Introduction - National Research Foundation



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A Century of Linefish Research in South Africa: Bibliography and review of research trends

Edited by

R.M. Palmer, P.D. Cowley & B.Q. Mann

With contributions from

A.W. Paterson, R.H. Bennett, T. Hecht

Acknowledgements

This report published by the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR) was co-operatively sponsored by funds obtained from the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) Elwandle Node and the Marine Linefish Research Group (MLRG). Numerous individuals from several South African academic and research institutions are thanked for their support and contributions to the bibliography. Illustrations of fish on the front cover courtesy of SAIAB / NISC ©, while images were provided by SAIAB, P.D. Cowley, A. Götz and W.M. Potts.

This report should be cited as follows:

Palmer, R.M., Cowley, P.D. & B.Q. Mann (Eds.) 2008. A Century of Linefish Research in South Africa: Bibliography and review of research trends. South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research Occasional Report No. 6: 108 pp.

An electronic copy of this report and the bibliography can be downloaded from the SANCOR website or is available from SAIAB saiab@ru.ac.za

Table of contents

Abstract iv

Introduction 1

Methods 6

Literature sources 6

Analysis of research trends 7

Definitions of themes and focus areas 7

Taxonomy and systematics 7

Biology 8

Ecology 9

Management and fisheries 9

Mariculture 10

Elasmobranchs 11

Other 12

Results and Discussion 13

Analysis of publication by theme 13

Analysis of geographical regions 13

Analysis of the temporal trends 15

Period 1900 – 1949 16

Period 1950 – 1959 17

Period 1960 – 1969 18

Period 1970 – 1979 19

Period 1980 – 1989 20

Period 1990 – 1999 22

Period 2000 – 2007 23

The future of linefish research in South Africa 24

Linefish researchers 26

Conclusion 28

Literature cited 29

Appendix 1 34

Appendix 2 35

Abstract

A substantial literature exists on South African linefish species but has never been collated to produce a bibliography of research outputs. This document provides the first compilation of published and selected unpublished works (including student theses) on this subject, thereby providing scientists and managers with a valuable research tool. Approximately 1900 references were sourced and categorized into seven themes by their titles and keywords. The themes were: Taxonomy and systematics, Biology, Ecology, Management and fisheries, Mariculture, Elasmobranchs and Other. Publications within each theme were further classified according to focus areas (i.e. specific research disciplines). The bibliography was analysed to reveal trends in contributions by geographic region, focus areas (by decade) and research capacity. Research outputs were dominated by contributions in the Management theme (44%) followed by Biology (20%), Ecology (12%) and Elasmobranchs (12%). Research on locally occurring linefish species has been conducted throughout South Africa and its neighbouring countries (Mozambique and Namibia), with the greatest contribution being from KwaZulu-Natal (23%). Over the past 100 years, the focus of linefish research has shifted from taxonomic investigations to biological and management related research. Of the 128 researchers who have published papers, 42% are still active. However, South Africa has lost research capacity as 21% have emigrated, the majority over the past 20 years. Despite this, linefish research is still very active, with all major research and academic institutions having ongoing projects and registered students. It is envisaged that future research will remain directed at informing management decisions, while technological advances particularly in the fields of genetics and biotelemetry will make significant contributions.

Introduction

Hook and line fishing in South Africa dates back to the mid 1600’s when the Dutch first colonized the Cape. However, ichthyological research only began in 1895 when J.D.F. Gilchrist was appointed as a marine biologist for the Cape Colony. Initially, research by Gilchrist and other prominent ichthyologists, such as J.L.B. Smith and K.H. Barnard, focused on the taxonomic descriptions of fish (including linefish species). However, the development of a thriving fishing industry necessitated research on target species and later on marine ecosystems. The primary role of linefish research in South Africa, as in the rest of the world, is to produce the knowledge needed by government to implement management, and to maintain an environment conducive to the development and sustainability of the fishery (Anon 1997).

The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Branch: Marine and Coastal Management (MCM) is the regulatory authority responsible for managing and conserving marine living resources. Research scientists based at academic and research institutions, as well as MCM, have conducted research on more than 100 linefish species in order to advise the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism on how to manage South Africa’s commercial, recreational and subsistence linefisheries.

Despite the development of marine science in South Africa, which took place during a time of increasing political isolation from the rest of the world, the standard of linefish research has remained high. This can be attributed to good research co-ordination, largely facilitated by the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR) and its predecessor, the South African National Committee for Oceanographic Research, and strong collaborative efforts and co-operation between research scientists based at the major research institutions.

SANCOR offers assistance to both government and non-governmental organizations, to carry out tasks related to the coastal and marine environment. Moreover, SANCOR provides a platform for collaboration and communication in marine science and management. Furthermore, SANCOR is involved in planning for the future, facilitating research, advising on research priorities and communicating research findings. There are seven research co-ordinating groups that fall under SANCOR. Two are relevant to linefish research; namely the South African Marine Linefish Management Association (SAMLMA) and the Marine Linefish Research Group (MLRG). SAMLMA is a formally constituted interest group, which is recognized in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act (No 18 of 1998) as the official body representing linefish users. SAMLMA comprises representatives of the recreational and commercial linefishing sectors, as well as regional conservation authorities and linefish researchers. The primary purpose of SAMLMA is to facilitate communication between the role-players involved in the linefish industry and to discuss and debate issues surrounding management and the promulgation of new regulations. This body plays a crucial role in enabling stakeholders in the linefishery to contribute towards improved management. The MLRG, on the other hand, focuses on co-ordinating linefish research efforts and direction. The aims of this co-ordinating group are:

• To formulate and prioritise linefish research projects

• To solicit funding for linefish research projects

• To facilitate the transfer of linefish research results to managers and users

• To organise periodic workshops and conferences

The MLRG has a membership of approximately 50 researchers and students based at several academic and research organizations throughout South Africa (Table 1).

Table 1. Institutional members of the Marine Linefish Research Group (MLRG), with contact details.

|Bayworld (Port Elizabeth Museum) |

|P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013 |

|+27 (0)41 584 0650 |

|pr@bayworld.co.za |

|bayworld.co.za |

| |

|CSIR |

|P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001 |

|+27 (0)12 841 2911 |

|callcentre@csir.co.za |

|csir.co.za |

|  |

|Marine and Coastal Management |

|Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012 |

|+27 (0)21 402 3911 |

|mcm-.za/about/ |

| |

|Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University |

|P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031 |

|+27 (0)41 504 1111 |

|info@nmmu.ac.za |

|nmmu.ac.za |

| |

|Oceanographic Research Institute |

|P.O. Box 10712, Marine Parade |

|+27 (0)31-3288222 |

|ori@.za |

|.za |

| |

|Rhodes University (Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science) |

|P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140 |

|+27 (0)46 603 8415/6 |

|difs@ru.ac.za |

|ru.ac.za/adademic/departments/difs/ |

| |

|Rhodes University (Department of Zoology) |

|P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140 |

|+27 (0)46 603 8525 |

|ru.ac.za/adademic/departments/zooento/ |

| |

| |

|South African Environmental Observation Network |

|Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140 |

|+27 (0)46 622 9899 |

|saeon.ac.za |

| |

|South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |

|Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140 |

|+27 (0)46 603 5800 |

|saiab@ru.ac.za |

|saiab.ru.ac.za |

| |

|Two Oceans Aquarium |

|P.O. Box 50603, Cape Town 8002 |

|+ 27 (0)21 418 3823 |

|aquarium@aquarium.co.za |

|aquarium.co.za |

| |

|University of Cape Town (Zoology Department) |

|Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701 |

|+27 (0)21 650 2712 |

|meg.lederboer@uct.ac.za |

|zoology.uct.ac.za |

| |

|University of KwaZulu-Natal |

|University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041 |

|+27 (0)31 260 2212 |

|enquieries@ukzn.ac.za |

|ukzn.ac.za |

| |

|University of Pretoria |

|University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002 |

|+27 (0)12 420-3111 |

|csc@up.ac.za |

|up.ac.za |

| |

|University of the Western Cape |

|Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535 |

|+27 (0)21 959 2911 |

|servicedesk@uwc.ac.za |

|uwc.ac.za |

| |

|University of Zululand |

|Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886 |

|+27 (0)35 902 6030 |

|uzulu.ac.za |

Over the past 100 years, linefish research trends in South Africa have been influenced by a number of factors. Although human interest and curiosity have played a role, social, economic, political and technological developments have generally dictated research focus areas and influenced the direction of South African linefish research. Substantial research has been conducted, but research outputs are widely distributed in the peer reviewed literature and much documentation is in the form of unpublished reports and theses. This presents an obstacle to researchers by making awareness of, and access to “grey literature” difficult, thus preventing them from deriving the full benefits of work that has already been done. Therefore, a comprehensive bibliography of extant work would serve a valuable purpose. Several studies have assessed various sectors of the linefishery (e.g. Brouwer et al. 1997, Griffiths 2000) but none have covered the full extent of the available literature. The need for such a document was the primary motivation for the present compilation, and it is hoped that the bibliography presented here will serve as a useful reference to scholars and researchers in this field. Moreover, this bibliography provides an opportunity to reflect on what has been done in the subject over the past 100 years, review the trends in research focus areas and provide some insight into future research needs.

This bibliography is restricted to studies conducted on South African linefish species and covers a range of subjects including taxonomy, biology and management. As a first attempt, it is obvious that some literature will have been omitted. Identification of the gaps in its coverage, studies recently published and work still to be written up, mean that the bibliography will need to be updated on a regular basis. This may be possible via a website, where students, researchers and/or librarians can add unlisted references.

The aim of this study was to compile a comprehensive bibliography of linefish research outputs and to investigate geographic and temporal trends over the past century.

Methods

Literature sources

Literature on South African linefish species was sourced in the following way:

• Publication citations were searched using available electronic databases, such as Biblioline and Science Direct (in the SAIAB / Rhodes University library)

• Reference lists of a number of key linefish publications were scanned for citations

• Contributions were made by academic and research libraries, notably the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) library in Durban

• Several active linefish researchers provided their personal bibliographies and citation lists.

These searches yielded approximately 1900 publication citations, and included: peer reviewed published articles, Honours, Masters and PhD theses, published reports, popular articles, books, conference and workshop proceedings, conference posters and unpublished reports. A full list of these publications is provided in Appendix 2.

Analysis of research trends

Based on the title and keywords (when available), each publication was categorized and allocated to one of seven themes:

1) Taxonomy and systematics

2) Biology

3) Ecology

4) Management and fisheries

5) Mariculture

6) Elasmobranchs

7) Other

Within these themes, each publication was further categorized according to distinct focus areas (e.g. life history studies within the Biology theme). Some publications were allocated to more than a single focus area and were sequentially numerated as a publication in each of the respective focus areas.

Definitions of themes and focus areas

1 – Taxonomy and systematics

1. Genetics: Publications in which molecular techniques were used to investigate phylogeny, phylogeography, population genetics, etc.

2. New records and descriptions: Publications that report new species descriptions, taxonomic revision or new distribution records of fish species.

3. Taxonomy and systematics: Publications relating to the classification of fish or the relationship between species or stocks within a single species. This does not include studies where genetics have been used to do this.

2 – Biology

Publications in this theme focused only on aspects of the biology of linefish species, and the results were not management orientated.

1. Physiology: Publications that focus on physiological aspects of linefish species (e.g. metabolic rates, temperature preference, food conversion ratios, etc.).

2. Life history: Studies in which the life history strategies of fish are described.

3. Reproduction: Studies that focus on aspects of the reproductive biology of fishes, such as gonosomatic index (GSI), reproductive seasonality, age at maturation, etc.

4. Age and growth: Publications that focus on aspects of the age and growth of fishes.

5. Diet and feeding: Publications in which aspects of biological studies focused on the diet and feeding of fish are discussed.

6. Tagging and movement: Publications involving tagging of linefish species or which describe the movement patterns of the fishes in question.

7. Distribution, abundance and population dynamics: Studies in which the distribution, abundance or population dynamics of fish were investigated, but not applied to management.

8. Egg and larval studies: Publications that focus on aspects of the biology of eggs and larval fish.

9. Methods, research programmes: Publications in which studies focused on research methods for collection of biological data, as well as publications focused on biological research programmes.

3 – Ecology

Publications within this theme were similar to the biology theme; however, research emphasis was placed on the ecosystem rather than the fish species. Similarly, the results of these studies were also not related to aspects of management. The identified focus areas were as follows:

1. Habitat: Publications focused on the study of habitats and habitat use, specifically by linefish species.

2. Oceanography: Publications in which studies on the effects of oceanographic occurrences on linefish are discussed. (e.g. the effects of ocean currents on the distribution of linefish species).

3. Distribution, dispersal, seasonal/spatial analysis, density, biomass: Publications in which ecosystem level studies focusing on distribution, dispersal and seasonal/spatial analysis of species density and biomass are discussed.

4. Trophic relationships and food cycle: Studies on the trophic relationships between fishes or between fishes and invertebrates. (e.g. stable carbon isotope analysis, food webs etc.).

4 – Management and fisheries

Publications within this theme focus largely on the management of linefish species and include the following focus areas.

1. Stock assessments, modelling and catch statistics: Publications that focus on stock assessments of linefish species, and studies where catch statistics and data modelling have been used.

2. Tagging: Publications in which management decisions are made or suggested, based on the results of tagging studies.

3. Research programmes/objectives: Includes publications that focus on research programmes/objectives rather than the results that research programmes provide. (e.g. South Coast gamefish project and Research Highlights series).

4. Status reports: Publications in which the status of fisheries or fish stocks are given.

5. Fisheries, resource use and economics: Publications focusing on fisheries, resources use or the economics or socio-economics of the linefishery.

6. Biology, ecology, age and growth: Publications in which management decisions are made or suggested based on biological or ecological study results. Publications in this focus group may be similar to those found in the biology theme; however, the results of these studies have been used for management.

7. Policy and Regulations: Publications that are focused on the development, rationale and application of management in the linefishery. This includes legislation, fishing rights and quotas, MPA’s and conservation, etc.

5 – Mariculture

This theme includes publications related to the culture of linefish species in South Africa, and was divided into the following focus areas:

1. Policy and legislation: Publications dealing with policy and legislation pertaining to mariculture in South Africa that applies specifically to the culture of linefish species.

2. Status, development and industry: Publications about the status or development of the mariculture industry.

3. Research (biology, systems): Publications based on research that has been done on the biology of fish for mariculture purposes, or on mariculture systems.

4. Environment: Publications dealing with mariculture site suitability and/or the effects of mariculture on the environment.

5. Applied mariculture: Publications that focus on applied mariculture. (e.g. mariculture as a management tool for linefish species or stock enhancement research).

6 – Elasmobranchs

All publications on elasmobranch species were included in this theme. The identified focus areas were as follows:

1. Behaviour: Publications focusing on elasmobranch behaviour (e.g. shark attacks).

2. Physiology, taxonomy, life history, ecology, distribution and movement: Publications on physiological and/or taxonomic aspects of elasmobranchs, as well as life history, distribution and movement studies (not tagging studies) on elasmobranchs.

3. Age and growth: Studies that focused on aspects of the age and growth of elasmobranchs.

4. Shark nets: Publications dealing with the use, effects and catches of shark nets in South Africa.

5. Fisheries, catch statistics, angling: Publications in which shark fisheries and angling, as well as catch statistics and fishery status reports are discussed.

6. Management, conservation, population dynamics: Publications on the management, conservation and population dynamics of elasmobranchs.

7. Tagging: Publications in which tagging and movement studies are discussed

8. Food, diet, feeding: Publications dealing with feeding and dietary studies, excluding feeding behaviour, which is covered in the Behaviour focus.

9. Reproduction: Studies that focused on the reproductive biology of elasmobranchs.

10. Other: Publications that could not be assigned to any of the other focuses within the elasmobranch theme were assigned to this focus group.

7 – Other

Publications that could not be assigned to any of the above mentioned themes. These were mostly popular articles. The focus areas identified were as follows.

1. Angling: Publications in which recreational angling is discussed. (This includes mainly popular articles in publications such as Tight Lines and The Fishing and Hunting Journal and Ski-boat Magazine)

2. Research: Publications about research without including results of the research. (Mostly popular articles).

3. Fish profiles and guides: Publications that are field guides and fish profiles (Mostly popular articles).

Results and discussion

Analysis of publication by theme

The majority (44%) of the approximately 1900 publications fell into the Management category, followed by Biology (20%), Ecology (12%) and Elasmobranches (12%) (Figure 1).

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Figure 1: Percentage breakdown of linefish research publications according to each thematic category.

Analysis of geographical regions

Publications were categorized according to the geographical region in which most of the research was conducted. In order to do this, the southern African coast was divided into seven contiguous regions from Namibia in the West to Mozambique in the East (Figure 2). Due to a lack of defined boundaries in some publications, larger categories representing the Southern and Western Seaboard and the Eastern Seaboard were used. A National category (entire coast) was also created. These larger regions overlap one another and the smaller areas; however, publications were assigned to the region that best described where the research took place.

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Figure 2: Map of South Africa showing geographical regions used in this study.

The boundaries of the geographical regions are as follows:

• Namibia Namibia/SA border (Orange River) northwards

• West Coast Olifants River to Orange River

• Western Cape Olifants River to Cape Infanta.

• Southern Cape Cape Infanta to Cape St Francis.

• Eastern Cape Cape St. Francis to Mtamvuna River.

• KwaZulu-Natal Mtamvuna River and the South Africa/Mozambique border at Kosi Bay.

• Mozambique South Africa/Mozambique border at Kosi Bay northwards (but not beyond Mozambique)

• National Entire coast from Namibia to Mozambique

• S & W Seaboard Namibia to the Eastern Cape.

• Eastern Seaboard Cape Agulhas to Mozambique.

• Unknown If it is not known where the research was undertaken.

• N/A Location was irrelevant or did not apply.

KwaZulu-Natal has been the largest contributor (23%) to linefish research in South Africa thus far. National scale studies and studies where the location is not applicable follow closely with 19% and 17% of publications respectively, while the Eastern Cape contributed the next largest number with 12% (Figure 3).

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Figure 3: Percentage breakdown of where linefish research was conducted in southern Africa between 1900 and 2007.

Analysis of the temporal trends

As linefish research in South Africa has spanned over 100 years, it was necessary to break this into shorter, more meaningful time periods (namely 1900-1949 and then each decade thereafter).

Period: 1900 – 1949

The early 1900’s marked the birth of ichthyology and the study of linefish in South Africa. Interest in the scientific study of fishes (including linefish species) was really sparked by three legendary ichthyologists, J.D.F. Gilchrist, J.L.B. Smith, and K.H. Barnard. J.D.F. Gilchrist, a Professor of Zoology at the University of Cape Town, who in 1895 was appointed as a marine biologist for the Cape Colony (Beckley et al. 2002), was the first to recognize the unique position of the Cape, the fishing potential and the wealth of species awaiting discovery. As a result, he started and headed up the government’s Department of Sea Fisheries, which later became the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism’s branch: Marine and Coastal Management. Gilchrist has subsequently been referred to as the father of ichthyology in South Africa and was one of the first scientists involved in linefish research.

J.L.B. Smith, a chemistry Professor at Rhodes University, whose passion for angling and keen interest in ichthyology ultimately lead to a career change, from chemistry to the study of fish. His enthusiasm and realization of the lack of knowledge regarding fishes of the south-east coast of South Africa saw him play a major role in collecting, describing and classifying African fishes.

The period between 1900 and 1949 was dominated by outputs focused on taxonomic and systematic research. This base of taxonomic knowledge accounted for over 70% of the publications during the first half-century of linefish research in South Africa (Figure 4), and acted as a sound platform from which to develop further linefish research.

Period 1950 – 1959

After his first ichthyological publication in 1931, Smith’s work on fish continued for almost 40 years as he documented marine fish diversity and resolved many taxonomic issues (Whitfield 1996), including work on several linefish species.

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Figure 4: Percentage of linefish research publications within each theme over different periods between 1900 and 2007.

In 1946 J.L.B. Smith was appointed as a Research Professor at Rhodes University and in 1947, he founded the research Department of Ichthyology. This allowed him to dedicate his time to ichthyological research, and it was there that he conducted his research until his death in 1968.

During the 1950’s, Smith was in fact one of the main contributors to linefish research in South Africa, producing several publications (e.g. Smith 1951; 1952a; 1952b; 1957a; 1957b; 1957c; 1959) focusing on taxonomy and systematics, including the taxonomy of elasmobranchs.

Despite the focus on linefish during the first half of the century, by 1950 the taxonomic and systematic knowledge of South African linefish was far from complete, and remained the primary focus of research throughout the 1950’s. Although elasmobranch research was becoming more common in South Africa, most of the elasmobranch research done during this period was still focused on the taxonomy and systematics of elasmobranchs. The other main area of focus of elasmobranch research during the 1950’s was on shark behaviour and more particularly, shark attacks (Smith 1951; 1957a; 1957b), likely driven by their reputation as man-eaters at the time.

Period 1960 – 1969

Following the establishment of the South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR) and the associated Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) in 1951, linefish research in South Africa, and particularly in the KwaZulu-Natal region increased.

During the 1960’s, the majority of linefish research done in South Africa was by scientists at ORI, and was published in the institute’s ORI Investigational reports, and SAAMBR Bulletins. ORI has since continued to be one of the major contributors to linefish research in South Africa, a fact illustrated by the domination by linefish research conducted in KwaZulu-Natal since the 1960’s (Figure 5).

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Figure 5: Geographic location of linefish research activity based on the number of outputs published between 1960 and 2007.

The rapid increase in the popularity of elasmobranch research during the 1960’s made it the most prominent focus of linefish research during that decade. Researchers such as D.H. Davies (the director of SAAMBR at the time), J.D. D’Aubrey and J.H. Wallace, produced many publications on shark behaviour (Davies 1963a; 1963b), taxonomy and systematics of elasmobranchs (Davies 1964; 1965; D’Aubrey 1964a; 1964b 1966; Wallace 1967; 1969) and shark tagging (Davies and Joubert 1966; Davies and Joubert 1967).

This period also saw one of the first studies conducted on the biology of a linefish species; namely the seventy-four (Polysteganus undulosus) by Rosemary Ahrens at ORI between 1962 and 1964 (Ahrens 1964).

Period 1970 – 1979

The growing concern for the linefish resource during the 1960’s resulted in the initiation of biological studies on a few important species in the 1970’s. These included white steenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) (Mehl 1973), shad (Pomatomus saltatrix) (Van der Elst 1975) and panga (Pterogymnus laniarius) (Hecht and Baird 1977). This period witnessed a shift in research focus, largely towards the biology of linefish species. Research within this discipline was evenly spread, with diet and feeding studies (Blaber 1974b; Baird 1978; Joubert 1979), reproduction (Penrith 1972a), age and growth (Blaber 1974a; van Wyk 1977; Hecht 1977), distribution and abundance (Penrith 1972b), life history and physiological studies (Fearnhead and Fabian 1971; Fearnhead 1973; Blaber 1973) all receiving attention. This even spread can be attributed to the large number of publications with multiple focuses within the Biology theme (Wallace 1974; 1975; van der Elst 1975; Hecht 1976) (Figure 6).

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Figure 6: Number of Focus area publications within the Biology theme between 1970 and 1979.

Period 1980 – 1989

The 1980’s witnessed a marked increase in the number of management-orientated publications, particularly in the areas of catch statistics and stock assessment of commercially targeted linefish species. Results of this work indicated that urgent intervention was essential, resulting in the first comprehensive linefish management framework in early 1985 (van der Elst and Garratt 1984; Anon 2000). However, the restrictions brought into place by this management framework were, for many species, based on incomplete studies, leaving place for continued biological research, with particular relevance to management.

The Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science (DIFS) at Rhodes University, was founded in 1981, when the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology became a National Museum. It is still the only academic department that specialises in ichthyology and fisheries science on the African continent (DIFS website: ru.ac.za/academic/departments/difs). The DIFS has a prolific publication record in terms of linefish research, in the form of both theses and journal articles, focusing on ichthyological, fisheries and aquaculture research.

Ecological research also became a focus in the 1980’s, particularly in the Eastern Cape, putting linefish research in the Eastern Cape on a level with KwaZulu-Natal (Figure 7). Ecological studies were mostly undertaken by researchers at SAIAB, DIFS and the University of Port Elizabeth (now the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University). Ecological research focused mainly on habitat studies during the 1980’s and large contributions were made by L.E Beckley, T.A. Lasiak, and J.F.K. Marais.

The formation of a dedicated Marine Linefish Programme during the 1980’s, under the auspices of the South African National Committee for Oceanographic Research (i.e. the old SANCOR) strengthened and co-ordinated linefish research in South Africa for the first time.

Two long-term linefish monitoring projects were started in 1984, which continue to function to this day, and have played an important role in linefish research. The first of these is the National Marine Linefish System – a catch and effort database for both the commercial and recreational sectors of the linefishery, started and maintained by ORI and MCM. The second was the ORI/WWF-SA Marine Linefish Tagging Project, which involved interested members of the public in tagging fish for research. This project has made a substantial contribution to linefish research in South Africa and has been partly responsible for changing the ethic of recreational anglers towards practicing more catch and release fishing.

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Figure 7: Geographic location of linefish research activity based on the number of outputs published between 1980 and 1989.

Period 1990 – 1999

With continued research on catch statistics, stock assessment research as well as fisheries resource use and fisheries related economics, management measures and conservation became a large area of focus during the 1990’s (Figure 8). Marine and Coastal Management produced a Research Highlights series, while research at Rhodes University, the University of Cape Town, and the University of Port Elizabeth (now the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University) was in full swing, and a host of M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses were produced on these topics.

The 1990’s also witnessed a further increase in elasmobranch research. During this time more emphasis was placed on age and growth, shark nets, fisheries, catch statistics and management of elasmobranchs, rather than behaviour and shark attacks.

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Figure 8: Number of Focus area publications within the Management theme during the period 1990 - 1999.

Period 2000 – 2007

Following the significant political changes in South Africa in 1994, the fisheries sector (including linefish) has undergone a paradigm shift with respect to management structures and the allocation of fishing rights. In 2000 the Minister of Environmneal Afairs and Tourism decalred the linefishery to be in a crisis. In 2001 total allocated effort in the linefishery was reduced from 2600 to 732 permits and a new linefish management protocol was implemented as a means to manage linefish resources on a sustainable basis. The research emphasis during this decade therefore shifted towards studies on long-term sustainable utilization, which requires stock assessment, status reports and resource use-related research, to provide reliable management inputs (Anon 1997).

There has been a steady increase in the annual number of publications throughout the last half-century (Figure 9), with the largest increases being in the 1980’s and 1990’s. The drop in the number of publications between 2000 and the present (Figure 9) is perhaps due to the shorter time period (7 years as opposed to 10 years), but may also partly be attributed to the high number of researchers who have emigrated.

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Figure 9: Number of linefish research publications for each decade from 1950 to 2007.

The future of linefish research in South Africa

From a management perspective, there are several directions in which linefish research will be forced.

• The first of these will be driven by the need to maintain long-term sustainability of the linefishery. This will push the focus in the direction of biological and stock assessment-related research needed for responsible management. Greater emphasis will need to be placed on multi-species stock assessments and the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAF). Furthermore, it is likely that emphasis will also be placed on the evaluation of different fisheries management options. In particular, the role and effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) around the South African coast as management tools.

• The second direction of research, suggested by the Fisheries White Paper (Anon 1997), is to combine biological research and socio-economic studies. Such a multidisciplinary approach could facilitate economic development of the linefishery. An important aspect here will be the integration of the subsistence and artisinal/smallscale commercial linefisheries into a formal management framework. The recent publication of “The Draft Policy for the Allocation and Management of Medium-term Subsistence Fishing Rights in South Africa” (Government Gazettte 31707, 12 December 2008) supports this assertion.

• The third direction of research will be driven by the need to further develop the linefishery. In this regard, the White Paper (Anon 1997) advocated the following research focuses:

• mariculture and mariculture technology

• improved fish processing, product quality and marketing

• problems and opportunities associated with by-catch

• unutilized or underutilized marine resources in South African and international waters

• stock and capture enhancement techniques

• optimising the benefits from ecotourism and other non-consumptive use of marine resources, taking into account possible conflicts with commercial and subsistence use

• integrated coastal zone management schemes

• development and improvement of fishing harbours and other required infrastructure facilities

• effects on living marine resources and their environment and on the fisheries resulting from activities related to the investigation and exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources.

• Lastly, it is likely that advances in technology and research methodology will shape future research trends. In terms of biological research, it is likely that telemetry methods will popularise the study of linefish movement and migration patterns. Furthermore, the use of new molecular methods may witness an increase in taxonomy and systematic research, as well as population genetic studies to investigate the integrity and delineation of linefish stocks and the feasibility of stock enhancement through mariculture.

Linefish researchers

South African linefish researchers that have published papers over the past 100 years were categorized according to what they are currently doing. These categories were as follows:

• Active linefish research: - Have published in the past five years and are still actively researching in South Africa.

• Similar line of work: - Linefish researchers who are now in another line of work such as conservation or consulting, in South Africa.

• Different work: - Researchers who have changed their line of work to something different but remain in South Africa.

• Retired or deceased: - The reason for the researchers not being active in research is primarily retirement. This group also includes those researchers who have passed away.

• Emigrated: - Linefish researchers who have left South Africa. Some may still be involved in research in South Africa to varying degrees. Some of these researchers may be in other lines of work, retired, or deceased.

A total of 128 linefish researchers were identified, of which 42% are still actively involved to some degree in linefish research in South Africa, 18% have changed their line of work to a similar field, such as conservation or consulting, while 10% have changed their line of work to a different field altogether (Figure 10). Nine percent have retired, and a small number in this category, are deceased. A large proportion (21%) of South African linefish researchers have emigrated (Figure 10), and this figure is worsened by the fact that many were amongst the most productive researchers. Of the top 25 most published researchers (as first author), nine (36%) have emigrated. Despite this, it is encouraging to note that there are many young scientists continuing with linefish research in South Africa, and most university departments and research institutions involved in linefish research have registered post-graduate students. This is extremely important for the future of linefish research and management in South Africa.

[pic]

Figure 10: Percentage breakdown of what has happened to South African linefish researchers.

Conclusion

Trends in South African linefish research revealed a shift in focus from taxonomic and systematic research in the first half of the century, to elasmobranch research in the 1960s, biological research in the 1970’s and management related publications throughout the 1980’s, 90’s and up to 2007. These trends have been moulded by a combination of research need and political pressure, and this is likely to remain the case. Notwithstanding the need to collect basic biological data, catch data, oceanographic data and conduct routine monitoring surveys, the application of new methods that were previously unavailable could witness growth in focus areas such as genetics, telemetry and remote sensing.

The need for linefish research has never been more important. The vulnerable status (Griffiths 2000) and increasing pressure on linefish stocks requires research to ensure that management decisions are well informed. Consequently, provisions for adequate funding must be made, while incentives to retain linefish researcher capacity in South Africa should also be addressed.

This report and its associated electronic resources provide the first bibliography of linefish research undertaken in southern Africa. Although the collation of linefish literature is still ongoing, it is hoped that this contribution will be a useful tool for linefish students, researchers and managers. The challenge is to ensure that the bibliography is continuously updated so that it remains a useful tool in the future. SAEON, in conjunction with the MLRG, undertake to keep the database current by bringing out an updated version every two years.

Literature cited

Ahrens, R. (1964) A preliminary report on the biology of the seventy four Polysteganus undulosus (Regan) in Natal waters. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Durban: 77pp.

Anon (1997) White Paper: Marine fisheries policy for South Africa. .

Anon (2000) The economic and sectoral study of the South African fishing industry (Draft profiles): The linefishery. Prepared by Enviro-fish-Africa, ()

Baird, D. (1978) Food of the mackerel, Scomber japonicus from western cape waters (Pices: Scombridae) Fishery Bulletin of South Africa 10: 62-68.

Beckley, L.E.; Hulley, P.A. and Skelton, P.A. (2002) Synoptic overview of marine ichthyology in South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research 53(2): 99-106.

Blaber, S.J.M. (1973) Temperature and salinity tolerance of juvenile Rhabdosargus holubi [Steindachner (Teleostei: Sparidae)]. Journal of Fish Biology 5: 593-598.

Blaber, S.J.M. (1974a) The population structure and growth of juvenile Rhabdosargus holubi (Steindachner) (Teleostei: Sparidae) in a closed estuary. Journal of Fish Biology 6: 455-460.

Blaber, S.J.M. (1974b) Field studies of the diet of Rhabdosargus holubi (Pisces: Teleostei: Sparidae). Journal of Zoology 6: 455-460.

Brouwer, S.L.; Mann, B.Q.; Lamberth, S.J.; Sauer, W.H.H. and Erasmus, C. (1997) A survey of the South African shore-angling fishery. South African Journal of Marine Science 18: 165-177.

D’Aubrey, J.D. (1964a). Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 8: 95

D’Aubrey, J.D. (1964b). Carchariid shark new to South African waters. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 9: 16 .

D’Aubrey, J.D. (1966). Zambezi Shark. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin [Durban] March(6): 34-38.

Davies, D.H. (1963a). Shark attack and its relationship to temperature, beach patronage and the seasonal abundance of dangerous sharks. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 6: 43.

Davies, D.H. (1963b). Shark attack on fish boat in South Africa. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 1: 2pp.

Davies, D.H. (1964). The Miocene shark fauna of the southern St. Lucia area. South African Association for Marine Biological Research: Investigational Report. (10): 1-16.

Davies, D.H. (1965). Fossil sharks from Zululand. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin [Durban] (5): 44-50.

Davies, D.H. and Joubert, L.E.S. (1966). Tag evaluation and shark tagging in South African Waters. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 12: 36pp.

Davies, D.H. and Joubert, L.E.S. (1967). Tag evaluation and shark tagging in South African waters, 1964-65. Sharks, skates and rays: 111-140.

Fearnhead, E.A. (1973) Physiological adaptations of fish to salinity variations. South African Association for Marine Biological Research 10: 1-35.

Fearnhead, E.A. and Fabian, B.C. (1971) The ultrastructure of the gill of Monodactylus argenteus (a Euryhaline teleost fish) with particular reference to morphological changes associated with changes in salinity. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 26: 39pp.

Griffiths, M.H. (2000) Long-term trends in catch and effort of commercial linefish off South Africa's Cape Province: snapshots of the 20th century. South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 81-110.

Hecht, T. (1976) The general biology of six major trawl fish species of the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa, with notes on the demersal fishery, 1967 – 1975. Ph.D. thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa 353pp.

Hecht, T. (1977) Contributions to the Biology of the Cape Gurnard, Trigla capensis, (Pices: Triglidae) age, growth and reproduction. Zoologica Africana 12(2): 373-382.

Hecht, T. and Baird, D. (1977) Contributions to the biology of the panga, Pterogymnus laniarius (Pisces: Sparidae): age, growth and reproduction. Zoologica Africana 12(2): 363-372.

Joubert, C.S.W. (1979) A study of feeding in some inshore reef fishes on the Natal coast. 4th National Oceanographic Symposium 4: 101.

Mehl, J.A.P. (1973) Ecology, osmoregulation and reproductive biology of the white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus (Teleostei: Sparidae). Zoologica Africana 8(2): 157-230.

Penrith, M.J. (1972a) Sex reversal in the sparid fish Chrysoblephus laticeps. Koedoe 15: 135-139.

Penrith, M.J. (1972b) The behaviour of reef-dwelling sparid fishes. Zoologica Africana 7(1): 43-48.

Smith, J.L.B. (1951). A juvenile of the man-eater Carcharodon carcharias (Linn.). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 124: 729-736.

Smith, J.L.B. (1952a) A new hound shark from South Africa, and new records. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12(5): 223.

Smith, J.L.B. (1952b). Two chondrichthyan fishes new to South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12(5): 759-765.

Smith, J.L.B. (1957a). A new shark from South Africa. South African Journal of Science 53(10): 261-264.

Smith, J.L.B. (1957b). Dasyatid rays new to South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12: 429.

Smith, J.L.B. (1957c) A preliminary survey of the Scylliogaleid dogfishes of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 53(14): 353-359.

Smith, J.L.B. (1959) Fishes of the Family Lethrinidae from the Western Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletin JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology 17: 285-295.

van der Elst, R.P. (1975) Biology of the elf, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus) in the coastal waters of Natal. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Durban. 56pp.

van der Elst, R.P. and Garrat, P.A. (1984) Draft management proposals for the Natal deep reef fishery. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 36: 1-31

van Wyk, J.D. (1977) The growth of flathead mullet, Mugil cephalus L., and white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus C. & V., in Rondevlei, George. C.P.A. Research Report 1977: 40-44.

Wallace, J.H. (1974) Aspects of the biology and ecology of the estuarine fishes of the east coast of South. Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Durban: 174pp.

Wallace, J.H. (1975) Aspects of the biology of Mugil cephalus in a hypersaline estuarine lake on the east coast of South Africa. Aquaculture 5(1): 111.

Wallace, J.H. (1967). The batoid fishes of the east coast of southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 15 1-32.

Wallace, J.H. (1969). Notes on some interesting batoid fishes. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin [Durban] (7): 26-30.

Whitfield, A.K. (1996) Trends in estuarine fish conservation in South Africa. Ichthos Newsletter(48): 1-2.

Appendix 1

Instructions for the use of the MLRG linefish database.

1) Copy the database from the cd onto your computer

2) When opening the database file, the search screen will automatically open.

3) Perform searches for authors, fish species and publication title by entering a keyword in the appropriate field.

4) Narrow the search down to specific locations or themes by clicking on the appropriate tabs.

5) Enter new publications by clicking on the “enter new publication“ tab and filling in the appropriate information.

a. Publications entered here will not be included in the searches.

b. Please send these new citations to SAEON (at the address below) to be included in updated versions of the MLRG linefish database which will be brought out every 2 years.

c. MLRG linefish database

SAEON

Private Bag 1015

Grahamstown

6140

Appendix 2

South African linefish research bibliography (ending 2007).

ADAMS, P.B. (1980) Life history patterns in marine fish and their consequences for fisheries management. Fishery Bulletin 78: 1-12

ADKIN, F.; BALLARD, D.; SHUUN, J.; VAN DER ELST, R.P.; ADKIN, R. (1987) National marine linefish catch statistics recreational data. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Oceanographic Research Institute Poster Series [Durban] 12

ADKIN, F.; BALLARD, D.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1987) National marine linefish data collection - sport. Marine research in Natal: proceedings of a symposium and workshop: 105-106

ADKIN, F.; GRENFELL, P.; MASSON, P.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1984) "1 in 5" keeps 'em alive: SFW/ORI fish tagging project. SAASSPER Biennial National Congress, Stellenbosch

ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR MARINE BIOLOGY (1971) National Programme for Marine Biological and Sea Fisheries Research: 1971 to 1975. South African National Committee for Oceanographic Research: i-ix

AHRENS, R. (1963) The seventy four project. South African Association for Marine Biological Research (4): 18-21

AHRENS, R. (1964) A preliminary report on the biology of the seventy four Polysteganus undulosus (Regan) in Natal waters. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Durban: 77

AHRENS, R. (1965) The biology of the seventy four, Polysteganus undulosus. South African Association for Marine Biological Research (5): 27-29

AHRENS, R. (1966) Age determination of the seventy four. South African Association for Marine Biological Research (6): 44-47

ALEXANDER, A.J. (1966) Shark Feeding Behaviour. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin [Durban] March (6): 49-55

ALEXANDRE, A. (2003) Largest recorded edible fish caught on monofilament line of only 13,5 kg. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines. (August): 8-9,11-12

ALLEN, B.R.; CLIFF, G. (2000) Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 9. The spinner shark Carcharhinus brevipinna (Muller and Henle) South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 199-215

ALLEN, B.R.; PEDDEMORS, V. (2000) Raggedtooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) @ Aliwal: a research update. SANCOR Newsletter August (164): 11-12

ALLEN, B.R.; PEDDEMORS, V. (2001) Photo-identification as a long-term mark-recapture technique for individual raggedtooth shark (C. taurus) recognition. Scientific Programme and Book of Abstracts, 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference 2001 (May): 13

ALLEN, B.R.; WINTER, S.P. (2002) Age and growth of the spinner shark Carcharhinus brevipinna (Muller and Henle, 1839) of the Kwa-Zulu Natal coast, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 24: 1-8

ANDERSON, J. (1993) The last damn fish in the ocean belongs to me! Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (2): 200-202

ANDERSON, S.D.; HENDERSON, R.P.; PYLE, P.; AINLEY, D.G. (1996) Chapter 20. White shark reactions to unbaited decoys. Great White Sharks: The biology of Carcharodon carcharias: 223-228

ANON Linefish allocations being evaluated Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (June): 8

ANON Studies on resources: Demersal fish. Research Highlights 1992-1993, Marine & Coastal Management (2): 7-9

ANON (1970) Toll for tunas. Nature 228(Dec): 1141-1142

ANON (1979) Smith "Shad Report". S.A. Fishing 2(3): 6-7

ANON (1979) Would lifting of shark nets improve fishing? Fathoms [Durban] 2(1): 24-25

ANON (1983) Marine linefish programme priority species list. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 70: 1-113

ANON (1985) Commercial linefish catches 1985. South African Sea Fisheries Research Institute Linefish Research, Commercial linefish catches 1985: 1-2

ANON (1986) Commercial linefish catches 1986. South African Sea Fisheries Research Institute Linefish Research, Commercial linefish catches 1986: 1-2

ANON (1986) Record shark haul. Underwater [Durban] (1): 11

ANON (1986) SANCOR: Summary report on marine research 1985 South African National Scientific Programmes Report 123: 1-57

ANON (1987) Commercial linefish catches 1987 South African Sea Fisheries Research Institute Linefish Research, Commercial linefish catches 1987: 1-2

ANON (1988) 1987 Catches by fishery. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review June: 39

ANON (1988) SANCOR: Summary report on marine research 1987. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 148: 1-60

ANON (1989) Fish Africa: Southern Africa's buoyant fishery is backdrop to 3rd show. Aquaculture Magazine 15(2): 34

ANON (1989) Fishing industry review. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review 44(5): 25-29

ANON (1989) SANCOR: Summary report on marine research 1988. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 165: 1-43

ANON (1989) South African fishery statistics. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review 44(4): 32

ANON (1991) SA leads the world. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines 1991 (June): 15-17

ANON (1992) Bodemvis / Bottom fish Research Highlights 1991-1992, Marine & Coastal Management (1): 4-6

ANON (1992) Lynvis / Linefish. Research Highlights 1991-1992, Marine & Coastal Management (1): 11-14

ANON (1992) New linefish regulations. S.A. Commercial Marine Magazine 1(2): 33

ANON (1992) New linefish regulations. Hengel / Angling [Pretoria] 6 (10): 12-13

ANON (1993) Fish, fishers and fisheries. Proceedings of the second South African Marine linefish symposium, Durban, 23-24 OCTOBER 1992. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (2): 215

ANON (1993) Marine linefish priority species and research objectives in Southern Africa. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (1)

ANON (1993) Studies on resources: Linefish. Research Highlights 1992-1993, Marine & Coastal Management (2): 10-11

ANON (1994) Kosi Bay Light Tackle Boat Angling. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (4): 1

ANON (1994) South African commercial fisheries review. South African Commercial Fisheries Review (4): 1-37

ANON (1994) Studies on resources: Linefish. Research Highlights 1993-1994, Marine & Coastal Management (3): 6-7

ANON (1995) Demersal fish. Research Highlights 1994-1995, Marine & Coastal Management (4): 4-7

ANON (1995) Hake-directed longline experiment Research Highlights 1994-1995, Marine & Coastal Management (4): 25-27

ANON (1995) Linefish Research Highlights 1994-1995 (4): 7-9

ANON (1996) South African Fishing Yearbook: 1-56

ANON (1996) South African Fishing Yearbook: 1-56

ANON (1997) Shad facts. Shad facts: Natal Parks Board Pamphlet: 1-2

ANON (1997) Studies on resources: Linefish. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (6): 8-10

ANON (1998) A new national marine research aquarium. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (7): 55-57

ANON (1998) Junior Anglers. SkiBoat. The South African SkiBoat Angler 14(5): 73

ANON (1998) New milestone for fish tagging project. Africa Environment and Wildlife 6(1): 11

ANON (1998) Ons lesers se vangste Our readers and their catches. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines 1998: 38-39

ANON (1998) Research highlights 1997-1998. Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Research Highlights (7): 1-68

ANON (1998) SAMLMA The Fishing Journal 1(3): 21

ANON (1998) South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin (24): 1-25

ANON (1998) Studies on resources: Linefish Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (7): 11-14

ANON (1998) Studies on the reproduction of Cape hakes. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (7): 46-47

ANON (1998) Winds affecting the vertical distribution of deep-water Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (7): 44-46

ANON (1999) Grunter stock assessment - suitability of current management measures to be investigated The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute Sept/October (28): 2

ANON (1999) Guidelines for mariculture development. Proceedings of a national workshop on planning for sustainable development of mariculture in South Africa: 131-143

ANON (1999) Impact of coastal aquaculture on the environment. The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute December (29): 3

ANON (1999) Linefish status reports compiled for key species The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute Sep (28): 3

ANON (1999) Long-term monitoring of KZN fisheries The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute June (27): 2

ANON (1999) Movement patterns of inshore fish. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (8): 44-46

ANON (1999) SAMLMA Newsflash The Fishing Journal 2(5): 24

ANON (1999) South African Marine Linefish Management Association (SAMLA) Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines September: 78-79

ANON (1999) Studies on resources: Linefish Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (8): 15-20

ANON (1999) The Marine Linefish Symposium: Highlights. The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute June (27): 3

ANON (2000) Criteria evaluated. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports 2000 (7): 3-5

ANON (2000) Linefishermen call for intervention. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 1 (5): 9

ANON (2000) Linefishery in crisis. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 1(4): 13

ANON (2000) Special Publication No. 7: Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports 2000 (7): 1-257

ANON (2000) Studies on resources Marine & Coastal Management Research Highlights 9: 6-25

ANON (2000) Studies on resources: Linefish Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (9): 14-16

ANON (2001) Bid to rebuild SA linefish stocks. Fishing News International 40(3): 4

ANON (2001) Co-operation could benefit SA tuna fishery. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 1 (6): 15

ANON (2001) Estuarine fisheries in KwaZulu-Natal The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute March (34): 3

ANON (2001) Galjoen census in the De Hoop Marine Protected Area. Tagging news July (14): 8

ANON (2001) Government announces new regulations to protect linefish SkiBoat. The South African SkiBoat Angler 17(2): 18,20

ANON (2001) Grunter bag limits and the Law! Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines (Dec): 15

ANON (2001) Impacts of fishing on South Africa's galjoen stock Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (10): 51-54

ANON (2001) M&CM Researchers in the International Arena: South Africa-Norwegian Cooperation. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (10): 73-74

ANON (2001) Minister declares emergency measures for linefish. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 1(6): 5

ANON (2001) Research plans for 2001 The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute March (34): 1

ANON (2001) Studies on resources - demersal fish. Marine & Coastal Management Research Highlights (10): 12-19

ANON (2001) Studies on resources - demersal fish. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (10): 12-19

ANON (2001) Studies on resources – linefish. Marine & Coastal Management Research Highlights (10): 20-23

ANON (2001) The South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin (27): 1-20

ANON (2002) 2001 in review. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa February: 14-15

ANON (2002) Fishing rights. Maritime Reporter of Southern Africa Jul/Aug: 31

ANON (2002) Linefish allocations being evaluated. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa June: 8

ANON (2002) Towards a South African shark management plan. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (August): 8

ANON (2003) Exciting recaptures Tagging news (16): 5

ANON (2003) Exciting recaptures. Tagging news (16): 5

ANON (2003) Fishing and mariculture development proposed in Northern Cape. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (October): 8-9

ANON (2003) Fishing rights Maritime Southern Africa (July/Aug): 31

ANON (2003) Linefish for local communities Fishing Industry News Southern Africa Aug: 9

ANON (2003) Linefish issues Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (October): 17

ANON (2003) Linefish rights dispute Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (Aug): 4-5

ANON (2003) New mariculture species researched. Maritime Southern Africa (Nov/December): 51

ANON (2003) Rights cuts 'protect coastal stocks' Fishing News International: Danfish 2003 and Danish Fisheries 41(11): 55

ANON (2003) Sharks and sawfishes under threat. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (October): 15

ANON (2003) Tagging programme in 20th year. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (August): 8

ANON (2003) The traditional linefishery: Is there a solution? Maritime Southern Africa (Sept/October): 8-10

ANON (2003) The traditional linefishery: Is there a solution? Maritime Southern Africa 2003 (Sept/oct): 8-10

ANON (2003) Waar is my vis Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (Dec): 23-24

ANON (2004) Bronze whalers - solving the puzzle. Maritime Southern Africa (May/June): 46-47

ANON (2004) Changing of the guard? Maritime Southern Africa (Sep/Oct): 8-9

ANON (2004) Commercial fishing licences: gender issues Maritime Southern Africa (May/June): 30

ANON (2004) Demands of Asia's nouveau riche take bite out of shark population. Dolphin & Whale News, Dolphin Action & Protection Group 28 (2): 15

ANON (2004) Fishing rights revoked Maritime Southern Africa (Nov): 41

ANON (2004) Linefish Forum for fisher rights Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (June): 21-22

ANON (2004) Linefish rights revoked Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (October): 14

ANON (2004) Linefishery in Cape Town Maritime Southern Africa (Nov/Dec): 41

ANON (2004) Stocks 'will benefit' Fishing News International 43(5): 5

ANON (2005) Exciting new shark research. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa, (October): 25

ANON (2005) Focus shifts from BEE to SME Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (April): 39-79

ANON (2005) Kob records now recognised SkiBoat. The South African SkiBoat Angler 21 (2): 83

ANON (2005) SA new fishing rights unpopular World Fishing (July): 3

ANON (2005) South Africa publishes draft fishery policy. Fishing Boat World 17(3): 1033-1247

ANON (2005) The rape of our seas. Africa Geographic, formerly Africa Environment and Wildlife 13(11): 20

ANON (2005) Will the new linefish policy sink the artisanals' court case? Maritime Southern Africa (May/June): 56

ANON (2006) Kob catches drop. Maritime Southern Africa (May/June): 11

ANON (2006) South Africans unite to progress industry. Fish Farmer 29(6): 4

ANON (2006) Where have all the snoek gone? Maritime Southern Africa 2006 (nov/dec): 8

ANON (2007) First inland SA kob on sale. Fish Farming International 34(4): 6

ANON (2007) I&J shows it's confidence in aquaculture with opening of finfish hatchery. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 8(1): 15

ANON (2007) South Africa: urgent development needed. Fish Farmer 30(2): 5

APPLEGATE, S.P.; ESPINOSA ARRUBARRENA, L. (1996) Chapter 4. The fossil history of Carcharodon and its possible ancestor, Cretolamna: A study in tooth identification. Great White Sharks: The biology of Carcharodon carcharias: 19-36

ARCHER, J.A.M. (1948) Notes on the vitamin A content of the liver oil of the Vaalhaai or soupfish shark (Galeorhinus zyopterus). South Africa Department of Commerce and Industries Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey Division Investigational Report (10): 7-10

ATKINSON, G. (1998) What they forgot to tell you about saltwater fly-fishing. The Fishing Journal 1(3): 12-13,22

ATTWOOD, C.G. (1988) A redress on linefish conservation. B.Sc (Honours) thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town: 17

ATTWOOD, C.G. (1998) New start in South Africa World Fishing 47(8): 10-11

ATTWOOD, C.G. (1999) Tagging fish from the shore: problems and opportunities SANCOR Occasional Report (5): 159

ATTWOOD, C.G. (1999) Using tag data to describe fish movement patterns. South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research, Occasional Report (5): 158

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2001) Galjoen census in the De Hoop Marine Protected Area Tagging news July (14): 8

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2003) Dynamics of the fishery for galjoen Dichistius capensis, with an assessment of monitoring method. African Journal of Marine Science 25: 311-330

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2003) Linefish in crisis Fishing Industry News Southern Africa Aug: 5-6

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2003) The traditional linefishery: is there a solution? Maritime Southern Africa Sept/October: 8-10

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2003) Water quality & recirculation - abalone system can adapt to fish. Fish Farming International 30(3): 10-11

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2005) Which is best for linefish monitoring: catch-per-unit-effort trends or per-recruit models? SAMSS, Southern African Marine Science Symposium 2005 (12): 3

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2006) Making sense of South Africa's controversial linefishery. Maritime Southern Africa 2006 (nov/dec): 8-10

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2007) I&J's new hatchery could kick-start SA cage culture. Fish Farming International 34(6): 10-11

ATTWOOD, C.G. (2007) The yellowfin boom - can it last? Maritime Southern Africa 2007 (jan/feb): 8-10

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ATTWOOD, C.G.; BENNETT, B.A. (1994) Variation in dispersal of the surf-zone teleost Coracinus capensis from a Marine Reserve. Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci 51(6): 1247-1257

ATTWOOD, C.G.; BENNETT, B.A. (1995) A procedure for setting daily bag limits on the recreational shore-fishery of the south-western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 15: 241-251

ATTWOOD, C.G.; BENNETT, B.A. (1995) Modelling the effect of marine reserves on the recreational shore-fishery of the south-western Cape, South Africa South African Journal of Marine Science 16: 227-240

ATTWOOD, C.G.; COWLEY, P.D. (2005) Alternate explanations of the dispersal pattern of galjoen Dichistius capensis African Journal of Marine Science 27 (1): 141-156

ATTWOOD, C.G.; COWLEY, P.D.; KERWATH, S.E.; NAESJE, T.F.; OKLAND, F.; THORSTAD, E.B. (2007) First tracking of white stumpnose Rhabdosargus globiceps (Sparidae) in a South African marine protected area. African Journal of Marine Science 29 (1): 147-151

ATTWOOD, C.G.; FARQUHAR, M. (1999) Collapse of linefish stocks between Cape Hangklip and Walker Bay, South Africa SANCOR Occasional Report (5): 415-432

ATTWOOD, C.G.; HARRIS, J. (1999) Discussion session on marine protected areas SANCOR Occasional Report (5): 41-42

ATTWOOD, C.G.; MANN, B.Q.; BEAUMONT, J.; HARRIS, J.M. (1997) Critical review of the state of marine protected areas in South Africa SANCOR Occasional Report (2): 63-97

ATTWOOD, C.G.; MANN, B.Q.; BEAUMONT, J.; HARRIS, J.M. (1997) Review of the state of marine protected areas in South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 18: 341-367

ATTWOOD, C.G.; MANN, B.Q.; RADEBE P.V. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Dichistiidae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports 2000 (7): 31-35

ATTWOOD, C.G.; SWART, L. (2000) Discrepancy between otolith and tag-recovery estimates of growth for two South African surf-zone teleost species South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 9-15

ATTWOOD, C.G.; WILHELM, M. Comparison of shore-angling catch per unit effort and size structure data between protected and unprotected areas of the Southern Cape. In Prep.

AUDIBERT, K. (1988) Natal offshore Sciaenidae and Serranidae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 54: 24-29

AUGUSTYN, J. (2002) M&CM Researchers in the International Arena: Programme of Marine Fisheries cooperation between Norway and South Africa. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (11): 257-264

BACELA, N.; HECHT, T. (2002) Growth performance and prediction of rearing time of juvenile spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonii, under ambient conditions. Indigenous Aquaculture for Sustainable Development: 14

BADENHORST, A. (1988) Aspects of the South African longline fishery for kingklip Genypterus capensis and the cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus. South African Journal of Marine Science 6: 33-42

BADENHORST, A.; SMALE, M.J. (1991) The distribution and abundance of linefish and secondary trawlfish on the Cape south coast of South Africa, 1986-1990. South African Journal of Marine Science 11: 395-407

BADENHORST, A.; SMALE, M.J. (1991) The distribution and abundance of seven commercial trawlfish from the Cape South Coast of South Africa, 1986-1990. South African Journal of Marine Science 11: 377-393

BAIRD, D. (1977) Age, growth and aspects of reproduction of the mackerel, Scomber japonicus in South African waters (Pisces: Scombridae). Zoologica Africana 12(2): 347-362

BAIRD, D. (1977) The biology and ecology of the South African mackerel, Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, and the analysis of the mackerel fishery in South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch: 241

BAIRD, D. (1978) Catch composition and population structure of commercially exploited mackerel Scomber japonicus. Fishery Bulletin of South Africa (10): 50-61

BAIRD, D. (1978) Food of the mackerel, Scomber japonicus from western cape waters (Pices: Scombridae) Fishery Bulletin of South Africa (10): 62-68

BAIRD, D. (1987) Biology of angling fish. SANCOR Progress Report: 424-429

BAIRD, D.; MARAIS, J.F.K.; DANIEL, C. (1996) Exploitation and conservation of angling fish in two South African estuaries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6: 319-330

BAIRD, D.; PRADERVAND, P. (1999) An assessment of the recreational angling fishery in Eastern Cape estuaries SANCOR Occasional Report (5): 73-76

BALDRIDGE, H.D. (1996) Chapter 44. Comments on means for avoidance or deterrence of white shark attacks on humans. Great White Sharks: The biology of Carcharodon carcharias: 477-479

BALLARD, J.A.; OLIFF, W.D. (1969) A rapid method for measuring the acute toxicity of dissolved materials to marine fishes. Water Research 3: 313-333

BARANGE, M.; PILLAR, S.C.; HAMPTON, I. (1998) Distribution patterns, stock size and life-history strategies of Cape horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus capensis, based on bottom trawl and acoustic surveys South African Journal of Marine Science, Benguela Dynamics: Impacts of variability on shelfsea environments and their living resources. 19: 433-447

BARLOW, G.W. (1996) Chapter 23. Behavior of the white shark: An emerging picture. Great White Sharks: The biology of Carcharodon carcharias: 257-260

BARNARD, K.H. (1934) New records and descriptions of two new species of South African marine fish. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8(10): 228-236

BARNES, K.N.; RYAN, P.G.; BOIX HINZEN, C. (1997) The impact of the hake Meluccius spp. longline fishery off South Africa on procellariiform seabirds. Biological Conservation 82(2): 227-234

BARNETT, R. (1996) Shark fisheries and trade in East and Southern Africa. TRAFFIC Network Report 1: 329-339

BASS, A.J. (1970) Shark distribution and movements along the eastern coast of South Africa SANCOR Symposium August:

BASS, A.J. (1972) Natal sharks 1: The blackfin shark. Natal Wildlife 13(1):

BASS, A.J. (1972) Ridgeback grey and white-tip sharks. Natal Wildlife 13(3): 18-19

BASS, A.J. (1972) Shark and the maneater myth. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines 13(3): 24-25

BASS, A.J. (1972) The blackspot shark and the Natal banded dogfish Natal Wildlife 13(4): 20-21

BASS, A.J. (1972) The carcharhinid and scyliorhinid sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Durban: 269

BASS, A.J. (1972) The Zambezi and Java sharks. Natal Wildlife 13(2): 13-14

BASS, A.J. (1974) Shark research at the Oceanographic Research Institute SAAMBR 11: 25-27

BASS, A.J. (1977) Long-term recoveries of tagged sharks. Copeia (3): 574-575

BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1973) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. I: The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae). Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 33: 1-168

BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1975) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa, 5: The families Hexanchidae, Chlamydoselachidae, Heterodontidae, Pristiophoridae and Squatinidae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 43: 1-50

BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1975) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa, II: The families Scyliorhinidae and Pseudotriakidae Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 37: 1-64

BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1975) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. III: The families Carcharhinidae (excluding Mustelus and Carcharhinus) and Sphyrnidae Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 38: 1-100

BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1975) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. IV. The families Odontaspididae, Scapanorhynchidae, Isuridae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae and Rhiniodontidae Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 39: 1-102

BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1976) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa, 6: The families Oxynotidae, Squalidae, Dalatiidae and Echinorhinidae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigative Report 45: 1-103

BAULETH DALMEIDA, G.; KANANDJEMBO, A.; VAN DER LINGEN, C.; COETZEE, J. (2005) Pelagic fish distribution and abundance in the Luderitz Orange River Cone region. SAMSS, Southern African Marine Science Symposium 2005 (12): 7

BAUSE, M.; SCHOEMAN, D.S.; COWLING, R.M.; SIMS-CASTLEY, R. (2005) Overcoming the "seemingly impossible". A systematic conservation plan for seabream replenishment zones. SAMSS, Southern African Marine Science Symposium 2005 (12): 7

BECKER; INGA, I.W.; GRANT, S.; KIRBY, R.; ROBB, F.T. (1988)

Evolutionary divergerne between sympatric species of southern African hakes, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxis. II. Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial. Heredity 61(1): 21-30

BECKLEY, L.E. (1980) Tidal pool fishes. Eastern Cape Naturalist July (70): 18-19

BECKLEY, L.E. (1982) The occurrence of marine linefish juveniles in tidal pools near Port Elizabeth. SANCOR Marine Linefish Workshop (Session 3: juveniles) 1982: 101-104

BECKLEY, L.E. (1983) The ichthyofauna associated with Zostera capensis (Setchell) in the Swartkops estuary, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 18: 15-24

BECKLEY, L.E. (1983) Tidal pool fish community structure in the Eastern Cape. 5th National Oceanographic Symposium, Grahamstown, 24-28 January 1983 5: G3

BECKLEY, L.E. (1984) Shallow-Water Trawling Off The Swartkops Estuary, Algoa Bay. South African Journal of Zoology 19(3): 248-250

BECKLEY, L.E. (1984) The ichthyofauna of the Sundays estuary, South Africa, with particular reference to the juvenile marine component. Estuaries 7(3): 248-258

BECKLEY, L.E. (1985) The fish community of East Cape tidal pools and assessment of the nursery functions of this habitat. South African Journal of Zoology 20(1): 21-27

BECKLEY, L.E. (1985) Tidal exchange of ichthyoplankton in the Swartkops estuary mouth, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 20: 15-20

BECKLEY, L.E. (1985) Tidal pool fishes: recolonization after experimental elimination. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 85: 287-295

BECKLEY, L.E. (1986) The ichthyoplankton assamblage of the Algoa Bay nearshore region in relation to coastal zone utilization by juvenile fish. South African Journal of Zoology 21(3): 244-252

BECKLEY, L.E. (1988) Notes on the biology of juvenile Sparodon durbanensis (Pisces: Spaeridae) from tidal pools in the eastern cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 23(1): 66-68

BECKLEY, L.E. (1989) Larval development of Spondyliosoma emarginatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Pisces: Sparidae) from Southern Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 24(3): 187-192

BECKLEY, L.E. (1990) A description of the early life history stages of the kob, Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Pisces: Sciaenidae), from southern Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 25(4): 224-228

BECKLEY, L.E. (1992) Who, what, where and when? Distribution of fish larvae in the Agulhas current ecosystem. Aquatic Ecosystems Conference, Cape Town 7-10 July:

BECKLEY, L.E. (1993) Ichthyoplankton assemblages off the east coast of South Africa. 8th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Langebaan, South Africa 8 (Abstract oral session 4):

BECKLEY, L.E. (1993) Larval fish assemblages in the Agulhas Current ecosystem 4th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Bangkok, Thailand 4:

BECKLEY, L.E. (1993) Linefish larvae and the agulhas current. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (2): 57-63

BECKLEY, L.E. (1993) Lively debate on linefish. South African Commercial Marine Magazine 2(1): 33-34

BECKLEY, L.E. (1993) Pilot study: Agulhas current fish larvae. SANCOR Final Report: 450-459

BECKLEY, L.E. (1994) Natal tidal pool fishes. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report (47): 29-38

BECKLEY, L.E. (1994) Vertical distribution of ichthyoplankton on the eastern Agulhas Bank. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 95: 13

BECKLEY, L.E. (1995) Small scale fisheries. SAAMBR, Bulletin 21: 20

BECKLEY, L.E. (1996) Tag and release. South African Fishing Yearbook 1996: 37-38

BECKLEY, L.E. (1997) Distribution and dispersal of fish larvae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (140): 28-29

BECKLEY, L.E. (1997) Recruitment of reef fishes. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication 140(April-March): 28-29

BECKLEY, L.E. (1998) The Agulhas current ecosystem with particular reference to dispersal of fish larvae Large marine ecosystems of the Indian Ocean: assessment, sustainability and management: 255-276

BECKLEY, L.E. (1999) KwaZulu-Natal Marine Protected Areas: harvest refugia or exploitation nodes? KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service. Annual research symposium 14-16: Abstracts: 7:

BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Recruitment of coral reef fishes at Limestone Reef, South Africa. World Coral Reefs in the New Millenium: Bridging Research and Management for Sustainable Development: 38

BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Recruitment of coral reef fishes at Limestone Reef, South Africa. 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali 9:

BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Species composition and recruitment of fishes to a tidal pool in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Zoology 35(1): 29-34

BECKLEY, L.E. (2001) An investigation of settlement stage fishes in proximity to Limestone Reef, South Africa. Scientific Programme and Book of Abstracts, 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference 2001 (May): 14-15

BECKLEY, L.E. (2001) Fishy business in Durban. South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research 168: 6-7

BECKLEY, L.E. (2001) Hook line and grunter. Ulwandle 8: 1-4

BECKLEY, L.E.; BULLEN, E.M. (1995) ORI/SFW tagging programme data on spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonni). Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 95 (2): 1-19

BECKLEY, L.E.; BUXTON, C.D. (1989) Underwater observations of reef fish in and around Algoa Bay, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 47: 29-38

BECKLEY, L.E.; CHATER, S.A. (1993) Ichthyofauna of high latitude coral reefs in South Africa. Pre-Indo-Pacific Fish Conference Workshop, Flores, Indonesia November:

BECKLEY, L.E.; CONNELL, A.D. (1996) Early life history of Pomatomus saltatrix off the East coast of South Africa. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 47(2): 319-322

BECKLEY, L.E.; CYRUS, D.P. (1995) Larval fish assemblage in nearshore coastal waters off the St Luciaestuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 49: 789-811

BECKLEY, L.E.; EVERETT, B.I. (1998) An synthesis of information on sardines and the KwaZulu-Natal "sardine run". Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 158: 35

BECKLEY, L.E.; FENNESSY, S.T. (1996) The beach-seine fishery off Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. 9th Southern African Marine Science Symposium Programme 9: 41

BECKLEY, L.E.; FENNESSY, S.T. (1996) The beach-seine fishery off Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Zoology 31(4): 186-192

BECKLEY, L.E.; FENNESSY, S.T.; BIRNIE, S.L.; CHATER, S.A.; FIELDING, P.A.; GARRATT, P.A.; GOVENDER, A.; MANN, B.Q.; NELLMAPIUS, S.J.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1995) An investigation of the beach-seine fishery off Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 122: 14

BECKLEY, L.E.; FENNESSY, S.T.; EVERETT, B.I. (2005) Harbours as recreational assets: a case study of shore-based angling in a major South African port. Indian Ocean Marine Environmental conference: Linking science, engineering and management, Perth, Australia, 14-18 February 2005

BECKLEY, L.E.; FENNESSY, S.T.; FIELDING, P.J.; ROBERTSON, W.D.; TOMALIN, B.J.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1996) Informal fisheries on the east coast of South Africa (HSRC Project). Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 133: 35

BECKLEY, L.E.; FENNESSY, S.T.; GOVENDER, A.; DAVID, B.; LEAO, J. (1994) Oceanographic Research Institute/Instituto de Investigacao Pesqueira collaborative linefish research Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 110: 11

BECKLEY, L.E.; GOVENDER, A.; FENNESSY, S.T. (1995) ORI/IIP collaborative linefish research (Inhaca, Ponta Malongane and Ponta do Ouro) October 1995. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 121: 7

BECKLEY, L.E.; HULLEY, P.A.; SKELTON, P.A. (2001) Ichthyology in South Africa: a tale of two oceans. 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference scientific programme and book of abstracts. 6:

BECKLEY, L.E.; HULLEY, P.A.; SKELTON, P.A. (2002) Synoptic overview of marine ichthyology in South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research 53 (2): 99-106

BECKLEY, L.E.; LEIS, J.M. (2000) Occurrence of tuna and mackerel larvae (Family: Scombridae) off the east coast of South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research 51(8): 777-782

BECKLEY, L.E.; MANN, B.Q. (2000) Assessment of the rocky shore at Green Point, KwaZulu-Natal, South Coast, as a possible conservancy area. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 189: 6

BECKLEY, L.E.; MANN, B.Q.; ROBERTSON, W.D.; FIELDING, P.J. (1999) Subsistence fisheries: an assessment of resource availability and sustainability in KwaZulu-Natal. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 173: 138

BECKLEY, L.E.; MANN, B.Q.; ROBERTSON, W.D.; FIELDING, P.J; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (2000) Subsistence fishery resource assessment, Port Edward to Kosi Bay zone 3a & 3b. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 193: 64

BECKLEY, L.E.; NAIDOO, A.D. (1998) Light traps and larvae: preliminary results from KwaZulu-Natal coastal. African Fishes and Fisheries Diversity and Utilisation: 263

BECKLEY, L.E.; PRADEVAND, P. (1999) Angling in the St Lucia and Maputaland Marine Reserves, KwaZulu-Natal. SANCOR Occasional Report (5): 34-40

BECKLEY, L.E.; RADEBE, P.V.; MANN, B.Q. (2001) Inventory of fishes recorded from Durban Harbour Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 202: 9

BECKLEY, L.E.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1993) Fish, fishers and fisheries: proceedings. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (2): 23-24

BECKLEY, L.E.; VAN DER ELST, R.P.; CHATER, S.A.; BIRNIE, S.L. (1995) Fish trapping during the operation of the Durban harbour graving dock, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 21(1/2): 78-87

BECKLEY, L.E.; VAN DER ELST, R.P.; TOMALIN, B.J.; NYIDE, Z. (1995) Use of natural resources in the port of Durban. Oceanographic Research Institute, Unpublished Report 123: 10

BECKLEY, L.E.; VAN DER LINGEN, C.D. (1999) Biology, fishery and management of sardines (Sardinops sagax) in Southern African waters Marine and Freshwater Research 50(8): 955-978

BENMANSOUR, B.; BEN HASSINE, O.K.; DIEBAKATE, C.; RAIBAUT, A. (2001) On two species of lernaeopodid copepod (Siphonostomatoida) parasite on the striped seabream, Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaues, 1758) (Pisces, Sparidae) Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Zoosystema 23(4): 695-703

BENNETT, B.A. (1985) A mass mortality of fish associated with low salinity conditions in the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45(3/4): 437-447

BENNETT, B.A. (1987) Effects of the De Hoop marine reserve on linefish stocks. Cape Town University: Institute of Oceanography year book 1987: 7-8

BENNETT, B.A. (1987) The rock pool fish community of Koppie Alleen and an assessment of the importance of cape rock pools as nursery sreas for juvenile fish. South African Journal of Zoology 22(1): 25-32

BENNETT, B.A. (1988) Some considerations for the management in South Africa of galjoen Coracinus capensis (Curvier), an important shore-angling species off the south-western Cape South African Journal of Marine Science 6: 133-142

BENNETT, B.A. (1989) A comparison of the fish communities in nearby permanently open, seasonally open and normally closed estuaries in the south-western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 8: 43-55

BENNETT, B.A. (1989) The diets of fish in three South-Western Cape estuarine systems. South African Journal of Zoology 24(3): 163-177

BENNETT, B.A. (1989) The fish community of a moderately exposed beach on the Southwestern Cape coast of South Africa and an assessment of this habitat as a nursery for juvenile fish. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 28(3): 293-305

BENNETT, B.A. (1990) Has rock and surf fishing in the southwestern Cape deteriorated? South Africa National Scientific Programmes Report 167: 68-70

BENNETT, B.A. (1991) Long-term trends in the catches by shore anglers in False Bay. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 47(4/5): 683-690

BENNETT, B.A. (1993) An evalutiona of the options available for the management of white steenbras (Lithognathus Lithognathus) fishery. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication 2: 23-25

BENNETT, B.A. (1993) Aspects of the biology and life history of white steenbras Lithognathus lithognathus in Southern Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 13: 83-96

BENNETT, B.A. (1993) The fishery for white steenbras Lithognathus lithognathus off the Cape coast, South Africa, with some considerations for its management. South African Journal of Marine Science 13: 1-14

BENNETT, B.A.; ATTWOOD, C.G. (1991) Evidence for recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 75(2/3): 75

BENNETT, B.A.; ATTWOOD, C.G. (1993) In defence of the De Hoop marine reserve. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (2): 175-176

BENNETT, B.A.; ATTWOOD, C.G. (1993) Shore-angling catches in the De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa, and further evidence for the protective value of marine reserves. South African Journal of Marine Science 13: 213-222

BENNETT, B.A.; ATTWOOD, C.G.; GRIFFITHS, C.L. (1989) Focus on the galjoen: Preliminary tagging results. Tagging news 5: 8-9

BENNETT, B.A.; ATTWOOD, C.G.; MANTEL, J.D. (1994) Teleost catches by three shore-angling clubs in the South-Western Cape, with an assessment of the effect of restrictions applied in 1985. South African Journal of Marine Science 14: 11-18

BENNETT, B.A.; GRIFFITHS, C.L. (1986) Aspects of the biology of Coracinus capensis (Curvier) off the south-western Cape, South Africa South African Journal of Marine Science 4: 153-162

BENNETT, B.A.; GRIFFITHS, C.L. (1988) Trends in the catch per unit effort of shore anglers, 1938 to 1986. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 157: 118-123

BENNETT, B.A.; PUNT, A.E. (1990) The effects of hook size on age-specific selectivity and its consequences for management. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 167: 91-94

BERNATZEDER, A.; BRITZ, P. (2005) Thermal preference of juvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus. Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa Bi-annual Conference 2005 (7): 86

BERRUTI, A. (1988) Distribution of and predation on saury Scomberesox saurus Scombroides in continental shelf waters off the Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 6: 183-192

BERRY, P.F. (1969) A 'Slinger' survey. South African Association for Marine Biological Research (7): 32

BERRY, P.F.; HANEKOM, P.; JOUBERT, C.; SCHLEYER, M.; SMALE, M.; VANDERELST, R. (1979) A preliminary account of the major energy pathways through a Natal inshore reef. 4th National Oceanographic Symposium 4: 45

BERRY, P.F.; SMALE, M.J.; HANEKOM, P.; JOUBERT, C.; VAN DER ELST, R. (1979) Density and biomass of teleosts on the ORI reef, Natal. 4th National Oceanographic Symposium 4: 46

BERRY, P.F.; VAN DER ELST, R.P.; HANEKOM, P.; JOUBERT, C.S.W.; SMALE, M.J. (1982) Density and biomass of the ichthyofauna of a Natal littoral reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10(1): 49-55

BEST, P.B.; CRAWFORD, R.J.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1996) Southern Africa's predatory marine fish, birds and mammals: research over the past 100 years and its future. Gilchrist Memorial Plenary, Cape Town, 23 November 1996. Oral Paper.:

BEST, P.B.; CRAWFORD, R.J.M.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1997) Top predators in Southern Africa's marine ecosystems. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 52(1): 177-255

BEYER, J.E.; KIRCHNER, C.H.; HOLTZHAUSEN, J.A. (1999) A method to determine size-specific natural mortality applied to westcoast steenbras (Lithognathus aureti) in Namibia. Fisheries Research 41: 133-153

BIARD, D.; TREGONING, C. (1982) Data collecting: Rock & surf angling fish SANCOR Marine Linefish Workshop 1982: 7-12

BIARD, D.; TREGONING, C. (1982) Preliminary catch statistic report on rock and surf angling competitions in the Eastern Cape for 1978. SANCOR Marine Linefish Workshop 1982: 108-116

BICKERTON, I.B.; PIERCE, S.M. (1988) Estuaries of the Cape: Part II: Synopses of available information on individual systems; Report No 33 Krom (CMS45) Seekoei (CMS 46) and Kabeljous (CMS 47). South Africa CSIR Research Report: Estuaries of the Cape (432): 1-109

BIDEN, C.L. (1948) Sea-angling fishes of the Cape. Juta and co.: 304

BILLS, R. (2000) The sea bream, Acanthopagrus berda. Ichthos Newsletter (63): 1-3

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PRADERVAND, P. (2003) National Marine Linefish System: assessment of catches of hammerhead shark (Sphyrna spp.) in the competitive shore fishery along the Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal coasts. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2003 (3): 3

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PRADERVAND, P. (2004) National Marine Linefish System: assessment of short-term trends in the shore- and boat-based marine fisheries along the Hibuscus Coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2004 (1): 15

PRADERVAND, P. (2004) National Marine Linefish System: recorded catches of garrick (Lichia amia) along the KwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africa, during the period 1984 - 2002. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2004 (5): 4

PRADERVAND, P. (2004) National Marine Linefish System: seasonality in catches of sailfish Istiophorus platypterus in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2004 (17): 6

PRADERVAND, P. (2004) National Marine Linefish System: temporal trends in catches of dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus in the shore-based competition fishery along the KwaZulu-Natal and Transkei coasts. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2004 (4): 3

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PRADERVAND, P. (2005) Evaluation of the KwaZulu-Natal charter boat fishery. Southern African Marine Science Symposium 2005 (12): 62

PRADERVAND, P. (2005) National Marine Linefish System: a contribution to the 2005 KwaZulu-Natal State of the Environment Report: medium-term trends in the KwaZulu-Natal linefishery. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2005 (4): 7

PRADERVAND, P. (2005) National Marine Linefish System: effort estimates for a selected section of the KwaZulu-Natal shore fishery during 2004 – South Pier to Chain Rocks. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2005 (3): 4

PRADERVAND, P. (2005) National Marine Linefish System: the Cape Vidal spearfishery 2000-2004. Oceanographic Research Institute, Data Report 2005 (8): 5

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WOOD, A.D. (1997) Tsitsikamma ichthyoplankton survey - Phase II Rhodes University Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Research Report Series (10): 124-129

WOOD, A.D. (1998) A contribution towards the taxonomy of the ichthyoplankton and species community and an understanding of its dynamics along the south-east coast of South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown: 338

WOOD, A.D. (1998) A preliminary appraisal of the dispersal potential of ichthyoplankton from the Tsitsikamma National Park. Fishes and Fisheries Diversity and Utilisation/Poissons et Pêches Africains Diversité et Utilisation (Book of Abstracts) 1998: 371

WOOD, A.D. (1999) Ichthyoplankton - a small consideration for large marine protected areas. SANCOR Occasional Report (5): 22-26

WOOD, A.D.; BROUWER, S.L.; COWLEY, P.D.; HARRISON, T.D. (2000) An updated checklist of the ichthyofaunal species assemblage of the Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 43(1): 83-95

WOOD, A.D.; COWLEY, P.D. (2000) The spatial distribution of four shore-angling species from the Tsitsikamma coast. 5th International Temperate Reef Symposium: Programme and Abstracts 5: 44

WRIGHT, R.; COMPAGNO, L.; FIELD, J. (2000) Status of the shark fishery: Scyliorhinidae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports 2000 (7): 220-221

WRIGHT, R.V.; LECHANTEUR, Y.A.R.G.; PROCHAZKA, K.; GRIFFITHS, C.L. (2001) Infection of hottentot Pachymetopon blochii by the fish louse Anilocra capensis (Crustacea: Isopoda) in False Bay, South Africa. Journal of African Zoology 36(2): 177-183

YEH, S.Y.; TRENG, T.C.; HUI, C.F.; PENNEY, A.J. (1997) Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis on albacore, Thunnus alalunga, meat samples collected from the waters off western South Africa and the eastern Indian Ocean. Unknown

YELD, J. (1992) White steenbras: shared management or lost resource? African Wildlife 46(5): 203

YELD, J. (2003) Sharks at risk as officials 'ignore protection plans'. Dolphin & Whale News, Dolphin Action & Protection Group 27(1): 10

YEMANE, D.; FIELD, J.G.; GRIFFITHS, M.H. (2004) Effects of fishing on the size and dominance structure of linefish of the Cape Region, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 26(2): 161-177

YEMANE, D.; GRIFFITHS, M.H.; FIELD, J.G. (2005) Comparison of fish-community size spectra based on length frequencies and mean lengths: a note. African Journal of Marine Science 27(1): 337-341

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