PREDICTION OF DRIVE FOR MUSCULARITY BY BODY COMPOSITION ...

PREDICTION OF DRIVE FOR MUSCULARITY BY BODY COMPOSITION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

By NICKLES I. CHITTESTER

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1

? 2007 Nickles I. Chittester 2

Dedicated to my parents, Tom and Leanne Chittester. 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several people provided their assistance on this project. I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Heather Hausenblas, not only for serving as the chair for this committee, but also for her guidance, assistance, and encouragement on this project and others I have undertaken. I wish to thank the members of my committee--Dr. Pete Giacobbi, Dr. Chris Janelle, and Dr. Sam Sears--for their suggestions at various stages of the study. In addition, I would like to thank the numerous class instructors who enabled me to recruit participants for this study, as well as fellow graduate students Brian Cook, Jessica Doughty, and Anna Campbell for their friendship and support. My fianc?e, Mindy Mansour, has been a steady source of support during this project, and I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to her for her love and understanding. Finally, I would like to express the sincerest of appreciation for my parents, Tom and Leanne Chittester, for their steadfast and unconditional love, support, and encouragement throughout my life.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4

LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................7

LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................11

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................22

Subjects...................................................................................................................................22 Measures .................................................................................................................................22

Body Fat Percentage........................................................................................................23 FFMI................................................................................................................................23 BMI..................................................................................................................................23 Demographic Information ...............................................................................................24 Exercise Behavior............................................................................................................24 Eating Pathology .............................................................................................................25 Supplement Use...............................................................................................................25 Sociocultural Pressure .....................................................................................................26 Drive for Muscularity ......................................................................................................26 Exercise Dependence.......................................................................................................27 Self-esteem ......................................................................................................................27 Procedure ................................................................................................................................28 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................29

3 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................31

What Is It?...............................................................................................................................31 Initial Identification ................................................................................................................33 Measurement...........................................................................................................................33 Heuristic Model of Male Body Change Strategies .................................................................34

Biological Factors............................................................................................................35 Body composition/BMI............................................................................................35 Pubertal growth ........................................................................................................37 Pubertal timing .........................................................................................................38

Psychological Functioning ..............................................................................................39 Negative affect .........................................................................................................39 Self-esteem ...............................................................................................................39

Societal Factors ...............................................................................................................40

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