Change Log: - Radiological Society of North America



QIBA Profile: MR-based cartilage compositional biomarkers (T1ρ, T2) for risk prediction, early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of degenerative joint diseaseStage: A. Initial DraftTable of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038773" Change Log:3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038774" Open Issues:4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038775" Closed Issues:4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038776" 1. Executive Summary6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038777" 2. Clinical Context and Claims8 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038778" 3. Profile Activities10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038779" 3.1. Pre-delivery PAGEREF _Toc438038779 \h 11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038782" 3.2. Installation PAGEREF _Toc438038782 \h 11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038785" 3.3. Periodic QA PAGEREF _Toc438038785 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038788" 3.4. Subject Selection PAGEREF _Toc438038788 \h 11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038791" 3.5. Subject Handling PAGEREF _Toc438038791 \h 11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038794" 3.6. Image Data Acquisition PAGEREF _Toc438038794 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038797" 3.7. Image Data Reconstruction PAGEREF _Toc438038797 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038800" 3.8. Image QA PAGEREF _Toc438038800 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038803" 3.9. Image Distribution PAGEREF _Toc438038803 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038806" 3.10. Image Analysis PAGEREF _Toc438038806 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038809" 3.11. Image Interpretation PAGEREF _Toc438038809 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038812" 4. Assessment Procedures PAGEREF _Toc438038812 \h 15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038813" 4.1. Assessment Procedure: Voxel Noise PAGEREF _Toc438038813 \h 15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038814" 4.2. Test-Retest Conformance Study PAGEREF _Toc438038814 \h 15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038816" References PAGEREF _Toc438038816 \h 17 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038817" Appendices PAGEREF _Toc438038817 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038818" Appendix A: Acknowledgements and Attributions PAGEREF _Toc438038818 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038819" Appendix B: Background Information PAGEREF _Toc438038819 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038820" Appendix C: Conventions and Definitions PAGEREF _Toc438038820 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc438038821" Appendix D: Detailed imaging protocols PAGEREF _Toc438038821 \h 19Appendix F: Checklists Change Log:This table is a best-effort of the authors to summarize significant changes to the Profile.DateSections AffectedSummary of Change2017.09.18AllFirst draft 2018.09.18Second draft 2019.04.222019.06.132019.06.25Draft before summer break 2019.10.05Draft for committee review 2019.10.05Draft for committee review Open Issues:The following issues are provided here to capture associated discussion, to focus the attention of reviewers on topics needing feedback, and to track them so they are ultimately resolved. In particular, comments on these issues are highly encouraged during the Public Comment stage.Q. Calibration Phantom / Cross calibration A. Work in progress – Agarose gel phantom sets have been manufactured by the Phantom Lab, however no T1ρ and T2 reference values are available for the phantoms. XL has a pending NIH R01 on developing a calibration phantom for knee cartilage T1ρ and T2 mapping, with reference T1, T1ρ and T2 values provided by NIST. Q. Automated analysis algorithm A. work in progress – AI algorithm has been developed – needs to be applied Q. Profile – 10-05-191. Add info about vendors (Xiaojuan)2. send to committee members for review and comments 3. go over protocol with technologists (Thomas) 4. update dashboard on 100519Q. Profile Update dashboards - HYPERLINK "" \l "gid=134571965" Wikipage needs to be updated – needs to have a link to the profile 1. Executive SummaryThe goal of a QIBA Profile is to help achieve a useful level of performance for a given biomarker.The Claim (Section 2) describes the biomarker performance.The Activities (Section 3) contribute to generating the biomarker. Requirements are placed on the Actors that participate in those activities as necessary to achieve the Claim. Assessment Procedures (Section 4) for evaluating specific requirements are defined as needed. This QIBA Profile (MR-based cartilage compositional biomarkers (T1ρ, T2) ) addresses the application of T1ρ and T2 for the quantification of cartilage composition, which can be used as an imaging biomarker to diagnose, predict and monitor of degenerative joint disease. It places requirements on Acquisition Devices, Technologists, Radiologists, Reconstruction Software and Image Analysis Tools involved in Subject Handling, Image Data Acquisition, Image Data Reconstruction, Image QA and Image Analysis. The requirements are focused on achieving sufficient reproducibility and accuracy for measuring cartilage composition.The clinical performance target is to achieve a reproducibility of 4-5% for measurements of cartilage composition with T2 and T1ρ relaxation time measurements and a 95% confidence level for a true/critical change in cartilage composition (least significant change) with precision of 11-14%. The target applies to 3T MR scanners of one manufacturer with identical scan parameters across different sites. It does not apply to scanners from different manufacturers. This document is intended to help clinicians basing decisions on this biomarker, imaging staff generating this biomarker, vendor staff developing related products, purchasers of such products and investigators designing trials with imaging endpoints.Note that this document only states requirements to achieve the claim, not “requirements on standard of care.” Conformance to this Profile is secondary to properly caring for the patient.Summary for Clinical Trial UseThe MR-based cartilage compositional biomarkers profile defines the behavioral performance levels and quality control specifications for T1ρ, T2 scans used in single- and multi-center clinical trials of osteoarthritis and other trials assessing cartilage composition longitudinally with a focus on therapies to treat degenerative joint disease. While the emphasis is on clinical trials, this process is also intended to apply for clinical practice. The specific claims for accuracy are detailed below in the Claims.The specifications that must be met to achieve conformance with this Profile correspond to acceptable levels specified in the T1ρ, T2 Protocols. The aim of the QIBA Profile specifications is to minimize intra- and inter-subject, intra- and inter-platform, and inter-institutional variability of quantitative scan data due to factors other than the intervention under investigation. T1ρ and T2 studies performed according to the technical specifications of this QIBA Profile in clinical trials can provide quantitative data for single time-point assessments (e.g. disease burden, investigation of predictive and/or prognostic biomarker(s)) and/or for multi-time-point comparative assessments (e.g., response assessment, investigation of predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers of treatment efficacy).A motivation for the development of this Profile is that while a typical MR T1ρ and T2 measurement may be stable over days or weeks, this stability cannot be expected over the time that it takes to complete a clinical trial. In addition, there are well known differences between scanners and the operation of the same type of scanner at different imaging sites.The intended audiences of this document include:? Biopharmaceutical companies, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons, and clinical trial scientists designing trials with imaging endpoints.? Clinical research professionals.? Radiologists, technologists, physicists and administrators at healthcare institutions considering specifications for procuring new MRI equipment for cartilage measurements.? Radiologists, technologists, and physicists designing T1ρ and T2 acquisition protocols.? Radiologists, and other physicians making quantitative measurements from T1ρ and T2 sequence protocols.? Regulators, rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and others making decisions based on quantitative image measurements.? Technical staff of software and device manufacturers who create products for this purpose.Note that specifications stated as 'requirements' in this document are only requirements to achieve the claim, not 'requirements on standard of care.' Specifically, meeting the goals of this Profile is secondary to properly caring for the patient.2. Clinical Context and ClaimsClinical Context Osteoarthritis is a major health concern for our aging population and according to the National Center for Health Statistics the most frequent cause of disability in individuals older than 55 years. Given the devastating impact on mobility and professional activity biomarkers for better risk assessment, diagnosis at early stages and monitoring of osteoarthritis will have a significant impact on public health. Noninvasive imaging biomarkers that would provide this information will have an impact to transform health care delivery and management. There is a critical gap in the biomarker qualification process, which needs to be addressed in order to move these quantitative imaging biomarkers forward. This biomarker opportunity will allow to enhance development, potentially improve approval and facilitate application in the future. Cartilage compositional imaging biomarkers allow earlier diagnosis, better prediction and more sensitive monitoring of degenerative joint disease. In particular, compositional cartilage biomarkers represent quantitative measures that could reduce the size and duration as well as increase the objectivity of clinical, multi-center trials. The key advantage of these measures is earlier detection before cartilage loss has happened and providing a truly quantitative, reproducible measurement. Quantifying the cartilage composition and measuring longitudinal changes within subjects; i.e. evaluating increase or decrease in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times with image processing of MR scans acquired at different time points.Conformance to this Profile by all relevant staff and equipment supports the following claim(s):Claim 1A: Cartilage matrix T2 relaxation time values are measurable with MRI at 3T with a within-subject coefficient of variation of 4-5%. This claim applies to 3T scanners from the same vendor. Claim 1B: Cartilage matrix T1ρ relaxation time values are measurable with MRI at 3T with a within-subject coefficient of variation of 4-5%. This claim applies to 3T scanners from the same vendor. Claim 2A: A measured increase/decrease in T2 of 11-14% or more indicates that a true/critical change has occurred with 95% confidence. Claim 2B: A measured increase/decrease in T1ρ of 11-14% or more indicates that a true/critical change has occurred with 95% confidence. Important considerations and limitations: Details of the claim were derived from a review of the literature summarized in Appendix B.The Claim requires presence of a significant amount of cartilage to be present and that there is no significant loss of cartilage volume and there are no major defects in the measured area. In order to focus on subjects with less severe cartilage loss, analyses should be restricted to patients with Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) Score of 0-2. Claims do not apply for patients or subjects with KL scores ≥ 3. Claims were separated for T1ρ and T2 measures, in particular to indicate that cartilage T2 mapping sequences are available as a commercial product while T1ρ sequences are not. The current claims are for investigation of knee cartilage only. There are only a small number of studies using T1ρ and T2 at the hip, with less standardization of measurements. The hip may be added at a later stage. The Claims are applicable for single and multi-center studies using the same 3T MRI scanners from the same manufacturer. While it is anticipated that for multi-center studies with MR imaging performed using the same scanner and protocol for each patient at each time point this Claim will be met, we do not anticipate that at this time the Claim will be met for scanners from different manufacturers. For multi-center studies the Claim also requires the use of calibration phantoms. This Claim is based on semi-automatic or automatic cartilage segmentation using dedicated analysis software.While the Claim has been informed by an extensive review of the literature, it is currently a consensus Claim that has not yet been substantiated by studies that strictly conform to the specifications given here. In addition, we note that this Claim should be re-assessed for technology changes. A standard utilized by a sufficient number of studies does not exist to date. The expectation is that from future studies and/or field testing, data will be collected and changes made to this Claim or the Profile specifications accordingly.DiscussionThese claims are based on estimates of the cartilage measurement coefficient of variation (wCV) for intact cartilage without significant cartilage loss. For estimating the critical % change, the % Repeatability Coefficient (%RC) is used: 2.77 × wCV × 100.The 11-14% boundaries can be thought of as “error bars” or “noise” around the measurement of compositional change. If you measure change within this range, you cannot be certain that there has really been a change. However, if cartilage composition changes size beyond these limits, you can be 95% confident there has been a true change in the size of the tumor, and the perceived change is not just measurement variability. Note that this does not address the biological significance of the change, just the likelihood that the measured change is real. Note also, that if a one-sided claim (increase only) is proposed 9-12% change will be required while for a two-sided claim 11-14% is necessary. 3. Profile ActivitiesThe Profile is documented in terms of “Actors” performing “Activities”. Equipment, software, staff or sites may claim conformance to this Profile as one or more of the “Actors” in the following table. Conformant Actors shall support the listed Activities by conforming to all requirements in the referenced Section. Table 1: Actors and Required ActivitiesActorActivitySectionAcquisition DevicePre-delivery3.1.Subject Handling3.5.Image Data Acquisition3.6.TechnologistSubject Handling3.5.Image Data Acquisition3.6.Image Data Reconstruction3.7.RadiologistSubject Handling3.5.Image QA3.8.Image Analysis3.10.Reconstruction SoftwareImage Data Reconstruction3.7.Image Analysis ToolImage Analysis3.10.The requirements in this Profile do not codify a Standard of Care; they only provide guidance intended to achieve the stated Claim. Failing to conform to a “shall” in this Profile is a protocol deviation. Although deviations invalidate the Profile Claim, such deviations may be reasonable and unavoidable and the radiologist or supervising physician is expected to do so when required by the best interest of the patient or research subject. How study sponsors and others decide to handle deviations for their own purposes is entirely up to them. 3.1. Pre-deliveryThere are no onsite pre-delivery requirements. 3.2. InstallationInstallation and initial validation will be performed according to manufacturer-defined procedures and specifications. Pulse sequences, coils, phantom and segmentation software Pulse sequences will be installed and are based on the recommendations of the cross-calibration studies (see 3.6.). As coils have a significant impact on signal and measurements quadrature transmit/(minimum) eight-channel phased-array receive coils shall be used. In order to meet the claims identical coils need to be used for repeated, longitudinal measurements. Conventional flexible coils are not recommended as reproducibility was found to be limited unless special holders to improve reproducibility are used. Quality assurance: For repeated measurements, and if scanners at different sites are used a calibration phanom will be used to cross-calibrate the measurements across scanners and sites. Performance of the scanner, the coil and pulse sequences shall be tested and reliably meet the profile claims. A phantom which was used for a previous Arthritis Foundation funded study is currently available at several sites (see reference 4 below). This is an agarose gel phantom that was informally referred to as ‘GE-NBA study’ phantom and was manufactured by The Phantom Laboratory (P.O. Box 511, Salem, NY, 12865-0511 USA). Dr. Li is working with NIST Katy Keenan to develop a calibration phantom (with a built-in thermometer and allowing not only quantitative compositional but also geometric measurements) which can be made available for commercial use.Semi-automatic or automatic segmentation software needs to be installed that allows reproducible segmentation of the cartilage. 3.2.1 DiscussionMeasurements need to be calibrated with those performed at other sites using the same vendor and field strength. Not only should acquisition parameters including sequences be identical but analysis software needs to be standardized. The long term goal is to develop a calibration factor that allows to compare measurements of scanners from different manufacturers and sites. This requires a larger scale study and a R01 grant application has been funded with Dr. Xiaojuan Li being the PI. 3.2.2 SpecificationParameterActorRequirementQualification activitiesSite Shall perform qualification activities for MRI scanner, Scanner Operator, and Image Analyst to meet equipment (hardware and software), acquisition and image analysis required to achieve the claims Acquisition requirements Sequences Standardized sequences shall be installed as outlined in 3.6.Acquisitionrequirements Coils Transmit/receive quadrature /(minimum) eight-channel phased-array coilsAcquisition device performance PhantomCalibration phantoms will be used to validate measurements and test reproducibility (also to compare sites and for quality assurance) Acquisition Scanner operator (technologist, physicist) Calibration phantoms will be used to validate measurements and test reproducibility.Cartilage segmentationImage analyst Semi-automatic or automatic software that allows segmentation of cartilage with high reproducibility. 3.3. Periodic QARequired QA: Periodic QA procedures shall be performed once monthly using the calibration phantom developed for cartilage quantitative assessment (currently the phantom developed for AF foundation study PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Pc3RlcmdhYXJkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVh

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (1)) and the ACR phantom. Specific phantom holders need to be used to acquire the images. Monthly and annual QA analyses shall be performed using automated image analysis software (e.g. SimplyPhysics, Baltimore, MD for the ACR phantom). Hardware, software and coil changes/upgrades as well as change in calibration phantoms need dedicated QA sessions before and after the changes with calibration phantoms and human volunteers. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of different coils may vary substantially between different coils. Precision for each metric will be determined by first calculating the mean and variance of all measurements at the site individually. These calculations will be performed before and after any changes (see above) and will be pooled for overall reproducibility. The mean will be divided by the variance to determine the root-mean-square (RMS) coefficient-of-variation (CV%). All outliers are included in the calculation to provide a realistic representation of the MR system variation. Systematic differences in metric values will be evaluated using a two-sided paired Student’s t-test for each study period. Measurements will be compared to reference sites.3.3.1 DiscussionPerformance specifications need to be equally restrictive as variations allowed by the manufacturer or the ACR as described by Schneider et al for the OAI (1,2). Monthly QA with the phantoms should be used to identify and initiate service calls to correct drift or any other performance deficits in the MR system. Measurements should include signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), image uniformity, spatial accuracy, eddy current, spatial resolution and gradient calibration. Previous work by Schneider et al on the OAI project demonstrated that quantitative phantom measurements were stable and only minor changes were found over 8 years using 4 identical Siemens 3T MRI systems (1,2). Dardzinski et al showed that quadrature transmit/eight-channel phased-array receive coils provided higher SNR compared to quadrature transmit/receive coils (3). This resulted in improved reproducibility but also significantly longer T2 values for deep (all plates) and global (MT, cMF) cartilage. Li et al. published reproducibility data and variations between different coils, GE MR systems and sites (4). Single-Site Study: The phantom longitudinal RMS-CVs ranged from 1.8% to 2.7% for T1ρ and 1.8% to 2.8% for T2. Significant differences were found in T1ρ and T2 values using different MR systems and coils. Multi-Site Study: The phantom longitudinal RMS-CVs ranged from 1.3% to 2.6% for T1ρ and 1.2% to 2.7% for T2. Across three sites (n=16), the in-vivo scan-rescan RMS-CV was 3.1% and 4.0% for T1ρ and T2, respectively. Phantom T1ρ and T2 values were significantly different between three sites but highly correlated (R>0.99). No significant difference was found in T1ρ and T2 values of traveling controls, with cross-site RMS-CV as 4.9% and 4.4% for T1ρ and T2, respectively.More recently, Kim et al resported the inter-vendor inter-site reproducibility of T1ρ and T2 using MAPSS- T1ρ-T2 sequences at four sites with three vendors, Siemens, GE and Philips (5). The mean inter-site inter-vendor CVs in phantoms were 6.45% and 5.23% for T1ρ and T2, respectively. The mean inter-site inter-vendor CVs in traveling volunteers were 8.14% and 10.06% for T1ρ and T2, respectively It should be noted that phantom T2 measurements are sensitive to seasonal environmental fluctuations, such as temperature which may not only impact T2 values but may also impact detection electronics or overall power levels into the various system components. Calibration phantom needs to be stored in scanner room the night before the scan as temperature in scanner room is best controlled. Temperature has a significant impact on T2 and T1ρ values (presentation Dr. Peter Hardy during QIBA conference on October 16).References:Schneider E, Nessaiver M. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) magnetic resonance imaging quality assurance update. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(1):110-6.Schneider E, NessAiver M, White D, Purdy D, Martin L, Fanella L, Davis D, Vignone M, Wu G, Gullapalli R. The osteoarthritis initiative (OAI) magnetic resonance imaging quality assurance methods and results. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(9):994-1004. Dardzinski BJ, Schneider E. Radiofrequency (RF) coil impacts the value and reproducibility of cartilage spin-spin (T2) relaxation time measurements. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(5):710-20.Li X, Pedoia V, Kumar D, Rivoire J, Wyatt C, Lansdown D, Amano K, Okazaki N, Savic D, Koff MF, Felmlee J, Williams SL, Majumdar S. Cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times: longitudinal reproducibility and variations using different coils, MR systems and sites. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23(12):2214-23.Kim J, Mamoto K, Lartey R, Xu K, Tanaka M, Bahroos E, Winalski CS, Link TM, Hardy PA, Peng Q, Botto-van Bemden A, Liu K, Peters RD, Wu C, Li X, editors. Multi-vendor multi-site T1ρ and T2 quantification of knee cartilage. Annual Conference of International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM); 2019 May 13-16, 2019; Montreal, Canada 3.3.2 SpecificationParameterActorRequirementCalibration MRI PhysicistShall perform calibration monthly using T1ρ/T2 and ACR phantom. Shall record the date/time of the calibration for auditing.Acquisition Device and calibration phantomShall be capable of performing the Calibration Factor assessment.Shall record the most recent Calibration Factor for use in subsequent activities.QualificationPhysicistShall be a Qualified Medical Physicist (QMP) as defined by AAPM.3.4. Subject SelectionThis activity describes criteria and procedures related to the selection of appropriate imaging subjects that are necessary to reliably meet the Profile Claim. Subject selection should be based on the knowledge that patients with significant amounts of cartilage loss are not suited to undergo T1ρ or T2 measurements PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KdW5nbWFubjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (2). This is why only patients with relatively early disease or at least joint compartments with maintained cartilage should be examined. Indications for T1ρ and T2 measurements are:Overall goal is risk assessment and monitoring of interventions/management Patients with early disease (without significant joint space narrowing, ideally patients with no radiographic or only mild osteoarthritis consistent with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 0-2). Indications may be risk factors for osteoarthritis such as obesity, partial meniscectomy, family history, or high level of physical activity such as this found in runners or athletes.In acute and chronic injury T1ρ and T2 may provide information on the degree of cartilage matrix injury. In patients who are undergoing high tibial osteotomy or unicompartmental prostheses T1ρ and T2 measurements may provide information on the cartilage quality of the non-damaged joint compartment. T1ρ and T2 may also be used to monitor interventions such as weight loss PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HZXJzaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (6-8) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mosher</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>396</RecNum><DisplayText>(9)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="90wr2xfskspxf8e5sxc5s0whr529w0ewvsv9" timestamp="0">396</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mosher, T. J.</author><author>Smith, H. E.</author><author>Collins, C.</author><author>Liu, Y.</author><author>Hancy, J.</author><author>Dardzinski, B. J.</author><author>Smith, M. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Pennsylvania State University Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. tmosher@psu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Change in knee cartilage T2 at MR imaging after running: a feasibility study</title><secondary-title>Radiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Radiology</full-title></periodical><pages>245-9</pages><volume>234</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Cartilage, Articular/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Feasibility Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</keyword><keyword>Knee Joint/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&apos;t</keyword><keyword>Research Support, U.S. Gov&apos;t, P.H.S.</keyword><keyword>Running/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>15550376</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(9) or pharmacotherapy (limited evidence). T1ρ and T2 may be used to monitor cartilage repair maturation.T1ρ and T2 may be used to monitor cartilage changes after surgery (such as ACL reconstruction, meniscal repair). 3.4.1 DiscussionSee above 3.4.2 SpecificationParameterActorRequirementClinical findings Clinician Needs to know limitations and indications of T1ρ and T2 measurements.Radiologist Needs to know limitations and indications of T1ρ and T2 measurements.3.5. Subject HandlingThis activity describes details of handling imaging subjects that are necessary to reliably meet the Profile Claim.Subjects shall be examined after having rested in a seated position for 30 minutes. Patients should not have exercised on the day of the exam. They should not have performed any unusual, atypical physical activities (such as a marathon or an extended hike) 48 hours before the MRI examination. The entire process should not take longer than 1 – 2 hours; longer times deemed to result in push-back both by the radiology site and the patient.In order to achieve reproducible imaging positioning aids such as leg/knee holders or foam cushions shall be used. Ankles and legs need to be sandbagged during MRI scan to avoid motion in patients/volunteers. Subject-specific landmark shall be centered on the knee, which shall be located as close as is feasible to magnet isocenter. Reproducible positioning inside the coil is critical. DiscussionSubject handling is based on the fact that biomechanical loading may impact T1ρ and T2 measurements and potentially provide abnormal values which may be either too high ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Luke</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>943</RecNum><DisplayText>(7)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>943</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="90wr2xfskspxf8e5sxc5s0whr529w0ewvsv9" timestamp="1294163397">943</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Luke, A. C.</author><author>Stehling, C.</author><author>Stahl, R.</author><author>Li, X.</author><author>Kay, T.</author><author>Takamoto, S.</author><author>Ma, B.</author><author>Majumdar, S.</author><author>Link, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Anthony C. Luke, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Orthopaedics, 500 Parnassus Ave, MU-320W, San Francisco, CA 94143-0728, USA. lukea@orthosurg.ucsf.edu</auth-address><titles><title>High-field magnetic resonance imaging assessment of articular cartilage before and after marathon running: does long-distance running lead to cartilage damage?</title><secondary-title>Am J Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>2273-80</pages><volume>38</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/07/16</edition><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1552-3365 (Electronic)&#xD;0363-5465 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20631252</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> [pii]&#xD;10.1177/0363546510372799</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(7) or too low ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mosher</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>396</RecNum><DisplayText>(9)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="90wr2xfskspxf8e5sxc5s0whr529w0ewvsv9" timestamp="0">396</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mosher, T. J.</author><author>Smith, H. E.</author><author>Collins, C.</author><author>Liu, Y.</author><author>Hancy, J.</author><author>Dardzinski, B. J.</author><author>Smith, M. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Pennsylvania State University Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. tmosher@psu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Change in knee cartilage T2 at MR imaging after running: a feasibility study</title><secondary-title>Radiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Radiology</full-title></periodical><pages>245-9</pages><volume>234</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Cartilage, Articular/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Feasibility Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</keyword><keyword>Knee Joint/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&apos;t</keyword><keyword>Research Support, U.S. Gov&apos;t, P.H.S.</keyword><keyword>Running/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>15550376</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(9).Patient should be in a seated position prior to the scan for a minimum of 30 minutes to avoid changes in T1ρ and T2 related to biomechanical loading. Alternatively patient may be in a supine position for 30 minutes, or patient may be lying in the MRI scanner while non-quantitative sequences are performed (may be more difficult to standardize, however).The entire process should not take longer than 1 – 2 hours; longer times deemed to result in push-back both by the radiology site and the patient. It will be important to request information regarding subjects’ typical physical activities prior to selection. Physical activities defined as “moderate” or “strenuous” may vary from patient to patient and may need to be defined. As a general rule subjects should not engage in strenuous exercise within 48 hours prior to the scan (activity control). 3.4.2 SpecificationParameterActorRequirementExam preparation Technologist Need to make sure that patient rest 30 minutes before the scans and has not performed strenuous exercise with 48 hours of the exam. Radiologist See above 3.5. Image Data Acquisition Standardized T1ρ and T2 sequences (MAPSS): The T1ρ and T2 imaging sequence will be based on the magnetization-prepared angle-modulated partitioned k-space spoiled gradient echo snapshots (MAPSS) acquisition that were previously developed and have been validated in a multi-site multi-vendor study sponsored by the Arthritis Foundation, Fig. 1 (1-3) . The T1ρ preparation pulses contains continuous hard 90x (tip-down pulses) - spin lock pulses - 90°-x (tip-up pulses). Composite tip-up and tip down pulses are applied to improve robustness to B0 inhomogeneity (4). The phase of the second half of the spin-lock pulse is shifted 180 from the first half to reduce artifacts caused by B1 inhomogeneity (5). Multiple k-space lines (views per segmentation, VPS) are acquired immediately after each magnetization preparation. RF cycling is applied to eliminate the adverse impact of longitudinal relaxation on quantitative accuracy. This RF cycling scheme also yields a transient signal evolution that is independent of the prepared magnetization, and consequently the same variable flip angle train can be applied to provide a flat signal response to eliminate the filtering effect in k-space caused by transient signal evolution after each spin-lock. The T2 preparation contained an MLEV (Malcolm Levitt's composite-pulse decoupling sequence) train of nonselective composite 90°x180°y90 °x refocusing pulses. 304800237490Fig. 1: The MAPSS-based T1ρ and T2 imaging sequence is available as research prototypes on the three major MR vendors including GE, Simens and Philips. High resolution sequences for segmentation and registration: High resolution images are needed for performing reliable and reproducible cartilage segmentation, as well as registration between scans. 3D gradient-echo based sequences are normally recommended (SPGR on GE, FLASH or DESS on Siemens and FFE on Philips) (6).Parameters for the MAPSS and high resolution gradient echo sequences are provided in Table 1, which should also provide sufficient image quality and signal to noise ratio. Phantoms will be scanned at center, left (60 mm) and right (60 mm) using the protocol in Table 1 (T1ρ and T2 sequences only). Geometrical phantom included in the phantom (NIST) will be used for high-resolution imaging. Human subjects will sit at least 30 mins before scan to equilibrate the loading status of the joint. The subjects will be positioned according to the OAI protocol ( HYPERLINK ")" ). Sandbags and positioning straps will be used to ensure minimal motion during the scan and consistent positioning between subjects and scans. The imaging protocol is summarized in Table 1.References: Li X, Han E, Busse R, Majumdar S. In vivo T1ρ mapping in cartilage using 3D magnetization-prepared angle-modulated partitioned k-space spoiled gradient echo snapshots (3D MAPSS). Magn Reson Med. 2008;59(2):298-307.Li X, Wyatt C, Rivoire J, Han E, Chen W, Schooler J, et al. Simultaneous acquisition of T1ρ and T2 quantification in knee cartilage: repeatability and diurnal variation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(5):1287-93. doi: 10.1002/jmri.24253. PubMed PMID: 23897756; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3844010.Kim J, Mamoto K, Lartey R, Xu K, Tanaka M, Bahroos E, Winalski CS, Link TM, Hardy PA, Peng Q, Botto-van Bemden A, Liu K, Peters RD, Wu C, Li X, editors. Multi-vendor multi-site T1ρ and T2 quantification of knee cartilage. Annual Conference of International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM); 2019 May 13-16, 2019; Montreal, CanadaDixon WT, Oshinski JN, Trudeau JD, Arnold BC, Pettigrew RI. Myocardial suppression in vivo by spin locking with composite pulses. Magn Reson Med. 1996;36(1):90-4. PubMed PMID: 8795026.Charagundla SR, Borthakur A, Leigh JS, Reddy R. Artifacts in T(1rho)-weighted imaging: correction with a self-compensating spin-locking pulse. J Magn Reson. 2003;162(1):113-21. PubMed PMID: 12762988.Wirth W, Nevitt M, Hellio Le Graverand MP, Benichou O, Dreher D, Davies RY, Lee J, Picha K, Gimona A, Maschek S, Hudelmaier M,?Eckstein F;?OAI?investigators. Sensitivity to change of cartilage morphometry using coronal?FLASH, sagittal?DESS, and coronal MPR?DESS?protocols--comparative data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010 Apr 18(4):547-54.3.5.1 DISCUSSIONGradient-echo based sequences provide the most optimal delineation of cartilage edges and therefore are considered the gold reference sequences for cartilage segmentation and quantification. Spin-echo based sequences tend to have signal loss at the deep layer of cartilage, although 3D fast spin-echo sequences (such as CUBE/SPACE on GE/Siemens) have also been used in the literature for cartilage segmentation (1). In summary based on results of previous work we would recommend Gradient-echo based sequences as standards for segmentation. Multi spin multi echo (MSME) sequences have been used to measure cartilage T2 in previous studies, such as the OAI. While these sequences are available as products from all major MR vendors and have shown good reproducibility across different sites for one vendor (Siemens), Balamoody et al reported significant differences in T2 measures between vendors, with inter-vendor mean?T2?differences ranged 5.4 to 10.0 ms (10%~25%) (2). The sequence is also prone to variations introduced by stimulated echoes and magnetization transfer effect (3). In OAI protocol, the first echo needs to be skipped during T2 fitting in order to minimize the potential bias. References:Chen CA, Kijowski R, Shapiro LM, Tuite MJ, Davis KW, Klaers JL, Block WF, Reeder SB, Gold GE. Cartilage morphology at 3.0T: assessment of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32(1):173-83.Balamoody S, Williams TG, Wolstenholme C, Waterton JC, Bowes M, Hodgson R, et al. Magnetic resonance transverse relaxation time T2 of knee cartilage in osteoarthritis at 3-T: a cross-sectional multicentre, multivendor reproducibility study. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(4):511-20. Epub 2012/10/12. doi: 10.1007/s00256-012-1511-5. PubMed PMID: 23053200.Maier CF, Tan SG, Hariharan H, Potter HG. T2 quantitation of articular cartilage at 1.5T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003; 17(3):358-364.3.5.2 SpecificationTable 1. Suggested Imaging Protocols (for all vendors) ?High Res Grad. Echo3D T1ρ 3D T2Pulse SequenceDESS/SPGR/MFFEMAPSSMAPSSTA6~8 min6~12 min (for 4-8 echo images)6~12 min (for 4-8 echo images)Matrix (freq × phase)~384 × 300256~320 × 128~160256~320 × 128~160Number of Slices96 ~ 16024~3224~32Slice thickness (mm)0.7 ~ 13~43~4FOV (mm)140 ~ 160140 ~ 160140 ~ 160Flip Angle (deg)10~25VFAVFATE (ms)MIN (3~6)MIN (2~4)MIN (2~4)TR (ms)MIN (8~15)MIN (6~9)MIN (6~9)Bandwidth (Hz/Px)~186~400~400Time of spin-lock (TSL)/Prepared TE (ms)0/10/40/800/10/30/60Sequence is currently a research sequence and not generally available, however, sequences/patch may be obtained though a point person from the vendor or through special webpages. Contact details to get MAPSS-T1ρ-T2 sequence/patch: The MAPSS-T1ρ-T2 patch is not certified by the vendors and is not supposed to be considered as a medical device provided by the vendors.Philips: The MAPSS-T1ρ-T2 sequence on Philips can be disseminated as a site-to-site collaboration between Philips sites who are interested in having the sequence and Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Please contact both Dr. Chris Peng ( HYPERLINK "mailto:dr.chrispeng@" dr.chrispeng@) at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Dr. Can Wu ( HYPERLINK "mailto:can.wu@" can.wu@) at Philips. The site needs to have research agreement with Philips and clinical science keys that allow patch installation on the scanner.Siemens: The MAPSS-T1ρ-T2 sequence on Siemens can be disseminated as a site-to-site collaboration (C2P) between the Siemens sites who are interested in having the sequence and the Cleveland Clinic. Please contact both Dr. Xiaojuan Li ( HYPERLINK "mailto:lix6@" lix6@) at Cleveland Clinic and Dr. Kecheng Liu ( HYPERLINK "mailto:kecheng.liu@siemens-" kecheng.liu@siemens-) at Siemens. The sites needs to have research agreement with Simens and IDEA license.GE: With support from Dr. Sharmila Majumdar, UCSF, GE has the MAPSS-T1ρ-T2 sequence available through the GE Collaboration website (URL:? HYPERLINK "" ). For GE sites who have (1) an EPIC license and (2) have signed the software sharing agreement, they can have access the list of available third party research prototypes and contact details. In the case of GE sites who are interested in getting the MAPSS prototype, they would need to have both (1) and (2) above, they will enter the software sharing website and find the contact info for Misung Han, PhD at UCSF. Dr. Han will then cross-check their name with GE’s software sharing list and grant them access to the MAPSS prototype on Dr. Han’s managed github folder. 3.6. Image Data Analysis Global and compartment specific analysis: Cartilage will be segmented on high-resolution gradient echo images. Six compartments will be defined: patella (P), trochlea (TrF), lateral and medial femoral condyles (LF and MF), lateral and medial tibiae (LT and MT). The LF/MF and LT/MT can be further divided into sub-compartment with regard to the menisci as shown in Fig. 2. The segmentation will be overlaid to T1ρ and T2 maps. Mean and standard deviation of T1ρ and T2 values will be calculated for each defined compartments.High-resolution anatomic images, as well as all T1ρ- and T2-weighted images will be registered to the first echo of the T1ρ-weighted images. The T1ρ and T2 maps will be reconstructed pixel-by-pixel by fitting the T1ρ- and T2-weighted images based on equations S(TSL) =S0exp(-TSL/ T1ρ) and S(TE) =S0exp(-TE/ T2), with or without noise components, respectively.Semi-automatic or automatic segmentation software shall be be used. Fig. 2. Cartilage compartments (left ) and anatomical lables of knee joint cartilage plates (right) according to reference (1,2). (P=patella, TrF=trochlea, LT=lateral tibia, MT=medial tibia, cLF=central lateral femur, pLF=posterior lateral femur, cMF=central medial femur, pMF=posterior medial femur) Lesion specific analysis: Lesion specific analysis for areas of cartilage repair and evolving cartilage lesions will be performed according to a previously published study PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LcmV0enNjaG1hcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1ll

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (11)/(3). Regions of interest will be manually drawn around the lesion area in all slices. The surrounding cartilage will be used as a control region. The segmentation of the “surrounding” cartilage will include all the remaining clearly distinguishable cartilage of the articular plate of one of the following anatomical regions: medial (MFC) or lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial (MT) or lateral tibia (LT), patella (PAT) or trochlea (TRO) (Fig.3). Analysis will take magic angle effects into consideration.Fig. 3: Segmented lesion in red and surrounding control cartilage in black. 3.6.1 DiscussionIn clinical trials, centralized data processing is needed to avoid variation introduced by different software for relaxation time fitting and cartilage segmentation.To perform registration between different T1ρ- and T2-weighted images will minimize bias introduced by potential subject motion during data acquisition. Rigid registration is normally sufficient between different echo images of T1ρ and T2 imaging. Piece-wise (separated for each bone) rigid registration or non-rigid registration will be needed to register between the high-resolution anatomical images and T1ρ and T2 images.Non-linear fitting is recommended which provides more reliable results compared to linear fitting (4,5). At least three echoes images are needed for reliable fitting. With more than six echo images, three parameter fitting (with noise components) can provide more reliable fitting results but comes at a cost of longer scan times. This profile focused on mono-exponential fitting. Bi-exponential or multi-exponential decay fitting will require larger number of echoes and higher SNR of images.There is a rich literature for cartilage segmentation methods, including manual, semi-automatic and automatic-segmentation methods (6). The operator needs to be trained rigorously if manual or semi-automatic segmentation will be used. More recently, deep-learning based methods have been developed for automatic segmentation of cartilage (7-9). Such automatic segmentation methods are promising for facilitating future clinical translation of advanced quantitiative imaging techniques.3.6.2 SpecificationParameterActorRequirementGlobal analysis TechnologistPerform manual, semi-automatic or automatic segmentation and including registration ResearcherPerform manual, semi-automatic or automatic segmentation and including registration Lesion specific analysis Technologist/radiologist Perform manual, semi-automatic segmentation of lesion and surrounding tissue References: Eckstein F, Ateshian G, Burgkart R, Burstein D, Cicuttini F, Dardzinski B, Gray M, Link TM, Majumdar S, Mosher T, Peterfy C, Totterman S, Waterton J, Winalski CS, Felson D. Proposal for a nomenclature for magnetic resonance imaging based measures of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14(10):974-83. Epub 2006/05/30. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.03.005. PubMed PMID: 16730462.Pedoia V, Su F, Amano K, Li Q, McCulloch CE, Souza RB, et al. Analysis of the articular cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times changes after ACL reconstruction in injured and contralateral knees and relationships with bone shape. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(3):707-17. Epub 2016/08/25. doi: 10.1002/jor.23398. PubMed PMID: 27557479.Kretzschmar M, Nevitt MC, Schwaiger BJ, Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Link TM. Spatial distribution and temporal progression of T2 relaxation time values in knee cartilage prior to the onset of cartilage lesions - data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(5):737-45.Koff MF, Amrami KK, Felmlee JP, Kaufman KR. Bias of cartilage T2 values related to method of calculation. Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;26(9):1236-43. Epub 2008/05/10. PubMed PMID: 18467063; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2615234.Raya JG, Dietrich O, Horng A, Weber J, Reiser MF, Glaser C. T2 measurement in articular cartilage: impact of the fitting method on accuracy and precision at low SNR. Magn Reson Med. 2010;63(1):181-93. doi: 10.1002/mrm.22178. PubMed PMID: 19859960.Pedoia V, Majumdar S, Link TM. Segmentation of joint and musculoskeletal tissue in the study of arthritis. MAGMA. 2016;29(2):207-21. Epub 2016/02/26. doi: 10.1007/s10334-016-0532-9. PubMed PMID: 26915082.Liu F, Zhou Z, Jang H, Samsonov A, Zhao G, Kijowski R. Deep convolutional neural network and 3D deformable approach for tissue segmentation in musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2018;79(4):2379-91. Epub 2017/07/25. doi: 10.1002/mrm.26841. PubMed PMID: 28733975; PMCID: PMC6271435.Norman B, Pedoia V, Majumdar S. Use of 2D U-Net Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Cartilage and Meniscus Segmentation of Knee MR Imaging Data to Determine Relaxometry and Morphometry. Radiology. 2018;288(1):177-85. Epub 2018/03/28. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018172322. PubMed PMID: 29584598; PMCID: PMC6013406.Gaj S, Yang M, Nakamura K, Li X. Automated cartilage and meniscus segmentation of knee MRI with conditional generative adversarial networks. Magn Reson Med. 2019. Epub 2019/12/04. doi: 10.1002/mrm.28111. PubMed PMID: 31793071.Eckstein F, Ateshian G, Burgkart R, Burstein D, Cicuttini F, Dardzinski B, Gray M, Link TM, Majumdar S, Mosher T, Peterfy C, Totterman S, Waterton J, Winalski CS, Felson D. Proposal for a nomenclature for magnetic resonance imaging based measures of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14(10):974-83. Epub 2006/05/30. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.03.005. PubMed PMID: 16730462.Pedoia V, Su F, Amano K, Li Q, McCulloch CE, Souza RB, et al. Analysis of the articular cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times changes after ACL reconstruction in injured and contralateral knees and relationships with bone shape. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(3):707-17. Epub 2016/08/25. doi: 10.1002/jor.23398. PubMed PMID: 27557479.3.7. Data Interpretation Using standardized acquisition parameters (described in 3.6.) and image analysis (described in 3.7) as well as calibration phantoms standardized T1ρ and T2 values are generated. T1ρ and T2 values will be reported for the global knee and 6 cartilage compartments (patella, trochlea, medial and lateral femur and tibia). Based on the claim of our profile data interpretation will focus on longitudinal changes of cartilage composition. Alternatively we can focus on the contralateral knee as a reference, but given that cartilage degeneration in the contralateral may be asymptomatic this approach has limitations. The long term goal is to develop a reference database of normal, healthy individuals. However, reference databases are not part of QIBA profiles, and we believe that this is beyond the scope of our profile. In the discussion we have included previous studies that describe a reference database for T2 measurements and a risk score.3.7.1 DiscussionA normal reference database would include healthy individuals that would be defined as men and women who have no signs or symptoms of OA. This would include no knee pain, no radiographic knee OA (KL0 and 1) and no cartilage defects on MRI. Given the high prevalence of cartilage lesions in asymptomatic and KL0/1 knees compartment specific reference values would be generated for cartilage T1ρ and T2. An age range from 20-80 years would be useful. Given the complexity of generating normative values it would be important to use cross-calibration to be able to apply reference data for different scanners and sites. In addition to provide a more standardized approach to therapy Z-scores would be introduced. Analogous to BMD measurements a Z-score >2 could be defined as significantly increased risk of progressive knee joint degeneration (using radiographic and MRI structural outcomes). In addition risk scores could be developed that would include clinical and radiographic parameters (presence/absence of risk factors) and allow to better predict risk scores. See discussion below. To date a large scale normative cartilage T2 database is available from the Osteoarthritis Inititiative data PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Kb3NlcGg8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (12). This gender, age and BMI-specific reference database of cartilage T2 values is based on 481 subjects aged 45-65 years with radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence Scores 0/1 in the study knee. Baseline T2 measurements (resolution = 0.313 mm x 0.446 mm) were performed in the medial and lateral femurs, medial and lateral tibias, and patella compartments and a logarithmic transformation was applied to the data to obtain the 5th-95th percentile values for T2. This database demonstrated significant differences in mean cartilage T2 values between joint compartments. Although females had slightly higher T2 values than males in a majority of compartments, the differences were only significant in the medial femur (P < 0.0001). A weak positive association was seen between age and T2 in all compartments, most pronounced in the patella (3.27% increase in median T2/10 years, P = 0.009). Significant associations between BMI and T2 were observed, most pronounced in the lateral tibia (5.33% increase in median T2/5 kg/m(2) increase in BMI, P < 0.0001), and medial tibia (4.81% increase in median T2 /5 kg/m(2) increase in BMI, P < 0.0001). Table 1: Reference database of percentiles of T2 values (in ms) in subjects with compartment-specific cartilage scores of WORMS 0/1 subdivided by gender*N5%10%25%50%75%90%95%Females Lateral Femur23630.93631.71833.06934.63936.28437.83038.785 Lateral Tibia21225.64726.66128.44730.57432.86035.06136.448 Medial Femur22534.09234.92536.36238.03039.77541.41242.423 Medial Tibia25026.83827.78129.43231.38333.46435.45336.698 Patella16327.74828.71130.39632.38734.50836.53337.801Males Lateral Femur20730.97931.66132.83534.19235.60436.92537.738 Lateral Tibia19225.37126.44028.32830.58833.02735.38636.877 Medial Femur19833.47634.21935.49736.97438.51439.95240.838 Medial Tibia21827.28728.28730.04232.12234.34636.47737.814 Patella17227.63728.58230.23332.18234.25636.23537.473* A logarithmic transformation was applied to the data to obtain a normal distribution, and percentile values of the log-transformed T2 data were calculated (using means and standard deviations) in each compartment. Finally, the data was reverse-transformed to quantify T2 values for various percentiles of the sample.Figure 4: Association between age and cartilage T2 in each joint compartment (with WORMS scores of 0/1). Figure shows adjusted means with 95% confidence intervals. To address standardization issues related to hardware and software Z-scores shall be used; global and compartment specific Z-scores for T1ρ and T2 values are obtained by calculating the standard deviation compared to healthy reference global or compartment specific cartilage using the equation: Z-score = Measured cartilage T2-Reference cartilage T2 mean Reference cartilage T2 SDUsing these standardized values, an individual’s risk for progressive degenerative changes in the knee may be predicted, similar to the role of T-scores for bone mineral density in osteoporosis. Joseph et al calculated cartilage T2 Z-scores based on the probability of structural worsening of knee cartilage and whole joint degeneration over 4-8 years PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Kb3NlcGg8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (13). They studied right knees with radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades of 0-2 in 587 participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). 3T MRI images were used to perform baseline cartilage T2 quantification and assess 4-year changes in morphologic cartilage damage (WORMS scoring) in 5 cartilage regions (medial/lateral femur, medial/lateral tibia, patella). Changes in radiographic joint Space Narrowing (JSN) and KL grade were assessed over 8 years. T2 Z-scores were based on a reference database of knees without morphologic cartilage degeneration at baseline. Odds ratios for, and predicted probabilities of any worsening in WORMS cartilage, JSN and KL grade were obtained from logistic regression models. They found that a one unit increase in the baseline medial femur T2 Z-score was associated with cartilage worsening in the same region (odds ratio: 1.59; p<0.0001 and in any region (OR: 1.37; p<0.0001), and with worsening JSN (OR: 1.82; p < 0.0001) and KL grades (OR: 1.69; p<0.0001). Predicted probabilities of worsening in knees with a medial femur T2 Z-score from 2-4 were 38% for WORMS cartilage in the medial femur, 70% in any region, 28% for increasing JSN and 31% for increasing KL grade. Based on their study cartilage T2 values that are 2 to 4 SDs above the mean reference values (especially in the medial femur) are significantly more likely to have structural worsening of knee OA over 4 to 8 years. Figure 5: The predicted probability of worsening of KL score over 8 years (orange), joint space narrowing (JSN) change over 8 years (green), WORMS score in the medial femur over 4 years (MF, red), and WORMS change in any region over years (blue). Modeled values are based on logistic regression models with baseline cartilage T2 Z-score in the medial femur as a predictor. For all outcomes, the probability of incidence/progression increases as a function of cartilage T2 Z-score in the medial femur. The table shows the associated probabilities of incidence/progression based on categorical values of cartilage T2 Z-scores in the medial femur.By defining a Z-score of greater 2 as indicating an increased risk of joint degeneration we would eliminate absolute T2 and T1ρ values in data interpretation. We would still need normal reference values for an individual Similar to the FRAX tool, which predicts fracture risk in patients with osteopenia, a tool to predict advanced/endstage OA can also be developed by using a combination of clinical and MRI-based measures. This would allow to implement preventative measures at early stages of the disease. Joseph et al. developed a risk prediction tool for moderate-severe OA (TOARP) over 8 years based on subject characteristics, knee radiographs, and MRI data at baseline using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Joseph</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1403</RecNum><DisplayText>(14)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="90wr2xfskspxf8e5sxc5s0whr529w0ewvsv9" timestamp="1512454559">1403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Joseph, G. B.</author><author>McCulloch, C. E.</author><author>Nevitt, M. C.</author><author>Neumann, J.</author><author>Gersing, A. S.</author><author>Kretzschmar, M.</author><author>Schwaiger, B. J.</author><author>Lynch, J. A.</author><author>Heilmeier, U.</author><author>Lane, N. E.</author><author>Link, T. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.&#xD;Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.&#xD;Department of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Tool for osteoarthritis risk prediction (TOARP) over 8 years using baseline clinical data, X-ray, and MRI: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative</title><secondary-title>J Magn Reson Imaging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Magn Reson Imaging</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>Mri</keyword><keyword>cartilage T2</keyword><keyword>osteoarthritis</keyword><keyword>risk model</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1522-2586 (Electronic)&#xD;1053-1807 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29143404</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(14). They selected 641 subjects with no/mild radiographic OA (Kellgren-Lawrence [KL] 0-2) and no clinically significant symptoms (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index [WOMAC] 0-1) at baseline. Compartment-specific cartilage and meniscus morphology and cartilage T2 were assessed. Baseline subject demographics, risk factors, KL score, cartilage WORMS score, presence of meniscus tear, and cartilage T2 were used to predict the development of moderate/severe OA (KL = 3-4 or WOMAC pain >/=5 or total knee replacement [TKR]) over 8 years. Best subsets variable selection followed by cross-validation were used to assess which combinations of variables best predict moderate/severe OA. Model 1 included KL score, previous knee injury in the last 12 months, age, gender, and BMI. Model 2 included all variables in Model 1 plus presence of cartilage defects in the lateral femur and patella, and presence of a meniscal tear. Model 3 included all variables in Models 1 and 2, plus cartilage T2 in the medial tibia and medial femur. Compared to Model 1 (cross-validated AUC = 0.67), Model 3 performed significantly better (AUC = 0.72, P = 0.04), while Model 2 showed a statistical trend (AUC = 0.71, P = 0.08). We established a risk calculator for the development of moderate/severe knee OA over 8 years that includes radiographic and MRI data. The inclusion of MRI-based morphological abnormalities and cartilage T2 significantly improved model performance. Figure 6: (a) A graphic of the Risk Score calculator, (b) An illustration of the effects of cartilage T2 on OA risk prediction, while keeping the subject characteristics including KL and WORMS scores constant. As cartilage T2 increases, the risk for OA development increases, as illustrated by the red areas in the “high risk” T2 map.3.8.2 SpecificationParameterActorRequirement4. Assessment Procedures: To conform to this Profile, participating staff and equipment (“Actors”) shall support each activity assigned to them in Table 1. To support an activity, the actor shall conform to the requirements (indicated by “shall language”) listed in the specifications table of the activity subsection in Section 3.Although most of the requirements described in Section 3 can be assessed for conformance by direct observation, some of the performance-oriented requirements cannot, in which case the requirement will reference an assessment procedure in a subsection here in Section 4. Formal claims of conformance by the organization responsible for an Actor shall be in the form of a published QIBA Conformance Statement. Vendors publishing a QIBA Conformance Statement shall provide a set of “Model-specific Parameters” (as shown in Appendix D) describing how their product was configured to achieve conformance. Vendors shall also provide access or describe the characteristics of the test set used for conformance testing. 4.1. Assessment Procedure: T1ρ and T2 of cartilageThis procedure can be used by a vendor, physicist, or an imaging site to assess the cartilage T1ρ/T2 using MRI. For T1ρ/T2 use as a quantitative imaging biomarker of cartilage quality, it is essential to ensure quality assurance of the acquisition and image processing methodology. For T1ρ/T2 MR image acquisition, it is important to consider the availability of: Appropriate imaging equipment Experienced MR technologists for the imaging procedure Procedures to ensure standardized image analysis techniques Imaging Equipment As outlined in Section 3.2, installation and initial functional validation shall be performed according to manufacturer-defined procedures and specifications. This includes specific guidelines on the MRI scanner including coils, sequences and calibration phantom. The recommended field strength is 3 Tesla.The scanner must be under quality assurance and quality control processes as outlined by local institution and vendor requirements. The scanner software version should be identified and tracked across time. Periodic QA procedures should be performed once monthly using the calibration phantom developed for cartilage quantitative assessment (work in progress Dr. Li) and the ACR phantom.ParameterActorRequirementImaging equipment Physicist As outlined in Section 3.2, installation and initial functional validation shall be performed according to manufacturer-defined procedures and specifications. Specific guidelines for the MRI scanner include coils, sequences and calibration phantom. The preferred field strength is 3 Tesla.Imaging Procedure MR technologists or other site personnel performing T1ρ/T2 MR image acquisition should be MR-certified according to site-specific local or institutional requirements. These individuals should be trained or have prior experience in conducting T1ρ/T2 MR image acquisition as outlined in Section 3.6. A standard imaging phantom for standardized image acquisition and processing procedures is required but to date such an imaging phantom is not available (work in progress Dr. Li).ParameterActorRequirementImaging procedureTechnologist/MRI operator MR technologists or other site personnel performing T1ρ/T2 MR image acquisition should be MR-certified according to site-specific local or institutional requirements. These individuals should be trained or have prior experience in conducting T1ρ/T2 MR image acquisition as outlined in Section 3.6. A standard imaging phantom for standardized image acquisition and processing procedures is required.Imaging Analysis To date image analysis software is not standardized across vendors, however, artificial/machine learning based algorithms are currently developed for cartilage segmentation and may eventually facilitate and standardize image analysis across sites and vendors. The cartilage segmentation obtained in high resolution gradient echo sequences will be overlaid to the first echo of the T1ρ and T2 maps (see 3.7). Mean and standard deviation of T1ρ and T2 values will be calculated in standardized compartments (patella, trochlea, medial and lateral femur and tibia) (see 3.7). Compartments may be subsegmented (deep and superficial layer) and texture analysis may be performed. Test-Retest Conformance Study Actors will demonstrate conformance to the profile through a test-retest repeatability study which will be performed in phantoms and a group of healthy volunteers. The specific situations in which it is required to assess conformity include:Vendor software upgrades for sequences New surface coils.These requirements apply to a specific site. Similar repeatability studies are required for cross-calibration across different sites. An important assumption underlying the claim is that the image analysis software has a within-subject test-retest coefficient of variation (wCV) of 4-5% (or percent repeatability coefficient (RC) of 11-14%). In order to test this assumption, N=40 normal subjects will be imaged, with each subject imaged twice on the same day (and additionally, some of these subjects may return for a third scan within one week). Subject selection and handling should be performed as outlined in Section 3.4 and 3.5. Following the T1ρ and T2 acquisition on day 1, subjects will be asked to stand and are repositioned for a second T1ρ and T2 exam. A third T1ρ and T2 exam should be performed within 7 days. The data is reconstructed and analyzed using the techniques outlined in Section 3.7.For each case, calculate the T1p (and T2) for the first replicate measurement (denoted Yi1) and for the second replicate measurement (Yi2) where i denotes the i-th case. For each case, calculate: di=[(Yi1-Yi2){(Yi1+Yi2)/2}]×100. Calculate: wCV=i=1Ndi2 /(2×N), where N=40. Construct the 95% CI for wCV. If the upper bound <5%, then conformance has been met. References ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1.Ostergaard M, Bird P, Gandjbakhch F, Eshed I, Haugen IK, Haavardsholm EA, et al. The OMERACT MRI in Arthritis Working Group - Update on Status and Future Research Priorities. J Rheumatol. 2015.2.Jungmann PM, Kraus MS, Nardo L, Liebl H, Alizai H, Joseph GB, et al. T(2) relaxation time measurements are limited in monitoring progression, once advanced cartilage defects at the knee occur: longitudinal data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;38(6):1415-24.3.Gersing AS, Solka M, Joseph GB, Schwaiger BJ, Heilmeier U, Feuerriegel G, et al. Progression of cartilage degeneration and clinical symptoms in obese and overweight individuals is dependent on the amount of weight loss: 48-month data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(7):1126-34.4.Serebrakian AT, Poulos T, Liebl H, Joseph GB, Lai A, Nevitt MC, et al. Weight loss over 48 months is associated with reduced progression of cartilage T2 relaxation time values: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;41(5):1272-80.5.Gersing AS, Schwaiger BJ, Nevitt MC, Zarnowski J, Joseph GB, Feuerriegel G, et al. Weight loss regimen in obese and overweight individuals is associated with reduced cartilage degeneration: 96-month data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(6):863-70.6.Lin W, Alizai H, Joseph GB, Srikhum W, Nevitt MC, Lynch JA, et al. Physical activity in relation to knee cartilage T2 progression measured with 3 T MRI over a period of 4 years: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(10):1558-66.7.Luke AC, Stehling C, Stahl R, Li X, Kay T, Takamoto S, et al. High-field magnetic resonance imaging assessment of articular cartilage before and after marathon running: does long-distance running lead to cartilage damage? Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(11):2273-80.8.Stehling C, Luke A, Stahl R, Baum T, Pan J, Link TM. Meniscal T1rho and T2 measured with 3.0T MRI increases after running a Marathon. Euro Radiol. 2009;submitted.9.Mosher TJ, Smith HE, Collins C, Liu Y, Hancy J, Dardzinski BJ, et al. Change in knee cartilage T2 at MR imaging after running: a feasibility study. Radiology. 2005;234(1):245-9.10.Eckstein F, Ateshian G, Burgkart R, Burstein D, Cicuttini F, Dardzinski B, et al. Proposal for a nomenclature for magnetic resonance imaging based measures of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14(10):974-83.11.Kretzschmar M, Nevitt MC, Schwaiger BJ, Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Link TM. Spatial distribution and temporal progression of T2 relaxation time values in knee cartilage prior to the onset of cartilage lesions - data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(5):737-45.12.Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Heilmeier U, Nardo L, Lynch JA, et al. A reference database of cartilage 3 T MRI T2 values in knees without diagnostic evidence of cartilage degeneration: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23(6):897-905.13.Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Gersing AS, Schwaiger BJ, Kretzschmar M, et al. Medial femur T2 Z-scores predict the probability of knee structural worsening over 4-8 years: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;46(4):1128-36.14.Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Neumann J, Gersing AS, Kretzschmar M, et al. Tool for osteoarthritis risk prediction (TOARP) over 8 years using baseline clinical data, X-ray, and MRI: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017.AppendicesAppendix A: Acknowledgements and AttributionsAppendix B: Background InformationReferences:Studies supporting Claim 1 Schneider E, Nessaiver M. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) magnetic resonance imaging quality assurance update. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Jan;21(1):110-6Li X, Pedoia V, Kumar D, Rivoire J, Wyatt C, Lansdown D, Amano K, Okazaki N, Savic D, Koff MF, Felmlee J, Williams SL, Majumdar S. Cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times: longitudinal reproducibility and variations using different coils, MR systems and sites. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015 Dec;23(12):2214-2223. Li X, Wyatt C, Rivoire J, Han E, Chen W, Schooler J, Liang F, Shet K, Souza R, Majumdar S. Simultaneous acquisition of T1ρ and T2 quantification in knee cartilage: repeatability and diurnal variation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 May;39(5):1287-93Jordan CD, McWalter EJ, Monu UD, et al. Variability of CubeQuant T1ρ, quantitative DESS T2, and cones sodium MRI in knee cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014;22:1559–1567Appendix C: Conventions and Definitions Appendix E: Checklists E.1. Site Checklist/ periodic QA ParameterConform (y/n)RequirementSite optionSite Qualification (Section 3.2) Qualification activities □ Yes □ NoShall perform qualification activities for MRI scanner, Scanner Operator, and Image Analyst to meet equipment (hardware and software), acquisition and image analysis required to achieve the claims □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Periodic QA (Section 3.3)Periodic QA □ Yes □ NoShall perform calibration monthly using T1ρ/T2 and ACR phantom. Shall record the date/time of the calibration for auditing.□ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: E.2 Subject handling ParameterConform (y/n)RequirementSite optionSubject selection (Section 3.4)Clinical information □ Yes □ NoOnly patients without significant cartilage loss (KL 0-2) decided by clinician and/or radiologist □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Subject handling (Section 3.5)Patient handling □ Yes □ NoPatient shall rest 30 minutes before the scans and not have performed strenuous exercise with 48 hours of the exam.□ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: E.3 Image data acquisition/ Scanner Operator Checklist ParameterConform (y/n)RequirementSite optionImage data acquisition (3.6.)Protocol □ Yes □ NoShall check that implemented scan protocol parameters comply with the scan protocol requirements as detailed in the profile specifications in 3.6.2□ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Patient positioning □ Yes □ NoIn order to achieve reproducible images standardized leg/knee holders should be used. Ankles and legs need to be sandbagged during MRI scan to avoid motion in patients/volunteers. Subject-specific landmark shall be centered on the knee, which shall be located as close as is feasible to magnet isocenter.□ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Scan parameters □ Yes □ NoSubject-specific adjustments within allowed parameter ranges (Table 3.6.2) shall be made to suit body habitus. Parameter adjustments for a given subject shall be constant for serial scans. □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Acquisition hardware □ Yes □ NoThe same scanner and coil shall be used for baseline measurement and a subsequent longitudinal measurement for detecting change in T1ρ and T2. □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Image data reconstruction □ Yes □ NoStandard image data reconstruction □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Image distribution □ Yes □ No From the scanner to workstations for image analysis Patient confidentialty rules will apply □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: E.4 Image Analysis Checklist ParameterConform (y/n)RequirementSite optionImage analysis (3.7.)Cartilage segmentation □ Yes □ NoCartilage shall be segmented on high-resolution gradience echo images. Segmentations will be registered to the first echo of the T1ρ-weighted images. Semi-automatic or automatic segmentation software shall be used. □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Compartments □ Yes □ NoSix compartments shall be defined: patella (P), trochlea (TrF), lateral and medial femoral condyles (LF and MF), lateral and medial tibiae (LT and MT).The LF/MF and LT/MT can be further divided into sub-compartments □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: Lesions □ Yes □ NoLesion specific analysis: Regions of interest will be manually drawn around the lesion area in all slices. Control region: The segmentation of the “surrounding” cartilage will include all the remaining clearly distinguishable cartilage of the articular plate. □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: T1ρ and T2 maps□ Yes □ NoThe T1ρ and T2 maps will be reconstructed pixel-by-pixel by fitting the T1ρ- and T2-weighted images based on equations S(TSL) =S0exp(-TSL/ T1ρ) and S(TE) =S0exp(-TE/ T2), with or without noise components, respectively.□ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: E.5 Image Interpretation ParameterConform (y/n)RequirementSite optionImage interpretation (3.8.)□ Yes □ NoLongitudinal change according to claims. □ routine, do already □ feasible, will do □ feasible, will not do □ not feasible, explain why: ................
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