Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Rheumatic involvement of the pulmonary valve is very uncommon and rarely leads to serious deformity. Carcinoid plaques may lead to constriction of the pulmonary valve ring. Pulmonary regurgitation. Most common cause is ring dilatation due to pulmonary hypertension, or dilatation of the pulmonary artery secondary to a connective tissue disorder. ................
................