01 - Mrs. Todaro Page



Skills Worksheet

26-1 Directed Reading

Section: Viewing the Universe

1. How did observations of the sky help farmers in the past?

2. How did observations of the sky help sailors in the past?

3. What is the main reason people study the sky today?

4. What is astronomy?

THE VALUE OF ASTRONOMY

5. NAME FOUR EXCITING SPACE DISCOVERIES ASTRONOMERS HAVE MADE.

6. What have astronomers learned from these discoveries?

7. What are the potential benefits to humans of studying the universe?

8. Name two federal agencies that support astronomical research.

Directed Reading continued

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNIVERSE

9. THE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN, PROPERTIES, PROCESSES, AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE IS CALLED

a. astronomy.

b. the big bang.

c. gravity.

d. cosmology.

10. Most astronomers agree that the universe began with the big bang, which was

a. a gradual blooming of stars and planets.

b. a great dust swirl that appeared about 4 billion years ago.

c. a giant explosion that occurred about 14 billion years ago.

d. a black hole that turned inside out.

11. In addition to telescopes, what do astronomers commonly use to study the universe?

a. computer models.

b. experiments.

c. microscopes.

d. computer games.

12. What is the nearest part of the universe to Earth?

a. the Milky Way.

b. the solar system.

c. Mars.

d. a galaxy.

13. A large collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity is called a

a. solar system.

b. Milky Way.

c. comet.

d. galaxy.

14. The Milky Way is

a. Earth’s solar system.

b. Earth’s galaxy.

c. a star.

d. an asteroid.

15. How many galaxies exist in the universe?

a. one

b. hundreds

c. millions

d. billions

Directed Reading continued

16. What is the average distance between Earth and the sun? What is this distance called?

17. How far does light travel in one year? What is this distance called?

18. How far from Earth is the nearest star besides the sun?

OBSERVING SPACE

19. ASTRONOMERS CAN SEE PLANETS BECAUSE PLANETS

a. reflect light.

b. emit light.

c. emit radio waves.

d. emit X rays.

20. What are all the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation called?

a. visible light.

b. the electric spectrum.

c. the radiation frequencies.

d. the electromagnetic spectrum

21. Which is NOT an example of electromagnetic radiation?

a. radio waves

b. X rays

c. gravity

d. visible light

22. What is electromagnetic radiation composed of?

23. What happens when white light passes through a prism?

24. What causes the different colors in the color spectrum?

25. Which colors of light have the shortest wavelengths? Which have the longest?

Directed Reading continued

26. Describe the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that cannot be seen by humans.

27. Name six specific kinds of invisible wavelengths, which can only be detected by special instruments.

28. What happens if you place a thermometer in any wavelength of the visible spectrum?

29. How did Sir Frederick William Herschel discover infrared?

30. What does the word infrared mean?

31. How long are infrared waves compared with waves of visible light?

32. How long are radio waves compared with infrared waves?

33. What are the shortest wavelengths of visible light?

34. What does the word ultraviolet mean?

35. How long are X-ray wavelengths compared with ultraviolet wavelengths?

36. What are the shortest wavelengths?

Directed Reading continued

TELESCOPES

37. GALILEO IS KNOWN FOR

a. discovering the moon.

b. naming the Milky Way.

c. using a telescope to study the sky.

d. inventing the telescope.

38. A telescope is an instrument that

a. collects electromagnetic radiation from the sky and concentrates it.

b. changes X rays from the sky to visible light.

c. makes infrared waves visible to humans.

d. reflects light from the craters on the moon.

In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase.

39. optical telescope

40. lens

41. refracting telescope

42. reflecting telescope

43. radio telescope

44. What are two problems with refracting telescopes?

45. What problem does a reflecting telescope solve?

46. Describe what happens to light that enters a reflecting telescope.

Directed Reading continued

47. In what way are the mirrors in reflecting telescopes better than the objective lenses in refracting telescopes?

48. What are the largest reflecting telescopes and how large are they?

49. Name four kinds of invisible radiation that telescopes have been developed to detect.

50. What effect does Earth’s atmosphere have on many forms of electromagnetic radiation?

51. Why do ground-based telescopes that detect invisible radiation work best at high elevations?

SPACE-BASED ASTRONOMY

52. WHY HAVE SPACECRAFT WITH INSTRUMENTS PROVED VALUABLE IN INVESTIGATING PLANETS, STARS, AND OTHER DISTANT OBJECTS?

Directed Reading continued

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

53. Hubble Space Telescope

54. Chandra X-ray Observatory

55. Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

56 Spitzer Space Telescope

57. James Webb Space Telescope

58. What planets were investigated by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft?

59. What information did the Galileo spacecraft gather about Jupiter?

60. What spacecraft began orbiting Saturn in 2004?

61. What will the Huygens probe do in December 2004?

62. Why are scientists interested in studying Titan?

Directed Reading continued

Use the terms from the list below to complete the sentences that follow. Each term may be used only once. Some terms may not be used.

Earth’s moon robotic spacecraft space shuttle

crewed spacecraft the solar system space port

63. Spacecraft that carry only instruments and computers are called ___________________________.

64. Spacecraft that do not carry humans can explore space and travel beyond the ______________________________.

65. Spacecraft that carry humans are____________________________________.

66. The humans have never traveled in space beyond ______________________.

67. An example of a crewed spacecraft that orbits Earth to repair satellites and perform experiments is the ______________________________________.

68. Why is it taking NASA a long time to launch a voyage to Mars?

69. What events focused public attention on the risks of human space exploration?

70. How has space study helped make weather predictions more accurate?

71. What kind of help do satellites give car drivers and airplane pilots?

72. How has space exploration led to improved electronics?

73. How has space exploration helped improve medical equipment?

Answer Key

Concept Review

1. H 11. C

2. C 12. D

3. J 13. B

4. I 14. B

5. B 15. A

6. D 16. D

7. G 17. A

8. E 18. C

9. A 19. C

10. F 20. D

Critical Thinking

1. B

2. D

3. B

4. D

5. C

6. A

7. C

8. B

9. Mars, because the tilt of its axis is the most similar to that of Earth.

10. They would have very large seasonal variations because one hemisphere would point almost directly at the sun during solstice while the other side would be in darkness.

11. The tilt of its axis means that it rotates in the opposite direction from Earth.

12. The sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.

13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Disagree. The calendar was set up long ago to accurately reflect Earth’s relationships to the sun and moon. Although it might be changed some-what, it is hard to imagine it being any more useful.

14. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Disagree. Radio waves are long and X rays are short, but both can be seen as part of a continuum of electromagnetic radiation waves.

15. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Disagree. The invention of and adjustments to the calendar show that people

since ancient times have been aware of astronomy’s effects on life.

16. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Agree. Because most people do not work outdoors or depend on natural light for most activities, the system is outdated.

17. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Disagree. The constellations have helped scientists make important discoveries such as the rotation and revolution of Earth, and they continue to aid astronomers in the orientation of objects in the sky.

18. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The landings furthered our knowledge of the universe and of rocket science. They have stopped because cheaper, easier, and safer ways have been developed to explore space.

19. Ultraviolet radiation is potentially more harmful because its wavelength is shorter than that of visible light. Because infrared waves are longer than those of visible light and visible light waves are not harmful, infrared waves are not harmful. X rays are more harmful than ultraviolet waves because they are even shorter and therefore have more energy.

20. The telescope should be put on the top of a mountain where the air is dry and so is less likely to prevent radiation from reaching Earth. It would perhaps also be helpful to locate far from a large city.

Directed Reading

SECTION: VIEWING THE UNIVERSE

1. THEY HELPED FARMERS TRACK SEASONS AND PREDICT FLOODS AND DROUGHTS.

2. They helped them navigate through unknown territory.

3. curiosity about what lies within the universe

4. the scientific study of the universe

5. new planets, stars, black holes, nebulas

6. more about the origin of Earth and the processes involved in the formation of our solar system

7. It could lead to new or improved energy sources on Earth. It could also help protect us from potential catas-trophes such as collisions between asteroids and Earth.

8. the National Science Foundation and

NASA

9. D

10. C

11. A

12. B

13. D

14. B

15. C

16. 150 million km; an astronomical unit

17. 9.4607 ( 1012 km; a light-year

18. 4.2 light-years

19. A

20. D

21. C

22. traveling waves of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate at fixed frequencies and wavelengths

23. It is broken into a continuous set of colors.

24. Each color of light has a characteristic wavelength.

25. Blue and violet have the shortest. Orange and red have the longest.

26. Humans cannot see the wavelengths that are shorter than the wave lengths of violet light or longer than the wave-lengths of red light.

27. infrared waves, microwaves, radio waves, ultraviolet rays, X rays, and gamma rays

28. The temperature reading will increase.

29. He moved the thermometer beyond the red end of the visible spectrum and noticed that the temperature increased.

30. ”below the red”

31. longer

32. longer

33. violet wavelengths

34. “beyond the violet”

35. shorter

36. gamma ray wavelengths

37. C

38. A

39. D

40. E

41. A

42. B

43. C

44. Their lenses focuses different colors of light at different distances, so objects in focus in red light will appear out of focus in blue light. Also, the ability to focus on distant objects is limited by the size of the lens. Lenses that are too large can sag and cause distorted images.

45. color separation resulting from the use of lenses

46. Light is reflected from a large curved mirror to a second mirror, which reflects it to the eyepiece, where it is magnified and focused.

47. They can be made very large without affecting the quality of the image.

48. The Keck Telescopes in Hawaii, which are each 10 m in diameter.

49. radio waves, gamma rays, X rays, infrared rays

50. It acts as a shield against them.

51. Water vapor can prevent invisible radiation from reaching Earth’s surface. At high elevations, the air is dry, so it does not block the radiation.

52. because in space Earth’s atmosphere cannot interfere with the detection of electromagnetic radiation.

53. B

54. E

55. D

56. A

57. C

58. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

59. the composition of Jupiter’s atmosphere and storm systems

60. Cassini-Huygens

61. detach from the Cassini orbiter to study the atmosphere of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon

62. to learn more about the origins of Earth, which has a nitrogen-rich atmosphere like that of Titan

63. robotic spacecraft

64. solar system

65. crewed spacecraft

66. Earth’s moon

67. space shuttle

68. because a voyage to Mars would be expensive, difficult, and dangerous.

.69. the loss of the Challenger in 1986 and the Columbia in 2003 with their crews

70. Satellites in orbit provide information about weather all over Earth.

71. Satellites help them navigate.

72. It has led to inventing ways to make objects smaller and lighter.

73. It has led to improvements in heart pumps, based on research of fluid flow through rockets.

SECTION: MOVEMENTS OF EARTH

1. ROTATION

2. day

3. east

4. west

5. daylight

6. nighttime

7. evidence of Earth’s rotation

8. It stays the same, but it appears to change.

9. Earth’s rotation

10. Earth’s rotation

11. to the right; to the left

12. Coriolis effect

13. 29.8 km/s

14. 365 1/4 days

15. C

16. E

17. A

18. B

19. D

20. an ellipse

21. 152 million km; 147 million km

22. a group of stars that are organized in a recognizable pattern

23. It divided the sky into 88 constellations.

24. from the ancient Greeks more than 2,000 years ago

25. Earth’s rotation

26. Earth’s revolution around the sun

27. C

28. A

29. B

30. C

31. A

32. D

33. B

34. D

35. B

36. a system created for measuring long intervals of time by dividing time into days, weeks, months, and years

37. to make the number of days on a calendar a whole number

38. every fourth year, which has an extra day; to account for the extra 1/4 day that occurs every year, so that calendars will be on the same schedule as Earth’s movements

39. Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar

40. The calendar had become misaligned with the seasons because the year is not exactly 365 1/4 days long. His committee decided that century years, such as 1800, would not be leap years, unless they are divisible by 400, as is the year 2000.

41. the time when the sun is highest in the sky

42. no. Because of Earth’s rotation, the sun is highest above different locations at different times of day.

43. 15°. Because Earth is a sphere, its circumference equals 360°. Since it takes 24 hours to complete one rotation, it moves 1/24th of 360° in one hour, or 15°.

44. It is one hour earlier.

45. The International Date Line is a line that runs from north to south through the Pacific Ocean. It marks the point on Earth’s surface where the date changes. When it is Friday west of the line, it is Thursday east of the line.

46. because of the tilt of Earth’s axis

47. to take advantage of longer daylight time in those months when the sun rises earlier

48. In April we set them one hour ahead; in October we turn them one hour back.

49. There are not significant changes in the amount of daylight time through-out the year.

50. C

51. A

52. B

53. C

54. B

55. A

56. A

57. B

58. celestial equator

59. equinox

60. equator

61. autumnal equinox

62. vernal equinox

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a. an instrument that uses a set of lenses to gather and focus light from distant objects

b. an instrument that uses a curved mirror to gather and focus light from distant objects

c. an instrument that detects radio waves from space

d. a telescope that collects only visible light

e. a clear object shaped to bend light in special ways

a. was launched in 2003 to detect infrared radiation

b. orbits Earth to collect electromagnetic radiation from space objects

c. will be launched in 2011 to detect infrared radiation from objects in space

d. was used to detect gamma rays from objects such as black holes

e. makes clear images using X rays from objects in space

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