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Name: FORMTEXT ?????Date: FORMTEXT ?????School: FORMTEXT ?????Facilitator: FORMTEXT ?????4.03 Notes Guide“Fighting for Independence”Answer the?4.03 Notes Guide as you review the lesson. Intro:What do you think Thomas Paine meant when he wrote the words quoted above the painting? Analyze the painting. What details about the men in the painting stand out to you? Do you think the men are being “tried,” if so, how? What significant event from the American Revolution do you think the painting portrays?Strengths and Weaknesses American Patriots were not broken by the loss at Bunker Hill. On the contrary, their spirit and determination to defeat the British was even stronger. In July 1775, General George Washington arrived in Boston after being named commander of the army. He worked to create a Continental army out of the militia groups; however, it would not be an easy task. John Adams suggested that 1/3 of colonists were Patriots, 1/3 were neutral, and another 1/3 of colonists were FORMTEXT ?????, or Tories, who remained loyal to Great Britain. While the people may have been divided, each side, the British and Americans, had their own strengths and weaknesses.British Strengths and Weaknesses The British were a world power with a strong government and plenty of financial resources. They had a well-trained and well-equipped army and the most powerful navy in the world.The British had additional help from FORMTEXT ????? (Creek, Cherokee, Shawnee, Iroquois, and Mohawks). They also hired foreign soldiers called FORMTEXT ????? who were paid to fight. Colonists called the mercenaries FORMTEXT ?????because most were from Germany.On the other hand, these paid soldiers were fighting without a real cause. In addition, there was not a lot of support for the war in England due to the high costs of the war. Finally, fighting in a foreign country meant getting supplies and support across the Atlantic Ocean. American Strengths and Weaknesses Patriots had “home field advantage.” They were fighting for the great cause of liberty in their own backyards. The generals used that knowledge of the area and espionage, or spying, to make good military decisions.Eventually, Americans got additional support from the French and financial support from Spain.On the other hand, Americans had an untrained and unstable militia.Congress argued over support for the army and therefore, the American forces were often short on ammunition (Bunker Hill), food and supplies (Valley Forge).Help and HardshipFrench and Spanish governments had been supplying the Americans with guns and munitions through fake supply companies since the onset on the American Revolution. This was not simply an act of kindness. They too were British enemies and did not want their European rival's strength to be enhanced by the growth of the American colonies. The American victory at Saratoga convinced FORMTEXT ????? that the Patriots could indeed win the war with their help, especially the help of the French navy.A year later, FORMTEXT ????? joined the war as France’s ally. Thus, Britain was now in a world war with fighting forces split between Europe and the Americas.French AlliesBen Franklin was sent to Paris to push for an alliance with France just a few months after independence was declared. On February 6, 1778, an official treaty of alliance was signed with France; however, the French had been secretly aiding America against their longtime rivals with loans, supplies, and even volunteers. FORMTEXT ????? was a French volunteer before the alliance who became a general in the American Continental Army. He was not even twenty-years old when he began his service. He became good friends with Washington at Valley Forge and participated in battles at FORMTEXT ?????, Monmouth, and Yorktown.Valley ForgeWhile awaiting French aide, General Washington concentrated on spending the winter at FORMTEXT ????? (1777-1778) building his Continental Army into a professional fighting force, one that would not retreat at the first sign of a British bayonet.Valley Forge was one of the toughest challenges Washington's army had to face. Their enemy was not the British redcoats; it was hunger, disease, and bitter cold weather. FORMTEXT ?????, a volunteer from Prussia, trained and drilled the men in the deep snow at Valley Forge, molding them into a professional army.Washington's forces would soon test their new skills at Monmouth, New Jersey in June 1778. The British retreated at the Battle of FORMTEXT ?????, which was the last major battle in the north.Despite thousands of deaths and deserters, George Washington and Friedrich von Steuben were able to shape a disciplined and well-trained army during a difficult winter at Valley Forge. Loyalty TestedAt the beginning of the Revolution, Benedict Arnold was one of the rising stars of the Continental Army. He injured his leg at the Battle of Saratoga, which his brilliant battlefield leadership helped to win. According to historian George Neumann, "Without Benedict Arnold in the first three years of the war, we would probably have lost the Revolution." Bitter from wounds and being passed over for what he felt were deserved promotions, FORMTEXT ????? was made famous for his traitorous plan to sell West Point to the British.Benedict Arnold's plan was discovered when they captured Major FORMTEXT ????? who was later hanged as a spy. Benedict Arnold managed to escape and was named a Brigadier General in the British Army.Major BattlesIn January 1776, General Henry Knox arrived in Boston with the cannons that were taken at Fort Ticonderoga. By March, the British realized they could no longer hold Boston and moved their army, along with approximately 1,000 loyalists to Canada. The next showdown was in New York in the summer of 1776. British and German troops battered Washington’s poorly trained and equipped army. By October, the British had forced the Continental army to retreat.Battle of TrentonThe fall of 1776 spelled disaster for Washington's Continental Army as they were forced out of New York. A victory was of vital importance because many of Washington's troop enlistments would be up with the New Year. He decided to go on the offensive and abandon the tradition of not fighting in the winter in order to get a badly needed victory.General Washington and his army left their camp and spent Christmas night, 1776 crossing the icy Delaware River into New Jersey to surprise attack the Hessian forces encamped at Trenton, New Jersey. The FORMTEXT ?????was a decisive victory for Washington and lifted the moral of the patriots. A victory at Princeton followed shortly after the Battle of Trenton. General George Washington was becoming legendary.Washington and his men quickly took Trenton in a battle against German Hessians the day after Christmas, 1776. Battle of SaratogaThe year 1777 was another tough one for the Americans. British Generals FORMTEXT ????? and William Howe devised a plan to “divide and conquer” the colonies. Washington attacked General Howe at Brandywine Creek and at Germantown; both ended in American defeats.Meanwhile, General Burgoyne conquered Fort Ticonderoga and headed for Albany; however, his progress was slowed by his cumbersome entourage, which contained thirty carts of his personal belongings. Burgoyne was stopped and defeated at the FORMTEXT ?????, which was a turning point in the war for the Americans. The Battle of Saratoga boosted colonial morale, prevented New England from being cut-off from the rest of the colonies, and encouraged the French to openly support the American cause.The British experienced early victories, in spite of heroic efforts by leaders like FORMTEXT ????? and the Green Mountain Boys. Yet, the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga led the French to join the Patriots’ cause.War in the SouthThe British turned their attention to the South, where they envisioned thousands of Loyalists rising up to defend the British crown. Initial British victories at Charleston and Camden, South Carolina caused great concern for General Washington, who was entrenched against the British in New York.Washington sent General FORMTEXT ????? to replace General Horatio Gates as commander of the Southern forces after the defeat at Camden in August 1780. American victories at the battles of Kings Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Courthouse regained Southern control and forced the British to retreat out of the Carolinas, relinquishing all they had gained.Battle of YorktownAfter the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, FORMTEXT ?????, who was the British commander of the Southern Campaign, left the Carolinas and headed for Virginia to meet Benedict Arnold. They began raiding the state of Virginia and met little resistance until June 1781. Cornwallis retreated to the coastal town of Yorktown, where he could receive supplies and reinforcements by sea.In the meantime, Washington's Army was entrenched in New York. He requested French Naval assistance and was told the French could assist for a couple of months, but not in the shallow New York Harbor. Washington seized the moment and the French offer of naval aide, by heading South to Virginia in pursuit of Cornwallis' army at Yorktown.Cornwallis thought he would receive reinforcements by sea at Yorktown; however, the French navy had set up a blockade and was controlling the Chesapeake Bay, rather than the British.George Washington's Continental Army had moved into Virginia to block off Cornwallis's escape route inland. Cornwallis was trapped. The bombardment started in September of 1781. Cornwallis had no escape route with the French naval blockade of Chesapeake Bay.Surrender at YorktownCollectively, Washington and the French were able to inflict the final blow on the British in Yorktown. On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis, with nearly 8,000 troops, surrendered to General Washington at FORMTEXT ?????. ................
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