdpbmdzKTwvcGFn

ZXM+PG51bWJlcj5DUzQ5MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Nb25hcmNoeSBGcmFu

Y2UgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVzcG90aXNtIEZyYW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UYXhhdGlvbiBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+RnJhbmNlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDE3dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+RnJhbmNlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk1PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5BbGRlcnNob3Qs

IEhhbXBzaGlyZSwgR3JlYXQgQnJpdGFpbiA7IEJyb29rZmllbGQsIFZ0LiwgVVNBPC9wdWItbG9j

YXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5WYXJpb3J1bTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA4NjA3ODQ4MjcgKGFs

ay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjM5NzczMzk8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNh

bGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpOMjM1ODsg

LkI2NiAxOTk1PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxB

dXRob3I+Q29sbGluczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMzI1PC9SZWNO

dW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMzI1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtl

eSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0

aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMDcyMDk4MTEiPjIzMjU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNv

bGxpbnMsIEphbWVzIEIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPkZpc2NhbCBMaW1pdHMgb2YgQWJzb2x1dGlzbTogRGlyZWN0IFRheGF0aW9uIGluIEVh

cmx5IFNldmVudGVlbnRoLUNlbnR1cnkgRnJhbmNlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlp

LCAyNTY8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5UYXhhdGlvbiBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeSAx

N3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRheCBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiBhbmQgcHJv

Y2VkdXJlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FbGl0ZSAoU29j

aWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzKSBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeSAxN3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkRlc3BvdGlzbSBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeSAxN3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkZyYW5jZSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudCAxN3RoIGNlbnR1cnk8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4ODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgQ2FsaWZvcm5p

YSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjAwNTkxMTU8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPlJlZ2Vu

c3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEhKMjY0OC5DNjUwIDE5ODggYy4yPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+SGVuc2hhbGw8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTky

PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzE5PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43MTk8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVk

dnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NjIyMzIzMiI+NzE5PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IZW5zaGFsbCwgTmljaG9sYXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+

PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0i

ZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+VGhlIG15dGggb2YgYWJzb2x1dGlzbTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxl

IGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUg

ZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5jaGFuZ2UgYW5kIGNvbnRp

bnVpdHkgaW4gZWFybHkgbW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZWFuIG1vbmFyY2h5PC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwv

dGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz5peCwgMjQ1IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVzcG90

aXNtIEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1vbmFyY2h5IEZyYW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Nb25hcmNoeSBHcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PkxvbmRvbjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+TG9uZ21hbjwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2Ju

PjA1ODIwNTYxODcgKENTRCkmI3hEOzA1ODIwNTYxNzkgKFBQUik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+NDM4MDY4MzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1

aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSkMzNzU7IC5INDYgMTk5MjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91

cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYWpvcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5NjA8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT42MDA8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KE1ham9yIDE5NjA7IEJvbm5leSAxOTk1OyBD

b2xsaW5zIDE5ODg7IEhlbnNoYWxsIDE5OTIpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVt

YmVyPjYwMDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFz

dnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMjg0OTI0MDk4

Ij42MDA8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5

cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPk1ham9yLCBKLiBSdXNzZWxsPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlJlcHJlc2VudGF0aXZl

IEluc3RpdHV0aW9ucyBpbiBSZW5haXNzYW5jZSBGcmFuY2UsIDE0MjEtMTU1OTwvdGl0bGU+PC90

aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPml4LCAxODI8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5GcmFuY2UuIEV0

YXRzIGfDqW7DqXJhdXguPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJlcHJlc2VudGF0aXZlIGdvdmVybm1l

bnQgYW5kIHJlcHJlc2VudGF0aW9uIEZyYW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5G

cmFuY2UgUG9saXRpY3MgYW5kIGdvdmVybm1lbnQgMTMyOC0xNTg5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29y

ZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5NjA8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPk1hZGlzb248

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgV2lzY29uc2luIFByZXNzPC9w

dWJsaXNoZXI+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkpvc2VwaCBSZWdlbnN0ZWluIExpYnJhcnkgUmVnZW5zdGVpbiBT

dGFja3MgSk4yNDEzLk0yNCA8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+

PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25uZXk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTgz

MjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTgzMjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3

czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzA0MzAzMjAxIj4xODMyPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJl

Zi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1

dGhvcj5Cb25uZXksIFJpY2hhcmQ8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRp

dGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIGxpbWl0cyBvZiBhYnNvbHV0aXNtIGluIGFuY2llbiByw6lnaW1lIEZy

YW5jZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Db2xsZWN0ZWQgc3R1ZGllcyBzZXJpZXM8L3Nl

Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+MSB2LiAodmFyaW91cyBwYWdpbmdzKTwvcGFn

ZXM+PG51bWJlcj5DUzQ5MTwvbnVtYmVyPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Nb25hcmNoeSBGcmFu

Y2UgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVzcG90aXNtIEZyYW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UYXhhdGlvbiBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+RnJhbmNlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDE3dGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+RnJhbmNlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk1PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5BbGRlcnNob3Qs

IEhhbXBzaGlyZSwgR3JlYXQgQnJpdGFpbiA7IEJyb29rZmllbGQsIFZ0LiwgVVNBPC9wdWItbG9j

YXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5WYXJpb3J1bTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA4NjA3ODQ4MjcgKGFs

ay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjM5NzczMzk8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNh

bGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpOMjM1ODsg

LkI2NiAxOTk1PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxB

dXRob3I+Q29sbGluczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMzI1PC9SZWNO

dW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMzI1PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtl

eSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0

aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMDcyMDk4MTEiPjIzMjU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iQm9vayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNv

bGxpbnMsIEphbWVzIEIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+

PHRpdGxlPkZpc2NhbCBMaW1pdHMgb2YgQWJzb2x1dGlzbTogRGlyZWN0IFRheGF0aW9uIGluIEVh

cmx5IFNldmVudGVlbnRoLUNlbnR1cnkgRnJhbmNlPC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlp

LCAyNTY8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5UYXhhdGlvbiBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeSAx

N3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRheCBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiBhbmQgcHJv

Y2VkdXJlIEhpc3RvcnkgMTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FbGl0ZSAoU29j

aWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzKSBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeSAxN3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkRlc3BvdGlzbSBGcmFuY2UgSGlzdG9yeSAxN3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkZyYW5jZSBQb2xpdGljcyBhbmQgZ292ZXJubWVudCAxN3RoIGNlbnR1cnk8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk4ODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+

QmVya2VsZXk8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgQ2FsaWZvcm5p

YSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjAwNTkxMTU8L2lzYm4+PGNhbGwtbnVtPlJlZ2Vu

c3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEhKMjY0OC5DNjUwIDE5ODggYy4yPC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+SGVuc2hhbGw8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTky

PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzE5PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj43MTk8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVk

dnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTI4NjIyMzIzMiI+NzE5PC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5IZW5zaGFsbCwgTmljaG9sYXM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+

PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0i

ZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+VGhlIG15dGggb2YgYWJzb2x1dGlzbTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxl

IGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUg

ZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5jaGFuZ2UgYW5kIGNvbnRp

bnVpdHkgaW4gZWFybHkgbW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZWFuIG1vbmFyY2h5PC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwv

dGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz5peCwgMjQ1IHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVzcG90

aXNtIEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1vbmFyY2h5IEZyYW5jZSBIaXN0b3J5Ljwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Nb25hcmNoeSBHcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3RvcnkuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9u

PkxvbmRvbjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+TG9uZ21hbjwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2Ju

PjA1ODIwNTYxODcgKENTRCkmI3hEOzA1ODIwNTYxNzkgKFBQUik8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+NDM4MDY4MzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1

aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSkMzNzU7IC5INDYgMTk5MjwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91

cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Major 1960; Bonney 1995; Collins 1988; Henshall 1992). This is also why it is classified with England in most studies. Nonetheless, local activity undermines the centralization implied in the model of the unitary, national state—which explains the similarities drawn with absolutist regimes. High fragmentation was the main challenge facing French kings and which elicited the absolutist ideology in the first place. War had not sufficed to secure the political centralization of the French state; administrative reforms had been profound over the centuries, but the more unitary structures that we associate with the national state were not ushered until the French Revolution ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tocqueville</Author><Year>1856</Year><RecNum>1353</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tocqueville 1856)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1353</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1299482409">1353</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tocqueville, Alexis de</author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author>Bonner, John</author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>The Old Regime and the Revolution</title></titles><pages>xi, 344 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>France History Revolution, 1789-1799 Causes.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1856</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Harper &amp; Brothers</publisher><accession-num>6326740</accession-num><call-num>Unavailable: Contact Collections Officer, CALM, x7-7400 DC138; .T633&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE DC138; .T633&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms Electronic Resource</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tocqueville 1856). The more war and violence were necessary for such unification, the weaker the infrastructural control exercised by political authority and hence the less unitary the state.Once a central representative institution is abolished, however, the distinction between an “absolutist” entity like France and a “coercion-rich” one like Prussia or a “sultanic/absolutist” one like the Ottoman or the Habsburg Empire becomes increasingly blurred, as recent historiography strongly argues PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYWxsYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43MDM4PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihCYWxsYSBhbmQgSm9obnNvbiAyMDA5OyBU

ZXpjYW4gMjAxMDsgU2Fsem1hbm4gMjAwNCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i

ZXI+NzAzODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFz

dnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzY0NjU3Nzc0

Ij43MDM4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNs

ZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5CYWxsYSwgRWxp

YW5hPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Kb2huc29uLCBOb2VsIEQuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkZpc2NhbCBDcmlzaXMgYW5kIEluc3RpdHV0aW9u

YWwgQ2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBPdHRvbWFuIEVtcGlyZSBhbmQgRnJhbmNlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25vbWljIEhpc3Rvcnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21p

YyBIaXN0b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+ODA5LTg0NTwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT42OTwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MDM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwOTwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE0NzEtNjM3MjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNy9TMDAyMjA1MDcwOTAwMTEzMjwvdXJsPjwvcmVs

YXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+ZG9pOjEwLjEwMTcvUzAw

MjIwNTA3MDkwMDExMzI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4yMDA5

PC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UZXpjYW48L0F1dGhv

cj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzI1OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i

ZXI+NzI1OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFz

dnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDAwMDk0ODMy

Ij43MjU5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10

eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5UZXpjYW4sIEJha2k8L2F1dGhvcj48

L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIHNlY29uZCBPdHRvbWFu

IEVtcGlyZTogcG9saXRpY2FsIGFuZCBzb2NpYWwgdHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gdGhlIGVhcmx5

IG1vZGVybiB3b3JsZDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DYW1icmlkZ2Ugc3R1ZGllcyBp

biBJc2xhbWljIGNpdmlsaXphdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54

dmlpaSwgMjg0IHAuIDo8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Pc21hbjwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5JSSw8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3VsdGFuIG9mIHRoZSBUdXJrcyw8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+MTYwMy0xNjIyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFzc2Fzc2luYXRpb24uPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkphbml6YXJpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFsIGNoYW5n

ZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Tb2NpYWwgY2hhbmdlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbW9j

cmF0aXphdGlvbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5I

aXN0b3J5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhpc3Rvcnk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGlzdG9y

eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4xN3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPjE4dGgg

Y2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+MTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5UdXJrZXk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VHVya2V5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlR1cmtl

eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VHVya2V5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlR1cmtleTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SGlzdG9yeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IaXN0b3J5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FY29ub21pYyBjb25k

aXRpb25zLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4xNDUzLTE2ODMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPjE2

ODMtMTgyOS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2Rh

dGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1i

cmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA1MjE1MTk0OTYgKGhi

ay4pIDA1MjE1MTk0OTcgKGhiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPkRSNTExIC5UNDkgMjAx

MCBEUjUxMSAuVDQ5IDIwMTA8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkRSNTExIC5UNDkgMjAx

MDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNh

bHptYW5uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjIwMjk4PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJl

Y29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMDI5ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBw

PSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0

YW1wPSIxNTAyNDE2MTMzIj4yMDI5ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U2Fsem1h

bm4sIEFyaWVsPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxl

PlRvY3F1ZXZpbGxlIGluIHRoZSBPdHRvbWFuIEVtcGlyZTogUml2YWwgUGF0aHMgdG8gdGhlIE1v

ZGVybiBTdGF0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDQ8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRl

cz48cHVibGlzaGVyPkJyaWxsPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+OTc4OTAwNDEwODg3NTwvaXNibj48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6Ly9ib29rcy5nb29nbGUuY29tL2Jvb2tzP2lk

PXFocUE5cmpUYzgwQzwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+

PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYWxsYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT43MDM4PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihCYWxsYSBhbmQgSm9obnNvbiAyMDA5OyBU

ZXpjYW4gMjAxMDsgU2Fsem1hbm4gMjAwNCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i

ZXI+NzAzODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFz

dnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzY0NjU3Nzc0

Ij43MDM4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNs

ZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5CYWxsYSwgRWxp

YW5hPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Kb2huc29uLCBOb2VsIEQuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkZpc2NhbCBDcmlzaXMgYW5kIEluc3RpdHV0aW9u

YWwgQ2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBPdHRvbWFuIEVtcGlyZSBhbmQgRnJhbmNlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEVjb25vbWljIEhpc3Rvcnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5UaGUgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBFY29ub21p

YyBIaXN0b3J5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+ODA5LTg0NTwvcGFnZXM+

PHZvbHVtZT42OTwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MDM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwOTwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE0NzEtNjM3MjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNy9TMDAyMjA1MDcwOTAwMTEzMjwvdXJsPjwvcmVs

YXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+ZG9pOjEwLjEwMTcvUzAw

MjIwNTA3MDkwMDExMzI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4yMDA5

PC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UZXpjYW48L0F1dGhv

cj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzI1OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i

ZXI+NzI1OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFz

dnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDAwMDk0ODMy

Ij43MjU5PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10

eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5UZXpjYW4sIEJha2k8L2F1dGhvcj48

L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIHNlY29uZCBPdHRvbWFu

IEVtcGlyZTogcG9saXRpY2FsIGFuZCBzb2NpYWwgdHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gdGhlIGVhcmx5

IG1vZGVybiB3b3JsZDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DYW1icmlkZ2Ugc3R1ZGllcyBp

biBJc2xhbWljIGNpdmlsaXphdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54

dmlpaSwgMjg0IHAuIDo8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Pc21hbjwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5JSSw8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U3VsdGFuIG9mIHRoZSBUdXJrcyw8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+MTYwMy0xNjIyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFzc2Fzc2luYXRpb24uPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkphbml6YXJpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFsIGNoYW5n

ZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Tb2NpYWwgY2hhbmdlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbW9j

cmF0aXphdGlvbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IaXN0b3J5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5I

aXN0b3J5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhpc3Rvcnk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGlzdG9y

eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4xN3RoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPjE4dGgg

Y2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+MTd0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5UdXJrZXk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VHVya2V5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlR1cmtl

eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VHVya2V5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlR1cmtleTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UdXJrZXk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SGlzdG9yeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IaXN0b3J5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FY29ub21pYyBjb25k

aXRpb25zLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4xNDUzLTE2ODMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPjE2

ODMtMTgyOS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2Rh

dGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5DYW1i

cmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjk3ODA1MjE1MTk0OTYgKGhi

ay4pIDA1MjE1MTk0OTcgKGhiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPkRSNTExIC5UNDkgMjAx

MCBEUjUxMSAuVDQ5IDIwMTA8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkRSNTExIC5UNDkgMjAx

MDwvY2FsbC1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNh

bHptYW5uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjIwMjk4PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJl

Y29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMDI5ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBw

PSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAwYjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0

YW1wPSIxNTAyNDE2MTMzIj4yMDI5ODwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U2Fsem1h

bm4sIEFyaWVsPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxl

PlRvY3F1ZXZpbGxlIGluIHRoZSBPdHRvbWFuIEVtcGlyZTogUml2YWwgUGF0aHMgdG8gdGhlIE1v

ZGVybiBTdGF0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDQ8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRl

cz48cHVibGlzaGVyPkJyaWxsPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+OTc4OTAwNDEwODg3NTwvaXNibj48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6Ly9ib29rcy5nb29nbGUuY29tL2Jvb2tzP2lk

PXFocUE5cmpUYzgwQzwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+

PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Balla and Johnson 2009; Tezcan 2010; Salzmann 2004). Absent the central representative institutions that allow bargaining between capital and coercion holders, little warrant exists in still classifying France in the “intermediate” category, which is supposed to generate the unitary, national state. The key here is that war did not create state-defining institutions in France that survived its cessation, so war had no independent contribution to political organization, as far as the centralized, over-arching political structure of the unit was concerned. Instead, it contributed institutions also found in imperial forms, like governors, often with greater bureaucratic rigor {Armstrong, 1972 #7300}. It is not enough to list institutions that assisted centralization or the bureaucratization of a political unit, traditionally considered key features of state formation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Poggi</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>6478</RecNum><DisplayText>(Poggi 1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6478</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1356289982">6478</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Poggi, Gianfranco</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The state</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="12">: </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">its nature, development, and prospects</style></title></titles><pages>vii, 214 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>Democracy.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Polity Press</publisher><isbn>0745605710&#xD;0745608795 (pbk.)</isbn><call-num>ALDERMAN STACKS JC325 .P58 1990 BOOK&#xD;LAW STACKS JC325 .P58 1990b BOOK</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Poggi 1990): such features were not exclusive to the West. The feature that was exclusive to the West was the unit-wide bargaining institutions that structured interaction between capital and coercion—and this occurred in very few cases.What War Does ExplainSo if war had such limited effect on the key European cases, why is the war and state-formation paradigm so pervasive? One reason lies in theoretical confusion with the term “formation,” which includes three linked components: origins, consolidation and expansion, the latter two denoting replication over time. No clear demarcation line between these stages can be drawn, but any causal argument requires some specification of origins. Causal dynamics in the three processes are very different. When a causal account is derived from the expanding or consolidating phase of state-formation and is then projected backwards into an account of state origins, serious inferential errors occur. For instance, war has many demonstrable effects on well-established polities, as noted since antiquity. Pseudo-Xenophon claimed that in ancient Athens “the ordinary people…should have more power than the noble and the rich, because it is the ordinary people who man the fleet and bring the city her power” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>&quot;Xenophon&quot;</Author><Year>1968</Year><RecNum>5378</RecNum><DisplayText>(&quot;Xenophon&quot; 1968)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5378</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1339877933">5378</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>&quot;Xenophon&quot;</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Constitution of the Athenians</title><secondary-title>Loeb classical library &lt;183, 89, 168 &gt;</secondary-title></titles><pages>v. &lt;2, 4, 7 &gt;</pages><volume>7</volume><keywords><keyword>Philosophy, Ancient.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1968</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Harvard University Press</publisher><accession-num>1255738</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms PA4494; .A2 1968&#xD;Reference - Main Reading Room (Jefferson, LJ100) PA3612; .X3 1968</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>("Xenophon" 1968). But in this paradigmatic claim, war causes the extension of pre-existing rights to broader sections of the population—not the initial granting of rights or the emergence of the institutions enforcing them. This distinction, I argue, is critical: warfare has contributed to the spread of democracy and parliamentary institutions and the extension of the electoral franchise, civil rights, the welfare state, and progressive taxation among other important social changes PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2h1bXBldGVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+WzE5MThdIDE5

OTE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yNDE0PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihTY2h1bXBldGVyIFsx

OTE4XSAxOTkxOyBQZWFjb2NrIGFuZCBXaXNlbWFuIDE5NjE7IFNrb2Nwb2wgMTk5MjsgSG9mZm1h

biBhbmQgUm9zZW50aGFsIDE5OTc7IEtleXNzYXIgMjAwMDsgTWFyZXMgMjAwNjsgQmVzbGV5IGFu

ZCBQZXJzc29uIDIwMDg7IFNjaGV2ZSBhbmQgU3Rhc2F2YWdlIDIwMTA7IEtpZXIgYW5kIEtyZWJz

IDIwMTApPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0MTQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+

PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1

d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMwODI1MTI5NSI+MjQxNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmli

dXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5TY2h1bXBldGVyLCBKb3NlcGggQWxvaXM8L2F1dGhvcj48

L2F1dGhvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U3dlZGJlcmcsIFJpY2hhcmQ8L2F1

dGhvcj48L3NlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRo

ZSBDcmlzaXMgb2YgdGhlIFRheCBTdGF0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgZWNv

bm9taWNzIGFuZCBzb2Npb2xvZ3kgb2YgY2FwaXRhbGlzbTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwYWdlcz45OS0xNDA8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5TY2h1bXBldGVyLCBK

b3NlcGggQWxvaXMsIDE4ODMtMTk1MC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2FwaXRhbGlzbS48L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+WzE5MThdIDE5OTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48

cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJp

bmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNjkxMDQyNTM1IChhbGsu

IHBhcGVyKSYjeEQ7MDY5MTAwMzgzMSAocGJrLiBhbGsuIHBhcGVyKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9u

LW51bT41ODE1Njg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBC

dWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEhCMTE5LlMzNTsgUzM2IDE5OTA8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxz

PjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9u

L3ByaW4wMjEvOTAwMzUxNDguaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QZWFjb2NrPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2MTwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjgxMTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODExPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxm

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdq

cmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODkxODAxMzMiPjgxMTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+UGVhY29jaywgQWxhbiBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+V2lzZW1hbiwgSmFj

azwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgZ3Jv

d3RoIG9mIHB1YmxpYyBleHBlbmRpdHVyZSBpbiB0aGUgVW5pdGVkIEtpbmdkb208L3RpdGxlPjwv

dGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54eHhpLCAyMTMgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5HcmVh

dCBCcml0YWluIEFwcHJvcHJpYXRpb25zIGFuZCBleHBlbmRpdHVyZXMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkZpbmFuY2UsIFB1YmxpYyBHcmVhdCBCcml0YWluLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxk

YXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTYxPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b248L3B1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNo

ZXI+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+NzQ5NTMyMzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVy

c29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSEoyMDk2OyAuUDQmI3hEO0plZmZl

cnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSEoy

MDk2OyAuUDQ8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1

dGhvcj5Ta29jcG9sPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjc4NjwvUmVjTnVt

PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+Nzg2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBh

cHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1l

c3RhbXA9IjEyODkxNjc1NDUiPjc4Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U2tvY3Bv

bCwgVGhlZGE8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+

PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+UHJvdGVjdGlu

ZyBzb2xkaWVycyBhbmQgbW90aGVyczwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0i

ZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJk

ZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj50aGUgcG9saXRpY2FsIG9yaWdpbnMgb2Ygc29jaWFsIHBvbGlj

eSBpbiB0aGUgVW5pdGVkIFN0YXRlczwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eHhp

LCA3MTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5QdWJsaWMgd2VsZmFyZSBVbml0ZWQg

U3RhdGVzIEhpc3RvcnkgMTl0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5QdWJsaWMgd2Vs

ZmFyZSBVbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzIEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzIFNvY2lhbCBwb2xpY3kuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVz

Pjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJyaWRnZSwgTWFzcy48

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkJlbGtuYXAgUHJlc3Mgb2YgSGFydmFyZCBVbml2ZXJz

aXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDY3NDcxNzY1MTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51

bT40ODY3ODI3PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVp

bGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBIVjkxOyAuUzU2IDE5OTI8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJs

cz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5

NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjg1ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODU4PC9yZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2Zl

ZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODk3NzcxNDMiPjg1ODwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuLCBQaGlsaXAgVC48L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPlJvc2VudGhhbCwgSmVhbi1MYXVyZW50PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjxzZWNvbmRh

cnktYXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRyb2JhaywgSm9obiBOLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TnllLCBK

b2huIFYuIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0

bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgUG9saXRpY2FsIEVjb25vbXkgb2YgV2FyZmFyZSBhbmQgVGF4YXRpb24g

aW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZTogSGlzdG9yaWNhbCBMZXNzb25zIGZvciBFY29ub21pYyBE

ZXZlbG9wbWVudDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgZnJvbnRpZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBu

ZXcgaW5zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBlY29ub21pY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFn

ZXM+MzEtNTU8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIGVjb25vbWlj

cy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxw

dWItbG9jYXRpb24+U2FuIERpZWdvPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5BY2FkZW1pYyBQ

cmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAxMjIyMjI0MDcgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDU0NDg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBB

ZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEhCOTkuNTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJz

b24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEhCOTku

NTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3

dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9lbHMwMzIvOTYwMzU4OTIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvZWxzMDMyLzk2MDM1ODkyLmh0bWw8L3Vy

bD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+S2V5

c3NhcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT41ODU4PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41ODU4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzNDY2NDU4ODEiPjU4NTg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktleXNzYXIsIEFs

ZXhhbmRlcjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48

c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5UaGUgcmlnaHQg

dG8gdm90ZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0i

MTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIx

MDAlIj50aGUgY29udGVzdGVkIGhpc3Rvcnkgb2YgZGVtb2NyYWN5IGluIHRoZSBVbml0ZWQgU3Rh

dGVzPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0

ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmFzaWMg

Qm9va3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNDY1MDI5NjhYIChhbGsuIHBhcGVyKTwvaXNibj48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+TWFyZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh

cj4yMDA2PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzEyNDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzEy

NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAw

YjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzc1MTQ5MzI0Ij43MTI0

PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5NYXJlcywgSXNhYmVsYTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UYXhhdGlvbiwgd2FnZSBiYXJnYWlu

aW5nIGFuZCB1bmVtcGxveW1lbnQ8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIHN0

dWRpZXMgaW4gY29tcGFyYXRpdmUgcG9saXRpY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48

cGFnZXM+eHZpaWksIDI2NiBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBFY29u

b21pYyBwb2xpY3kuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBTb2NpYWwgcG9saWN5Ljwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYW5wb3dlciBwb2xpY3kgRXVyb3BlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5X

ZWxmYXJlIHN0YXRlIFN3ZWRlbiBIaXN0b3J5IDIwdGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+V2FnZXMgU3dlZGVuIEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5M

YWJvciB1bmlvbnMgU3dlZGVuIEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5XZWxmYXJlIHN0YXRlIEdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPldhZ2VzIEdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkxhYm9yIHVuaW9ucyBHZXJtYW55IEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5XZWxmYXJlIHN0YXRlIEdyZWF0IEJyaXRhaW4gSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1cnku

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhZ2VzIEdyZWF0IEJyaXRhaW4gSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1

cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhYm9yIHVuaW9ucyBHcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3Rvcnkg

MjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA2PC95ZWFy

PjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVy

PkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTg1NzQyMiAo

aGFyZGJhY2spJiN4RDswNTIxNjc0MTE1IChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMzk0

NTMyNjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5n

IFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSEMyNDA7IC5NMjQ0IDIwMDYmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBC

dWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSEMyNDA7IC5NMjQ0IDIwMDY8

L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0

ZGlyL3RvYy9lY2lwMDUxMS8yMDA1MDEyMDE5Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9j

Lmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MDY1OS8yMDA1MDEyMDE5LWQuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkwNzMzLzIwMDUwMTIw

MTktYi5odG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT41MTExPC9S

ZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41MTExPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHow

IiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzQzNTQyNTMiPjUxMTE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5

cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0

aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleSwgVGltb3RoeTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGVyc3NvbiwgVG9y

c3RlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XQVJT

IEFORCBTVEFURSBDQVBBQ0lUWTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIHRo

ZSBFdXJvcGVhbiBFY29ub21pYyBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

PjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEV1cm9wZWFuIEVjb25vbWlj

IEFzc29jaWF0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NTIyLTUzMDwvcGFn

ZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yLTM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAw

ODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsIFB1Ymxpc2hpbmcgTHRkPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MTU0Mi00Nzc0PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRw

Oi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMTYyL0pFRUEuMjAwOC42LjItMy41MjI8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExNjIvamVlYS4yMDA4LjYu

Mi0zLjUyMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxB

dXRob3I+U2NoZXZlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjExMjQ8L1JlY051

bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjExMjQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5

IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRp

bWVzdGFtcD0iMTI5MTU5NzMwNiI+MTEyNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBu

YW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+U2NoZXZlLEtlbm5ldGg8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlN0YXNhdmFnZSxEYXZpZDwv

YXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgQ29uc2Ny

aXB0aW9uIG9mIFdlYWx0aDogTWFzcyBXYXJmYXJlIGFuZCB0aGUgRGVtYW5kIGZvciBQcm9ncmVz

c2l2ZSBUYXhhdGlvbjwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIE9yZ2Fu

aXphdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl

PkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgT3JnYW5pemF0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFn

ZXM+NTI5LTU2MTwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42NDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MDQ8L251bWJlcj48

ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIEpvdXJu

YWxzIE9ubGluZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAwMjAtODE4MzwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRl

ZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmNhbWJyaWRnZS5vcmcvYWN0aW9uL2Rpc3BsYXlB

YnN0cmFjdD9mcm9tUGFnZT1vbmxpbmUmYW1wO2FpZD03OTEyOTYyJmFtcDtmdWxsdGV4dFR5cGU9

UkEmYW1wO2ZpbGVJZD1TMDAyMDgxODMxMDAwMDIyNjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJs

cz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+ZG9pOjEwLjEwMTcvUzAwMjA4MTgzMTAwMDAyMjY8

L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4yMDEwPC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48

L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaWVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVh

cj48UmVjTnVtPjE2OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTY5PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVy

Pjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAy

NXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI2MTg1MDYiPjE2OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxh

dXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+S2llciwgRWxpemFiZXRoPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5LcmVicywgUm9u

YWxkIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxz

dHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPkluIHdhciZhcG9z

O3Mgd2FrZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0i

MTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIx

MDAlIj5pbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIGNvbmZsaWN0IGFuZCB0aGUgZmF0ZSBvZiBsaWJlcmFsIGRlbW9j

cmFjeTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+UG9saXRpY3Mg

YW5kIHdhci48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVtb2NyYWN5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+OTc4MDUyMTE5NDgxNSYjeEQ7OTc4MDUyMTE1NzcwNCAocGJrLik8L2lzYm4+

PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTYxNDc5ODk8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNv

biBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpaNjM4NTsgLkk1OSAyMDEwPC9jYWxs

LW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2Fzc2V0cy5jYW1icmlkZ2Uub3Jn

Lzk3ODA1MjExLzk0ODE1L2NvdmVyLzk3ODA1MjExOTQ4MTUuanBnPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTEwMDcvMjAxMDAxMjM3OS1iLmh0bWw8

L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTAwNy8y

MDEwMDEyMzc5LWQuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhh

bmNlbWVudHMvZnkxMDA3LzIwMTAwMTIzNzktdC5odG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91

cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2h1bXBldGVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+WzE5MThdIDE5

OTE8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yNDE0PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihTY2h1bXBldGVyIFsx

OTE4XSAxOTkxOyBQZWFjb2NrIGFuZCBXaXNlbWFuIDE5NjE7IFNrb2Nwb2wgMTk5MjsgSG9mZm1h

biBhbmQgUm9zZW50aGFsIDE5OTc7IEtleXNzYXIgMjAwMDsgTWFyZXMgMjAwNjsgQmVzbGV5IGFu

ZCBQZXJzc29uIDIwMDg7IFNjaGV2ZSBhbmQgU3Rhc2F2YWdlIDIwMTA7IEtpZXIgYW5kIEtyZWJz

IDIwMTApPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0MTQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+

PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1

d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMwODI1MTI5NSI+MjQxNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmli

dXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5TY2h1bXBldGVyLCBKb3NlcGggQWxvaXM8L2F1dGhvcj48

L2F1dGhvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U3dlZGJlcmcsIFJpY2hhcmQ8L2F1

dGhvcj48L3NlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRo

ZSBDcmlzaXMgb2YgdGhlIFRheCBTdGF0ZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgZWNv

bm9taWNzIGFuZCBzb2Npb2xvZ3kgb2YgY2FwaXRhbGlzbTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwYWdlcz45OS0xNDA8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5TY2h1bXBldGVyLCBK

b3NlcGggQWxvaXMsIDE4ODMtMTk1MC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2FwaXRhbGlzbS48L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+WzE5MThdIDE5OTE8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48

cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5jZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJp

bmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgUHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNjkxMDQyNTM1IChhbGsu

IHBhcGVyKSYjeEQ7MDY5MTAwMzgzMSAocGJrLiBhbGsuIHBhcGVyKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9u

LW51bT41ODE1Njg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBC

dWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEhCMTE5LlMzNTsgUzM2IDE5OTA8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxz

PjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2Rlc2NyaXB0aW9u

L3ByaW4wMjEvOTAwMzUxNDguaHRtbDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QZWFjb2NrPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2MTwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjgxMTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODExPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxm

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdq

cmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODkxODAxMzMiPjgxMTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+UGVhY29jaywgQWxhbiBULjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+V2lzZW1hbiwgSmFj

azwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgZ3Jv

d3RoIG9mIHB1YmxpYyBleHBlbmRpdHVyZSBpbiB0aGUgVW5pdGVkIEtpbmdkb208L3RpdGxlPjwv

dGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz54eHhpLCAyMTMgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5HcmVh

dCBCcml0YWluIEFwcHJvcHJpYXRpb25zIGFuZCBleHBlbmRpdHVyZXMuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkZpbmFuY2UsIFB1YmxpYyBHcmVhdCBCcml0YWluLjwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxk

YXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTYxPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5QcmluY2V0b248L3B1

Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPlByaW5jZXRvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNo

ZXI+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+NzQ5NTMyMzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVy

c29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5nIFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSEoyMDk2OyAuUDQmI3hEO0plZmZl

cnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSEoy

MDk2OyAuUDQ8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1

dGhvcj5Ta29jcG9sPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjc4NjwvUmVjTnVt

PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+Nzg2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBh

cHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1l

c3RhbXA9IjEyODkxNjc1NDUiPjc4Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U2tvY3Bv

bCwgVGhlZGE8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+

PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+UHJvdGVjdGlu

ZyBzb2xkaWVycyBhbmQgbW90aGVyczwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0i

ZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJk

ZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj50aGUgcG9saXRpY2FsIG9yaWdpbnMgb2Ygc29jaWFsIHBvbGlj

eSBpbiB0aGUgVW5pdGVkIFN0YXRlczwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eHhp

LCA3MTQgcC48L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5QdWJsaWMgd2VsZmFyZSBVbml0ZWQg

U3RhdGVzIEhpc3RvcnkgMTl0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5QdWJsaWMgd2Vs

ZmFyZSBVbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzIEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzIFNvY2lhbCBwb2xpY3kuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVz

Pjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPkNhbWJyaWRnZSwgTWFzcy48

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkJlbGtuYXAgUHJlc3Mgb2YgSGFydmFyZCBVbml2ZXJz

aXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDY3NDcxNzY1MTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51

bT40ODY3ODI3PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjxjYWxsLW51bT5KZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVp

bGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyBIVjkxOyAuUzU2IDE5OTI8L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJs

cz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5

NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjg1ODwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODU4PC9yZWMt

bnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2Zl

ZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODk3NzcxNDMiPjg1ODwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIFNlY3Rpb24iPjU8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Ib2ZmbWFuLCBQaGlsaXAgVC48L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPlJvc2VudGhhbCwgSmVhbi1MYXVyZW50PC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjxzZWNvbmRh

cnktYXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRyb2JhaywgSm9obiBOLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TnllLCBK

b2huIFYuIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0

bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgUG9saXRpY2FsIEVjb25vbXkgb2YgV2FyZmFyZSBhbmQgVGF4YXRpb24g

aW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJuIEV1cm9wZTogSGlzdG9yaWNhbCBMZXNzb25zIGZvciBFY29ub21pYyBE

ZXZlbG9wbWVudDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5UaGUgZnJvbnRpZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBu

ZXcgaW5zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBlY29ub21pY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFn

ZXM+MzEtNTU8L3BhZ2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5JbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIGVjb25vbWlj

cy48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxw

dWItbG9jYXRpb24+U2FuIERpZWdvPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5BY2FkZW1pYyBQ

cmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAxMjIyMjI0MDcgKGFsay4gcGFwZXIpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDU0NDg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBB

ZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEhCOTkuNTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJz

b24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVhZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEhCOTku

NTsgLkY3NiAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3

dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbi9lbHMwMzIvOTYwMzU4OTIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci90b2MvZWxzMDMyLzk2MDM1ODkyLmh0bWw8L3Vy

bD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+S2V5

c3NhcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT41ODU4PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41ODU4PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzNDY2NDU4ODEiPjU4NTg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iQm9v

ayI+NjwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktleXNzYXIsIEFs

ZXhhbmRlcjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT48

c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5UaGUgcmlnaHQg

dG8gdm90ZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0i

MTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIx

MDAlIj50aGUgY29udGVzdGVkIGhpc3Rvcnkgb2YgZGVtb2NyYWN5IGluIHRoZSBVbml0ZWQgU3Rh

dGVzPC9zdHlsZT48L3RpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDAwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0

ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5OZXcgWW9yazwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmFzaWMg

Qm9va3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNDY1MDI5NjhYIChhbGsuIHBhcGVyKTwvaXNibj48dXJs

cz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+TWFyZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh

cj4yMDA2PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+NzEyNDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzEy

NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9ImFzdnB3dHAw

YjUyc3NmZWR2dmhwMjV3anJkdjVheGZ3czB6MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzc1MTQ5MzI0Ij43MTI0

PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkJvb2siPjY8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxj

b250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5NYXJlcywgSXNhYmVsYTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UYXhhdGlvbiwgd2FnZSBiYXJnYWlu

aW5nIGFuZCB1bmVtcGxveW1lbnQ8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIHN0

dWRpZXMgaW4gY29tcGFyYXRpdmUgcG9saXRpY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48

cGFnZXM+eHZpaWksIDI2NiBwLjwvcGFnZXM+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBFY29u

b21pYyBwb2xpY3kuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV1cm9wZSBTb2NpYWwgcG9saWN5Ljwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYW5wb3dlciBwb2xpY3kgRXVyb3BlLjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5X

ZWxmYXJlIHN0YXRlIFN3ZWRlbiBIaXN0b3J5IDIwdGggY2VudHVyeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+V2FnZXMgU3dlZGVuIEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5M

YWJvciB1bmlvbnMgU3dlZGVuIEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5XZWxmYXJlIHN0YXRlIEdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPldhZ2VzIEdlcm1hbnkgSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkxhYm9yIHVuaW9ucyBHZXJtYW55IEhpc3RvcnkgMjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5XZWxmYXJlIHN0YXRlIEdyZWF0IEJyaXRhaW4gSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1cnku

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhZ2VzIEdyZWF0IEJyaXRhaW4gSGlzdG9yeSAyMHRoIGNlbnR1

cnkuPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhYm9yIHVuaW9ucyBHcmVhdCBCcml0YWluIEhpc3Rvcnkg

MjB0aCBjZW50dXJ5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA2PC95ZWFy

PjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVy

PkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJsaXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MDUyMTg1NzQyMiAo

aGFyZGJhY2spJiN4RDswNTIxNjc0MTE1IChwYmsuKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMzk0

NTMyNjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48Y2FsbC1udW0+SmVmZmVyc29uIG9yIEFkYW1zIEJ1aWxkaW5n

IFJlYWRpbmcgUm9vbXMgSEMyNDA7IC5NMjQ0IDIwMDYmI3hEO0plZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBC

dWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIC0gU1RPUkVEIE9GRlNJVEUgSEMyNDA7IC5NMjQ0IDIwMDY8

L2NhbGwtbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0

ZGlyL3RvYy9lY2lwMDUxMS8yMDA1MDEyMDE5Lmh0bWw8L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9j

Lmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MDY1OS8yMDA1MDEyMDE5LWQuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1

cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhhbmNlbWVudHMvZnkwNzMzLzIwMDUwMTIw

MTktYi5odG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT41MTExPC9S

ZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41MTExPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHow

IiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzMzQzNTQyNTMiPjUxMTE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5

cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0

aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkJlc2xleSwgVGltb3RoeTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGVyc3NvbiwgVG9y

c3RlbjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XQVJT

IEFORCBTVEFURSBDQVBBQ0lUWTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIHRo

ZSBFdXJvcGVhbiBFY29ub21pYyBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVz

PjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEV1cm9wZWFuIEVjb25vbWlj

IEFzc29jaWF0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NTIyLTUzMDwvcGFn

ZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yLTM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAw

ODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+QmxhY2t3ZWxsIFB1Ymxpc2hpbmcgTHRkPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+MTU0Mi00Nzc0PC9pc2JuPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRw

Oi8vZHguZG9pLm9yZy8xMC4xMTYyL0pFRUEuMjAwOC42LjItMy41MjI8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExNjIvamVlYS4yMDA4LjYu

Mi0zLjUyMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxB

dXRob3I+U2NoZXZlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjExMjQ8L1JlY051

bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjExMjQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5

IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJhc3Zwd3RwMGI1MnNzZmVkdnZocDI1d2pyZHY1YXhmd3MwejAiIHRp

bWVzdGFtcD0iMTI5MTU5NzMwNiI+MTEyNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBu

YW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+U2NoZXZlLEtlbm5ldGg8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlN0YXNhdmFnZSxEYXZpZDwv

YXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgQ29uc2Ny

aXB0aW9uIG9mIFdlYWx0aDogTWFzcyBXYXJmYXJlIGFuZCB0aGUgRGVtYW5kIGZvciBQcm9ncmVz

c2l2ZSBUYXhhdGlvbjwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIE9yZ2Fu

aXphdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl

PkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgT3JnYW5pemF0aW9uPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFn

ZXM+NTI5LTU2MTwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42NDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MDQ8L251bWJlcj48

ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+Q2FtYnJpZGdlIEpvdXJu

YWxzIE9ubGluZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAwMjAtODE4MzwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRl

ZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmNhbWJyaWRnZS5vcmcvYWN0aW9uL2Rpc3BsYXlB

YnN0cmFjdD9mcm9tUGFnZT1vbmxpbmUmYW1wO2FpZD03OTEyOTYyJmFtcDtmdWxsdGV4dFR5cGU9

UkEmYW1wO2ZpbGVJZD1TMDAyMDgxODMxMDAwMDIyNjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJs

cz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+ZG9pOjEwLjEwMTcvUzAwMjA4MTgzMTAwMDAyMjY8

L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4yMDEwPC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48

L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaWVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVh

cj48UmVjTnVtPjE2OTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTY5PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVy

Pjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAy

NXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI2MTg1MDYiPjE2OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWln

bi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxh

dXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+S2llciwgRWxpemFiZXRoPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5LcmVicywgUm9u

YWxkIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPjxz

dHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPkluIHdhciZhcG9z

O3Mgd2FrZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0i

MTIiPjogPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIx

MDAlIj5pbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIGNvbmZsaWN0IGFuZCB0aGUgZmF0ZSBvZiBsaWJlcmFsIGRlbW9j

cmFjeTwvc3R5bGU+PC90aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+UG9saXRpY3Mg

YW5kIHdhci48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVtb2NyYWN5Ljwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRz

PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEwPC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PHB1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj5DYW1icmlkZ2U8

L3B1Yi1sb2NhdGlvbj48cHVibGlzaGVyPkNhbWJyaWRnZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFByZXNzPC9wdWJs

aXNoZXI+PGlzYm4+OTc4MDUyMTE5NDgxNSYjeEQ7OTc4MDUyMTE1NzcwNCAocGJrLik8L2lzYm4+

PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTYxNDc5ODk8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNv

biBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5nIFJvb21zIEpaNjM4NTsgLkk1OSAyMDEwPC9jYWxs

LW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL2Fzc2V0cy5jYW1icmlkZ2Uub3Jn

Lzk3ODA1MjExLzk0ODE1L2NvdmVyLzk3ODA1MjExOTQ4MTUuanBnPC91cmw+PHVybD5odHRwOi8v

d3d3LmxvYy5nb3YvY2F0ZGlyL2VuaGFuY2VtZW50cy9meTEwMDcvMjAxMDAxMjM3OS1iLmh0bWw8

L3VybD48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubG9jLmdvdi9jYXRkaXIvZW5oYW5jZW1lbnRzL2Z5MTAwNy8y

MDEwMDEyMzc5LWQuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9lbmhh

bmNlbWVudHMvZnkxMDA3LzIwMTAwMTIzNzktdC5odG1sPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91

cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Schumpeter [1918] 1991; Peacock and Wiseman 1961; Skocpol 1992; Hoffman and Rosenthal 1997; Keyssar 2000; Mares 2006; Besley and Persson 2008; Scheve and Stasavage 2010; Kier and Krebs 2010). War, thus, matters for explanations of how pre-existing rights were extended to broader population segments. However, war is not a critical causal factor in how rights were first introduced or of how the state that granted them came into existence in the first place.Conclusion [not anglocentric][France more in the middle]War entered the study of politics as an antidote to liberal and Marxist approaches that only admitted social forces, whether contracting or conflictual, as generating political organization. From Hintze to Tilly, war was meant to counteract the evolutionary logic common to both approaches and to highlight the role of physical violence in the creation of political order. It also served, though not as an explicit goal, to counteract assumptions about European distinctiveness, by showing how political order was not the simple result of rational processes and the deliberate application of more efficient principles of organization, but the inadvertent effect of the pursuit of power and survival. The revision in this article should not be taken to imply that violence and coercion were not central to the European political trajectory; this is irrefutable ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1967</Year><RecNum>222</RecNum><DisplayText>(Moore 1967)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>222</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1284924091">222</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moore, Barrington</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World</title></titles><pages>xix, 559</pages><keywords><keyword>Social history</keyword><keyword>Economic history</keyword><keyword>Revolutions</keyword><keyword>Social classes</keyword><keyword>Asia Politics and government</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1967</year></dates><pub-location>Boston</pub-location><publisher>Beacon Press</publisher><call-num> HN15.M82 c.7 Harper and Reg</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Moore 1967). It only suggests that war itself was inversely related to how the main attributes of the state were shaped. The more protracted the warfare, the more cumbersome the state-formation process. In fact, when borders were the result of an endogenous and protracted process based on war, the political unit was likely to be a composite, namely a confederation or an empire, not a unitary state. In short, the importance of war varied inversely with the unitary structure of states. Of course, we only have two cases that comply with the widely-accepted definition of the state in the premodern period, England and France, with the latter closer on the continuum to a composite unit. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that de-links war from the state proper conforms better to this limited evidence than the alternatives that have shaped the field. Tables and FiguresTable 1: Classification of Political FormsLegitimacyTerritorial ExtentLowMediumHighLowCity-StatesMediumAbsolutist StatesNational, Unitary StatesHighEmpiresCity-LeaguesFederationsTable 2: Social Inclusion and Territorial Coverage of European AssembliesClasses Attending / Territorial Coverage1200 1300 1400EnglandNoblesNobles, Towns, & CountryNobles, Towns, & CountryScotlandDenmarkCroatiaFranceSome Nobles/RegionalSome Nobles/Some Towns/RegionalSome Towns/RegionalPortugalPolandHungaryNobles/WholeNobles & Third Estate/WholeNobles & Third Estate/WholeNavarreBohemiaHRECastileTowns/RegionalTowns/RegionalTowns/RegionalUnited KingdomWallachiaBulgariaLithuaniaItalyPrussia120013001400Table 3: Classification of State Formation TheoriesMechanism TypeTimingAccelerating Existing Processes/ConditionsCritical Juncture(New Direction)OutcomeBefore War (Preparations)During WarIncreasing Geographical Size/Expanding Borders(Spolaore & Alesina)Military Technology/Revolution ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bean</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>178</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bean 1973; Boix 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1282777111">178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bean, Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>War and the Birth of the Nation State</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Economic History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Economic History</full-title></periodical><pages>203-221</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1973</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association</publisher><isbn>00220507</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1425767346">19386</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Boix, Carles</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Political order and inequality: their foundations and their consequences for human welfare</title><secondary-title>Cambridge studies in comparative politics</secondary-title></titles><pages>pages cm.</pages><keywords><keyword>State, The.</keyword><keyword>Common good.</keyword><keyword>Equality.</keyword><keyword>POLITICAL SCIENCE / General.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>9781107089433 (hardback)&#xD;9781107461079 (paperback)</isbn><accession-num>18287231</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bean 1973; Boix 2015)GeographicalUnit SizeIncreasing Fiscal Size of Unit(Mann)Ratchet Effect ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peacock</Author><Year>1961</Year><RecNum>811</RecNum><DisplayText>(Peacock and Wiseman 1961; Kiser and Linton 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>811</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1289180133">811</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peacock, Alan T.</author><author>Wiseman, Jack</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The growth of public expenditure in the United Kingdom</title></titles><pages>xxxi, 213 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Great Britain Appropriations and expenditures.</keyword><keyword>Finance, Public Great Britain.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1961</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><accession-num>7495323</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms HJ2096; .P4&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE HJ2096; .P4</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kiser</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>855</RecNum><record><rec-number>855</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="asvpwtp0b52ssfedvvhp25wjrdv5axfws0z0" timestamp="1289773664">855</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kiser, Edgar</author><author>Linton, April</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Determinants of the Growth of the State: War and Taxation in Early Modern France and England</title><secondary-title>Social Forces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Forces</full-title></periodical><pages>411-448</pages><volume>80</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><publisher>University of North Carolina Press</publisher><isbn>00377732</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Peacock and Wiseman 1961; Kiser and Linton 2001)FiscalCapital : Coercion Ratio(Tilly)Geopolitical PressuresPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIyMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBFcnRtYW4gMTk5

Nyk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjIzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIyMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+RG93bmluZywgQnJpYW4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24gYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBD

aGFuZ2U6IE9yaWdpbnMgb2YgRGVtb2NyYWN5IGFuZCBBdXRvY3JhY3kgaW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJu

IEV1cm9wZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeSBSZXZvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBQ

b2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAzMDg8L3Bh

Z2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5EZW1vY3JhY3kgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDQ3Ni0xNDkyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5j

ZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkg

UHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNjkxMDc4ODY2PC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5Kb3NlcGgg

UmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpONy5ENjkwIDE5OTIgYy4xPC9j

YWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFu

PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE1NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTU2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1

MDczNjAiPjE1Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9y

ZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFuLCBUaG9tYXM8L2F1

dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhl

IGxldmlhdGhhbjogYnVpbGRpbmcgc3RhdGVzIGFuZCByZWdpbWVzIGluIG1lZGlldmFsIGFuZCBl

YXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlh

dGhhbjwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzYzIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5Db25zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IEV1cm9wZS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TG9jYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBFdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFy

YXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5Nzwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjE0ODIy

MjQmI3hEOzA1MjE0ODQyNzggKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDM5MDE8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVh

ZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlv

bi9jYW0wMjcvOTYwMTk1ODIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRp

ci90b2MvY2FtMDI1Lzk2MDE5NTgyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3duaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjIyMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRG93bmluZyAxOTkyOyBFcnRtYW4gMTk5

Nyk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjIzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl

aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2

NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODQ5MjQwOTEiPjIyMzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz

PjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+RG93bmluZywgQnJpYW4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRv

cnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VGhlIE1pbGl0YXJ5IFJldm9sdXRpb24gYW5kIFBvbGl0aWNhbCBD

aGFuZ2U6IE9yaWdpbnMgb2YgRGVtb2NyYWN5IGFuZCBBdXRvY3JhY3kgaW4gRWFybHkgTW9kZXJu

IEV1cm9wZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNob3J0LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBNaWxpdGFyeSBSZXZvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBQ

b2xpdGljYWwgQ2hhbmdlPC9zaG9ydC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+eGlpLCAzMDg8L3Bh

Z2VzPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5EZW1vY3JhY3kgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50IDQ3Ni0xNDkyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5OTI8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48cHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPlByaW5j

ZXRvbiwgTi5KLjwvcHViLWxvY2F0aW9uPjxwdWJsaXNoZXI+UHJpbmNldG9uIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkg

UHJlc3M8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48aXNibj4wNjkxMDc4ODY2PC9pc2JuPjxjYWxsLW51bT5Kb3NlcGgg

UmVnZW5zdGVpbiBMaWJyYXJ5IFJlZ2Vuc3RlaW4gU3RhY2tzIEpONy5ENjkwIDE5OTIgYy4xPC9j

YWxsLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFu

PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjE1NjwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl

Yy1udW1iZXI+MTU2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1p

ZD0iYXN2cHd0cDBiNTJzc2ZlZHZ2aHAyNXdqcmR2NWF4ZndzMHowIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEyODI1

MDczNjAiPjE1Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJCb29rIj42PC9y

ZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RXJ0bWFuLCBUaG9tYXM8L2F1

dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhl

IGxldmlhdGhhbjogYnVpbGRpbmcgc3RhdGVzIGFuZCByZWdpbWVzIGluIG1lZGlldmFsIGFuZCBl

YXJseSBtb2Rlcm4gRXVyb3BlPC90aXRsZT48c2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+QmlydGggb2YgdGhlIGxldmlh

dGhhbjwvc2hvcnQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPnhpaSwgMzYzIHAuPC9wYWdlcz48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXVyb3BlIFBvbGl0aWNzIGFuZCBnb3Zlcm5tZW50Ljwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5Db25zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBoaXN0b3J5IEV1cm9wZS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TG9jYWwgZ292ZXJubWVudCBFdXJvcGUgSGlzdG9yeS48L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29tcGFy

YXRpdmUgZ292ZXJubWVudC48L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5Nzwv

eWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+Q2FtYnJpZGdlPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxp

c2hlcj5DYW1icmlkZ2UgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBQcmVzczwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA1MjE0ODIy

MjQmI3hEOzA1MjE0ODQyNzggKHBiay4pPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjQ5NDM5MDE8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PGNhbGwtbnVtPkplZmZlcnNvbiBvciBBZGFtcyBCdWlsZGluZyBSZWFkaW5n

IFJvb21zIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3JiN4RDtKZWZmZXJzb24gb3IgQWRhbXMgQnVpbGRpbmcgUmVh

ZGluZyBSb29tcyAtIFNUT1JFRCBPRkZTSVRFIEpONTsgLkU3NyAxOTk3PC9jYWxsLW51bT48dXJs

cz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRpci9kZXNjcmlwdGlv

bi9jYW0wMjcvOTYwMTk1ODIuaHRtbDwvdXJsPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5sb2MuZ292L2NhdGRp

ci90b2MvY2FtMDI1Lzk2MDE5NTgyLmh0bWw8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Downing 1992; Ertman 1997)Unit TypeAfter WarDisintegrative and Reformative Effects (≠ State Origins)Table 4: Classification of States in terms of Mode of Origin.Endogenous Mode of Origin:Protracted War (Internal or External)Mixed Mode of Origin:War And Dynastic Modes of ExpansionExogenous Mode of Origin: Foreign Conquest (Remote or Brief War)Federal, Imperial, or Composite Entities(fluid borders)Spain, German states, Italian peninsula, Russia, Ottoman Empire, Habsburg EmpireBelgium, Switzerland, United KingdomUnitary States with fluid borders, but same corePoland, HungaryUnitary States(durable borders)FranceEngland, Scotland, Denmark, PortugalNote?: “War” captures cases where an existing unit extends its territory beyond original borders. “Foreign conquest” denotes the invasion of an outside group (e.g. Normans, Danes) taking over new territory. “Mixed Modes” denotes marriage, inheritance, and other dynastic means of expansion, as well as war.Table 5: GIS Ranking of Border Changes from Baseline Year to Year 2000CountryBaseline YearDifference in Center LocationChange in Baseline Size by Year 2000Type of Border DefinitionEngland → England10000.5%1.5%ExogenousScotland → Scotland10000.5%-1.5%Denmark → Denmark10006.4%-1.5%Croatia → Croatia10008.2%-7.7%France → France100010.8%26.1%Portugal → Portugal120013.6%19.1%Poland → Poland10008.9%43.1%MixedHungary → Hungary10002.8%-46.6%Navarre → Navarre10007.3%-50.8%Bohemia → Czech Republic140025.3%-52.4%HRE → Germany100028.1%-53.3%EndogenousCastile → Spain120034.3%298.9%England → United Kingdom100041.2%63.7%Wallachia → Romania140042.0%154.8%Bulgaria → Bulgaria100043.1%-58.6%Lithuania → Lithuania120069.3%-43.4%Italy → Italy1200108.0%189.8%Prussia → Germany1200146.5%1709.9%Table 6: Gradual Incorporation of French ProvincesArea in Km2Percentage of Total AreaTotal before 1400260,47151%Total before 1450307,62960%Total before 1500412,63481%Added 1600-170065,82913%Added 1700s32,2276%Table 7: Incorporation of French Provinces by MeansPercentage of WholeTotal by War before 150040%Total by War after 150016%Total by War 56%Total by Dynastic Means44%Table 8: Dates of Province Incorporation by WarYear(s) of WarProvinces ReclaimedPercentage of total territory1203-14Maine, Normandy, Touraine, Auvergne, Anjou15%1271Languedoc8%1312Lyonnais1%1453Aquitaine9%1488Brittany7%1639-1766Alsace, Artois, Roussillon, Flanders and Hainault, Nivernais, Franche-Comté, Corsica, Lorraine16%Total56%Figures Figure 1: Historical Maps of Europe, Years 1000, 1300, 1600 and 2000Year 1000Year 1300 Year 1600Year 2000 Source: ? 2010 Christos Nüssli, www .Figure 2: Percentage of French Territory reclaimed, by Date ADDIN EN.REFLIST "Xenophon". 1968. Constitution of the Athenians. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Actes Du Parlement De Paris. 1863. Edited by E. Boutaric. 2 vols. Vol. 1: 1254-1299. Paris: H. Plon.Alesina, Alberto, and Enrico Spolaore. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Allmand, C. T. 1968. "The Lancastrian Land Settlement in Normandy, 1417-50." The Economic History Review 21 (3):461-479.———. 1983. Lancastrian Normandy, 1415-1450: The History of a Medieval Occupation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Ames, Edward, and Richard T. Rapp. 1977. "The Birth and Death of Taxes: A Hypothesis." The Journal of Economic History 37 (01):161-178.Armstrong, John Alexander. 1972. "Old-Regime Governors: Bureaucratic and Patrimonial Attributes." Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1):2-29.———. 1973. The European Administrative Elite. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Baldwin, John W. 1986. The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press.Balla, Eliana, and Noel D. Johnson. 2009. "Fiscal Crisis and Institutional Change in the Ottoman Empire and France." The Journal of Economic History 69 (03):809-845.Bates, Robert H. 2010. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton.Bates, Robert H., and Da-Hsiang Donald Lien. 1985. "A Note on Taxation, Development, and Representative Government." Politics and Society 14 (1):53-70.Bean, Richard. 1973. "War and the Birth of the Nation State." The Journal of Economic History 33 (1):203-221.Beik, William. 1985. Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Besley, Timothy, and Torsten Persson. 2008. "Wars and State Capacity." Journal of the European Economic Association 6 (2-3):522-530.———. 2011. Pillars of Prosperity: The Political Economics of Development Clusters. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Blank, Meredith, Mark Dincecco, and Yuri Zhukov. 2017. "Political Regime Type and Warfare: Evidence from 600 Years of European History." Unpublished ManuscriptBlockmans, Willem Pieter, and Jean-Philippe Genêt, eds. 1993. Visions Sur Le Développement Des ?tats Européens: Théories Et Historiographies De L'état Moderne: Actes Du Colloque. Rome: Ecole fran?aise de Rome.Boix, Carles. 2015. Political Order and Inequality: Their Foundations and Their Consequences for Human Welfare. New York: Cambridge University Press.Boix, Carles, Bruno Codenotti, and Giovanni Resta. 2011. "War, Wealth and the Formation of States." In Political Economy and Institutions, ed. N. Schofield: Springer-Verlag.Bonney, Richard. 1995. The Limits of Absolutism in Ancien Régime France. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Variorum.Capoccia, Giovanni, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2010. "The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond." Comparative Political Studies 43 (8-9):931-968.Centeno, Miguel Angel. 2002. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press.Collins, James B. 1988. Fiscal Limits of Absolutism: Direct Taxation in Early Seventeenth-Century France. Berkeley: University of California Press.———. 1994. Classes, Estates, and Order in Early Modern Brittany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Contamine, Philippe. 1972. Guerre, ?tat Et Société ? La Fin Du Moyen Age. ?tudes Sur Les Armées Des Rois De France 1337-1494. Paris: Mouton.Dincecco, Mark. 2011. Political Transformations and Public Finances: Europe, 1650-1913. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Dincecco, Mark , and Yuhua Wang. 2018. "Violent Conflict and Political Development over the Long Run: China Versus Europe." Annual Review of Political Science 21.Dincecco, Mark, Giovanni Federico, and Andrea Vindigni. 2011. "Warfare, Taxation, and Political Change: Evidence from the Italian Risorgimento." The Journal of Economic History 71 (04):887-914.Downing, Brian M. 1992. The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Ertman, Thomas. 1997. Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Favier, Jean. 1974. Paris Au Xve Siècle, 1380-1500. Paris: Hachette.Fawtier, Robert. 1960. The Capetian Kings of France; Monarchy & Nation, 987-1328. London: Macmillan.Finer, Samuel E. 1975. "State and Nation-Building in Europe: The Role of the Military." In The Formation of National States in Western Europe, ed. C. Tilly. Princeton: Princeton University Press.———. 1999a. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. Vol. Vol. 2: The intermediate ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.———. 1999b. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. Vol. III: Empires, Monarchies, and the Modern. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fryde, E. B. 1996. Handbook of British Chronology. 3d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Furgeot, Henri. 1920. Actes Du Parlement De Paris. 2. Se?Rie, De L'an 1328 a? L'an 1350. Juge?S. Edited by M. Dillay. Paris: Impr. nationale.Gennaioli, Nicola, and Hans-Joachim Voth. 2011. "State Capacity and Military Conflict." Available at SSRN: , John, Strom C. Thacker, and Carola Moreno. 2007. "Are Federal Systems Better Than Unitary Systems?" Unpublished Manuscript, Boston University.Gilpin, Robert, and Jean M. Gilpin. 2001. Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Goemans, Hein. 2007. "Bounded Communities: Territoriality, Territorial Attachment and Conflict." Unpublished Manuscript, University of Rochester.Gorski, Philip S. 2003. The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Henshall, Nicholas. 1992. The Myth of Absolutism: Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy. London: Longman.Herbst, Jeffrey Ira. 1990. "War and the State in Africa." International Security 14 (4):117-139.———. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Heydemann, Steven. 2000. War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press.Hintze, Otto. 1975a. "The Formation of States and Constitutional Development: A Study in History and Politics." In The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, ed. F. Gilbert. New York: Oxford University Press.———. 1975b. "Military Organization and the Organization of the State." In The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, ed. F. Gilbert. New York: Oxford University Press.Hobsbawm, E. J., and T. O. Ranger. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hoffman, Philip T. 1994. "Early Modern France, 1450-1700." In The Making of Modern Freedom, ed. P. T. Hoffman and K. Norberg. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.———. 2012. "Why Was It Europeans Who Conquered the World?" The Journal of Economic History 72 (03):601-633.———. 2015. Why Did Europe Conquer the World? Princeton: Princeton University Press.Hoffman, Philip T., and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. 1997. "The Political Economy of Warfare and Taxation in Early Modern Europe: Historical Lessons for Economic Development." In The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, ed. J. N. Drobak and J. V. C. Nye. San Diego: Academic Press.Hui, Victoria Tin-bor. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Imber, Colin. 1997. Ebu's-Suùd: The Islamic Legal Tradition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Inalcik, Halil, and Donald Quataert, eds. 1994. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. New York: Cambridge University Press.Jones, Philip James. 1997. The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Karaman, K. K?van?, and ?evket Pamuk. 2013. "Different Paths to the Modern State in Europe: The Interaction between Warfare, Economic Structure, and Political Regime." American Political Science Review:1-24.Kasza, Gregory J. 1996. "War and Comparative Politics." Comparative Politics 28 (3):355-373.Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books.Kier, Elizabeth, and Ronald R. Krebs. 2010. In War's Wake: International Conflict and the Fate of Liberal Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kiser, Edgar, and Yong Cai. 2003. "War and Bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an Anomalous Case." American Sociological Review 68 (4):511-539.Kiser, Edgar, and Joshua Kane. 2001. "Revolution and State Structure: The Bureaucratization of Tax Administration in Early Modern England and France." American Journal of Sociology 107 (1):183-223.Kiser, Edgar, and April Linton. 2001. "Determinants of the Growth of the State: War and Taxation in Early Modern France and England." Social Forces 80 (2):411-448.Kollmann, Nancy Shields. 1987. Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345-1547. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Kwass, Michael. 2000. Privilege and the Politics of Taxation in Eighteenth-Century France: Liberté, ?galité, Fiscalité. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lake, David A., and Angela O'Mahony. 2004. "The Incredible Shrinking State: Explaining Change in the Territorial Size of Countries." The Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (5):699-722.Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: Berkeley University Press.Longnon, Auguste, and H. Fran?ois Delaborde. 1969. La Formation De L'unité Fran?aise, Le?ons Professées Au Collège De France En 1889-1890. Paris: A. et J. Picard.López-Alves, Fernando. 2001. "The Transatlantic Bridge: Mirrors, Charles Tilly, and State Formation in the River Plate " In The Other Mirror: Grand Theory through the Lens of Latin America, ed. M. A. Centeno and F. López-Alves. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Mahoney, James. 2000. "Path Dependence in Historical Sociology." Theory and Society 29 (4):507-548.Major, J. Russell. 1960. Representative Institutions in Renaissance France, 1421-1559. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of Social Power. Vol. I: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.———. 1988. "State and Society, 1130-1815: An Analysis of English State Finances." In States, War, and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell.Mares, Isabela. 2006. Taxation, Wage Bargaining and Unemployment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Moore, Barrington. 1967. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Murphey, Rhoads. 1999. Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.———. 2010. "Ottoman Military Organization in South-Eastern Europe, C. 1420-1720." In European Warfare, 1350-1750, ed. F. Tallett and D. J. B. Trim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nexon, Daniel H. 2009. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, and International Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Nu?ssli, Christos, and Marc-Antoine Nu?ssli. 2008. Euratlas Georeferenced Historical Vector Data.Oestreich, Gerhard. 1982. Neostoicism and the Early Modern State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Parker, Geoffrey. 1976. "The Military Revolution 1560-1660 - a Myth?" Journal of Medieval History 48 (2).———. 1996. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Peacock, Alan T., and Jack Wiseman. 1961. The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Poggi, Gianfranco. 1990. The State: Its Nature, Development, and Prospects. Cambridge: Polity Press.Potter, Mark, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. 1997. "Politics and Public Finance in France: The Estates of Burgundy, 1660-1790." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27 (4):577-612.———. 2002. "The Development of Intermediation in French Credit Markets: Evidence from the Estates of Burgundy." The Journal of Economic History 62 (4):1024-1049.Riker, William H. 1964. Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance. Boston: Little.Roberts, Michael. 1956. The Military Revolution. Belfast: M. Boyd.Rogers, Clifford J. 1995. The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. Vol. History and warfare. Boulder: Westview Press.Salzmann, Ariel. 2004. Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: Rival Paths to the Modern State: Brill.Scheve, Kenneth, and David Stasavage. 2010. "The Conscription of Wealth: Mass Warfare and the Demand for Progressive Taxation." International Organization 64 (04):529-561.Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. [1918] 1991. "The Crisis of the Tax State." In The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, ed. R. Swedberg. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Smith, John Masson. 1970. "Mongol and Nomadic Taxation." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30:46-85.Soule, Claude. 1968. Les ?tats Généraux De France (1302-1789): ?tude Historique, Comparative Et Doctrinale. Heule.Spruyt, Hendrik. 1994. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Stasavage, David. 2011. States of Credit: Size, Power, and the Development of European Polities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Stubbs, Richard. 1999. "War and Economic Development: Export-Oriented Industrialization in East and Southeast Asia." Comparative Politics 31 (3):337-355.Tezcan, Baki. 2010. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Thies, Cameron G. 2004. "State Building, Interstate and Intrastate Rivalry: A Study of Post-Colonial Developing Country Extractive Efforts, 1975–2000." International Studies Quarterly 48 (1):53-72.———. 2005. "War, Rivalry, and State Building in Latin America." American Journal of Political Science 49 (3):451-465.Tilly, Charles. 1985. "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime." In Bringing the State Back In, ed. P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.———. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1990. Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell.———, ed. 1975. The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1856. The Old Regime and the Revolution. Translated by J. Bonner. New York: Harper & Brothers.Van Creveld, Martin. 1999. The Rise and Decline of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Vaughan, Richard. 1975. Valois Burgundy. London: Allen Lane.———. 2002. Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.Vu, Tuong. 2010. "Studying the State through State Formation." World Politics 62 (01):148-175.Waldner, David. 2003. "On the Non-Institutional Origins of the Institutional Foundations of Capitalism." Unpublished Manuscript, Charlottesville, University of Virginia.Weber, Max. [1919] 1946. "Politics as a Vocation." In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills. New York: Oxford University Press.Zanden, J. L. van, and Arthur van Riel. 2004. The Strictures of Inheritance: The Dutch Economy in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Ziblatt, Daniel. 2006. Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Zolberg, Aristide R. 1980. "Strategic Interactions and the Formation of Modern States: France and England." International Social Science Journal 32 (4):687-716. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download