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Research Earth Science AgendaApril 21, Friday: A DayClear your desk EXCEPT a #2 pencil AND your Earthquake LabTake out your agenda from last classWARM-UPS:Folding/Faulting/Earthquakes NOTES & ReviewEarthquake LAB Quiz Use your completed lab for the quiz You will turn in your data sheet and map with your quizWRITE your NAME on your data sheet and map!AFTER the quiz: HYPERLINK "" (Rocks and Minerals preview)OBJECTIVES:GeologyMineralsNOTESMineral Characteristics vs. Mineral PropertiesNOTES REVIEWREVIEWFolding/Faulting/Seismic WavesHOMEWORK:COMPLETE your CH 5 & 6: Preview MINERALS (5) AND ROCKS (6)Use proper formatReview the Geologic Time ScaleReview the notes on MineralsComplete the notes reviewQuick video clip on Geologic Time Geologic Time Scale: Folding/Faulting/Seismic WavesDefinitions:Folds in rock layers = Rocks will respond to extreme heat & pressure by bending or ________An “upfold” in rock layers = __________________A “downfold” in rock layers = _________________AnticlineSynclineWhen rock layers can no longer bend (fold) they will ____________A break in rock layers = __________________Fractures occur when rocks exceed their ___________________________ = the point to which rocks can no longer bend as they respond to intense pressureWhen rock layers fracture (___________) and the layers on both sides of the break move a ____________ forms.Fault = ___________ in rock layers in which movement occurs3 TYPES OF FAULTS:NormalReverseStrike-slip (Transform)Type of stress =Type of stress =Type of stress = ____________________________________Type of Plate Boundary=Type of Plate Boundary=Type of Plate Boundary____________________________________________When faults form, shock waves called _________________ ________ move through the solid portion of Earth’s surface and create ___________________3TYPES of SEISMIC WAVES:1. Primary or “P” waves – These travel ________________ and move through _____________, _______________, & _____________but they refract (bend) when they move through ______________ _______________waves – P waves form at the origin of the earthquake (focus) and are called “body waves” because they travel through the “body of the Earth”.2. Secondary or “S” waves – These travel _______________________ _________and move through _________________, but stop at _____________________ waves – S waves also form at the origin of the earthquake and are called “body waves”Surface or “L” waves - These only travel on Earth’s surface because they don’t form until the “P” & “S” waves meet at the surface directly above the origin of the Earthquake (epicenter)These waves cause the Damage on Earth’s surfaceThe amount of damage is a measure of the strength or magnitude of the Earthquake The Magnitude or strength of the Earthquake is determined using the Richter scale (developed by Richter, it is a 10 point, open-ended scale that assesses earthquake magnitude or strength.MEASURING & RECORDING EARTHQUAKES:Seismic station = Place where geologists have seismographs to record Earthquake activity Seismograph = ______________________ or _____________________ used to measure and record earthquakesSeismogram = _Print-out___ or recording (on a piece of paper) of the arrival times of the P, S, and L waves (seismic waves)Triangulation = You need recordings from THREE (3) seismic stations to find the epicenter of an Earthquake (location on Earth’s surface, directly above the focus (origin of the Earthquake).Time-Travel Graph = graph showing the relationship between difference in arrival times of P & S waves and distance to the epicenter.REVIEW:Define and DIAGRAM the following terms:AnticlineEarthquakeEpicenterFractureFaultFocus Seismic wavesPrimary wavesSecondary wavesL waves Normal fault Reverse fault Strike-slip faultComplete the following with the best response:Rock layers respond to _______ by bending or ______________. The 2 types of folds are “upfolds” or ____________ and “downfolds” or _______________. If the ____________________ ___________ of the rocks is exceeded, the layers will break or ________________. If rock layers on both sides of the break move, a ________________ forms. There are 3 types of faults. If rock layers are under shearing stress, a ____________________________ fault forms. Tension or pulling stress cause __________________ faults. Compression stress causes ___________________ faults.Faults produce shock waves called _______________________ __________. These produce ________________________. There are ______ types of seismic waves. The _____________ waves travel fastest and reach the ______________ station first. They are recorded by a ________________ and the stylus or pen writes the information on a ________________. The _____________ waves travel ? as fast as ____ waves. They reach the seismic station second. The difference between the arrival times of the _____ & _____ waves is used to determine the distance to the ______________ using a _________-__________ graph. Recordings from ___________ seismic stations is needed to pinpoint (exactly locate) the earthquake’s _________________. This is where the _________ damage will occur. The ____ waves form at the epicenter. The strength or ____________________ of the Earthquake is determined using the ____________ scale. It is numbered from ____ to ____. Each number magnitude is ______ times stronger than the last. This scale is __________-________ because Richter recognized that we might have an earthquake ____________ than magnitude “10”.__Notes: MineralsALL Minerals have 5 characteristics:Must be solid at normal temperatures and pressures at Earth’s SURFACEMinerals can melt beneath Earth’s surface – temperatures 3,000 – 7,000° COccur naturallyFound in nature – not man-made in a labAre INORGANICNot made from living materialNot made BY living thingsHave a definite crystal shape Atoms arranged in a patternHave a definite chemical compositionThe elements will ALWAYS form in the same proportionSi02NaClCaCO3A substance MUST have ALL 5 characteristic to be a mineralList 3 substances that are NOT minerals and tell WHY they are not mineralsIdentify why the following are NOT MineralsCoalPearlWindow glassPlastic2. Mineral PROPERTIES are used to identify the NAME of the mineral3. Properties can be grouped by identification by INSPECTION or SIMPLE TESTSA. Properties determined by INSPECTIONJust LOOK at the mineralColor LusterCrystal shapeB. Properties determined by SIMPLE TESTNeed to physically test the mineralNeed toolsHardnessCleavage/FractureStreakSpecific GravityC. Special PropertiesCarbonates like calcite are positive in the acid testHalite (table salt) tastes saltyMagnetite is magneticIceland spar (type of clear calcite) has double refractionSulfur is BRIGHT YELLOWD. Interesting Mineral FactsPyrite is known as “Fool’s Gold”During the gold rush, many who found pyrite (looks like gold) tried to turn it in for money – thinking it WAS goldThe specific gravity test (determines the “weight” or ‘heft’ or density) was used to tell the difference. ALSO – Gold is VERY soft and Pyrite is very hardThis is why you sometimes see people “biting” goldGold has one of the highest specific gravities = 19Metallic minerals have specific gravities of 5+Non-metallic minerals have specific gravities of 3 or lessIceland Spar (a type of clear calcite) has double-refractionWhat is specific gravity?It is the density of a substance compared to the density of water.? This means, the weight or density of a substance is compared to the weight or density of an equal volume of water. As an example, when we say that the specific gravity of quartz is 2.65, we mean the weight of quartz is 2.65 times that of an equal volume of water.? There are a number of ways to write the equation for the specific gravity (SG) of a mineral.? Here is the most common:??????????????????????????????????? Weight of Mineral in AirSG = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------???????? Weight of Mineral in Air? -? Weight of Mineral in WaterSo from this equation, using a spring scale, you need to weigh the mineral in air (which means the same as "weighing it"), then suspend the mineral in water and weigh it again.? Since Archimedes discovered that the weight of the mineral in air minus its weight in water is equals the weight of the water displaced by the mineral, the equation can also be written as follows:????? Weight of Mineral in AirSG = ---------------------------------------------------------?????????? Weight of Water Displaced by MineralAnd since the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water equals 1 gram, the equation can then also be written as follows:????? Weight of Mineral (in grams)SG = ------------------------------------------------????????? Volume of Mineral (in cubic cm)ACID TEST:What is the Acid Test? most geologists, the term "acid test" means placing a drop of dilute (5% to 10%) hydrochloric acid on a rock or mineral and watching for bubbles of carbon dioxide gas to be released. The bubbles signal the presence of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite , siderite, azurite, or malachite.The bubbling release of carbon dioxide gas can be so weak that you need a hand lens to observe single bubbles slowly growing in the drop of hydrochloric acid or so vigorous that a flash of effervescence is produced. These variations in effervescence vigor are a result of the type of carbonate minerals present, the amount of carbonate present, the particle size of the carbonate and the temperature of the acid. What Causes the Fizz?Carbonate minerals are unstable in contact with hydrochloric acid. When acid begins to effervesce (fizz) on a specimen a reaction similar to the one shown below is taking place. On the left side of this reaction the mineral calcite (CaCO3) is in contact with hydrochloric acid (HCl). These react to form carbon dioxide gas (CO2), water (H2O), dissolved calcium (Ca++) and dissolved chlorine (Cl--). The carbon dioxide bubbles that you observe are evidence that the reaction is taking place. When that occurs, calcite or another carbonate mineral is present. NAME:CH #5 MineralsNotes Review1. Complete the Chart:Characteristics of MineralsExample of a non-mineral that violates the characteristicDifferentiate between characteristics of all minerals and mineral identification properties.Explain HOW to test Mineral Hardness.List the 10 Minerals of Moh’s ScaleIdentify the “field tools” and identify the Moh’s scale value associated with each tool.HOW to test:Moh’s Scale:Field test tools:Explain why Color is not the best test for mineral identification.Identify the 8 Most Common Elements in Earth’s Crust. List from MOST to LEAST abundant:Are most minerals elements or compounds?Which elements would you expect to combine to form the majority of minerals? Explain!Complete the Table on Mineral Identification Properties:Name of Identification PropertyDefinitionHow to determine the property (or equation used)Property of Inspection OR Simple Test?ColorLusterCrystal ShapeCleavageFractureStreakHardnessSpecific GravityMinerals Characteristics ReviewIdentify the 5 characteristics of minerals. Identify the substances as minerals or non-minerals. IF the substance is NOT a mineral, identify WHY.Mineralb. Non-mineralWHY it is NOT a mineral_____ 6. Petrified wood_____7. Emerald_____8. Graphite_____9. Calcite_____10. Ice_____11. Plastic_____12. Coal ................
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