What does it mean to be a slave in the modern world?



Year 8The Slave Trade- Home Learning BookletLessonTime allocatedCompleteLesson 1: What were the main events during the slave trade period?1 hourLesson 2: What was Africa like before the slave trade?30 minutesLesson 3: What were the main events during the period?1 hour 30 minutesLesson 4: What was life like for slaves on the Middle Passage?1 hourLesson 5: What happened on arrival?45 minutesLesson 6: What was life like on the plantations45 minutesLesson 7: Slave punishments1 hourLesson 8: Slave Voices1 hourLesson 9: Slave Resistance1 hour 30 minutesLesson 10:Abolition of Slavery 1 hour 30 minutesLesson 11: William Wilberforce1 hourLesson 12: Modern Slavery1 hourLesson One-What were the main events during the slave trade period? (1 hour)Chronological= placing events into order of time from earliest to latest. This is an important skill for historians.Task 1- below are some pictures of events In on paper draw a time line and place the events into the correct chronological order (order of time)This means that 1555- The first African slaves were brought to Britain would go first on your timeline.Time line of the Slave Trade1555___________________________________________________________________________1833Events to orderTask 2: match the evidence to the event e.g. 1555= statement BA: In the mid-18th century, Liverpool slave ships made around 49 voyages a year against Bristol's average of 20. Bristol had itself overtaken London as the main slave trading port in 1737. Slave ship owners and the owners of Caribbean plantations, most of whom lived in Britain, became very wealthy and influential in government and society.B: In 1555 the London trader John Lok brought five slaves from Guinea to England. He was followed by another London trader, William Towerson, who brought African slaves to England in 1556 and 1557.C: Captain John Powell landed in Barbados in 1625 and claimed the island as a British Caribbean colony. He returned two years later with a group of settlers and Barbados was developed into a sugar plantation economy using at first indentured servants and then slaves captured in West Africa.D: Charles II granted the Royal African Company a monopoly on the rapidly expanding slave trade. Rival merchants opposed the monopoly and in 1698 Parliament opened the slave trade to all. Britain would become one of the leading transatlantic slave trading nations. Ships took guns and manufactured goods from Britain to West Africa, where goods were exchanged for people. Captives were taken across the Atlantic and sold into slavery on the plantations of the Caribbean and North America. Cargoes of rum, tobacco, cotton and sugar were then carried to England. This was known as the triangle trade.E: After years of intense anti-slavery lobbying and pro-abolition public meetings around the country (including an abolitionist march on 10 Downing Street) parliament finally voted to end slavery throughout the British empire. Slaves would initially become 'apprentices' for a six-year term, starting in 1834. This was later shortened to four years. MP William Wilberforce, who had represented the abolitionists in the House of Commons, died just days before just before the emancipation measure became law.F: During a voyage from Africa to Jamaica, the captain of the slave ship 'Zong' ordered 133 slaves to be thrown overboard alive. The ship's owners then filed a fraudulent insurance claim for the value of the dead slaves. In March 1783 the case was heard in London as an insurance dispute rather than a murder trial. The case was widely publicised by outraged abolitionists, particularly Olaudah Equiano and Granville Sharp, and helped to attract new supporters to the abolition cause.Task 3 answer in full sentencesHow long did the slave trade last for?What was traded?What countries were involved?What major UK cities were involved?What does this tell us about the slave trade?Challenge: Choose one of the events in the timeline and find out 5 more facts about the event or a person mentioned.Lesson Two-What was Africa like before the slave trade? (30 minutes) Key term: Empire- when a country owns or controls other countries.Before countries like Britain made Africa part of its Empire, many parts of Africa were quite wealthy and had good trade routes. Last year you learnt about Ancient Egypt- a North African country that had a really advanced civilisation and traded with lots of countries. Today you are going to find out more about Africa before the slave trade.-4762532575500The Aksum EmpireThe Kingdom of Aksum was an ancient kingdom of Africa. It is sometimes called the Kingdom of Axum or Ancient Ethiopia.?It was located along the southern coast of the Red Sea. It not only conquered and controlled lands in Africa, but the Middle East too. The kingdom covered much of modern day?Ethiopia, Sudan, Yemen, and southern Saudi Arabia.?right54546500The city of Aksum was formed around 400 BC. It began to rise in power and expand in 100 AD, reaching its peak around 350 AD. It continued to rule the region until 940 AD when it was conquered by a foreign Queen. Aksum reached its peak under the leadership of King Ezana who ruled from 325 AD to 360 AD. During this time, Aksum expanded its territory and became a major trade centre. King Ezana also converted to Christianity, making it the major religion of the kingdom.?Aksum was perfectly located to become a major centre of trade. Merchants would travel from central Africa, Persia, India and Egypt to bring their goods to Aksum to trade. Aksum had access to several different trade routes including major waterways such as the Red Sea and the Nile River.?Products traded included salt, gold, ivory, gems, cloth, glass and olive oil. Even people in the Roman Empire would travel to Aksum to buy their goods.?left25019000Because of Aksum's location and role in international trading, the culture of Aksum became a blend of many cultures throughout the region. They were influenced by the Egyptians, the Greeks, the?Romans and the Arabs. They also developed a written language and minted their own coins. As well as trade they developed terraced farming and irrigation (drainage systems), which allowed them to farm the slopes of mountains, making their hilly land more productive.?Unlike their northern neighbours Egypt, Aksum did not build pyramids. Instead, Aksum is famous for building tall towers called stelae. The tallest of these towers was nearly 100 feet high (See image). The towers were elaborately carved with inscriptions, stone doors, and fake windows.Tasks: 1.Answer the questions about the objects Aksum traded with.-404037691007000-457377516636021691605474335Salt was the most popular product traded in Aksum. Why do you think this is?00Salt was the most popular product traded in Aksum. Why do you think this is?2256912394308b. Aksum traded ivory (rhino horn and elephant tusks). To prevent extinction, they made ivory sustainable. What does sustainable mean and how would it help trade?00b. Aksum traded ivory (rhino horn and elephant tusks). To prevent extinction, they made ivory sustainable. What does sustainable mean and how would it help trade?-2571759626600023387051247140c. Aksum would buy spices and then sell them on. Which countries do you think they would buy the spices from and which countries would they sell it to?00c. Aksum would buy spices and then sell them on. Which countries do you think they would buy the spices from and which countries would they sell it to?-182880233045002486025485775d. Why would emeralds be a popular product to trade?00d. Why would emeralds be a popular product to trade?33000004242935e. Gold was another very popular product to trade. List all the different things you think gold might be used for00e. Gold was another very popular product to trade. List all the different things you think gold might be used for-19050012954000-2286007543800Task 2You’re the emperor of Rome, wanting to send some men to Aksum to buy their trade goods. You need to persuade the Senate (the Roman government) why it’s worth the long journey to reach this African kingdomMembers of the Senate I am here to tell you why it is really important for us to trade with Aksum in Africa…Task 3What was Africa like before the slave trade?0Task 2You’re the emperor of Rome, wanting to send some men to Aksum to buy their trade goods. You need to persuade the Senate (the Roman government) why it’s worth the long journey to reach this African kingdomMembers of the Senate I am here to tell you why it is really important for us to trade with Aksum in Africa…Task 3What was Africa like before the slave trade? Lesson Three-What were the main events during the slave trade period? (1hour 30 minutes)What is a slave? Use your own knowledge to copy and complete the paragraph belowTaskRead the information carefully. Highlight any words you don’t understand- check in the glossary at the back or look up in dictionary.How did Slavery develop?Slavery was not a new idea in the 1600s. It had been used for thousands of years all across the world. It is difficult to know where it first started although some historians believe it first started in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). In the Ancient World, the Egyptians used slaves to build their pyramids and the Romans forced them to fight as gladiators in the amphitheatres. Therefore, when the Slave Trade started from about 1500 therefore it was not a new idea to capture and force a “weaker” people to work for the stronger. In ancient times slavery usually came about as a result of a debt, birth into a slave family, war or punishment for a crime. Slaves were typically better off than peasants as they had regular food, shelter and clothing. At that point slavery was certainly not a global business.What was the Slave Triangle?right698500Things changed from around 1500 onwards when British explorers started to turn slavery into a profitable business. Slave traders, many of them British, make a fortune by taking young men, women and children from their homes in Africa, sailing them across the Atlantic Ocean and forcing them to work on huge cotton, sugar and tobacco farms in North America, South America and the West Indies. The slave trade began with the Portuguese and some Spanish traders taking West and Central African slaves to their colonies in South America or the New World. In the 16th Century British Sailors such as John Hawkins became involved as they saw that they could earn a great deal of money. Hawkins first took slaves from Africa in 1562. In 1625 the British captured Barbados in the West Indies and then secured Jamaica in 1655. By 1672, the Royal African Company was set up to trade African slaves to the sugar plantations of the West Indies. The British involvement increase in after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave them the right to sell up to 144,000 slaves a year in the Spanish Empire. The slave trade made a great deal of profit for those who sold and exchanged slaves. Therefore, they often ignored the fact it was inhumane and unfair. After 1700, the numbers of slaves being transported increased greatly. At least 12 million Africans were taken to the Americas as slaves between 1532 and 1832 and at least a third of them in British ships.How did the Triangle work?For the British slave traders, it was a three-legged journey called the 'triangular trade':West African slaves were exchanged for trade goods such as cloth, brandy and guns. A slave cost about ?3-worth of traded goods.Slaves were then taken via the ‘Middle Passage’ across the Atlantic for sale in the West Indies and North America.Finally, a cargo of rum and sugar taken from the colonies, was taken back to England to sell.29222702614930Textiles and manufactured goods to Africa.00Textiles and manufactured goods to Africa.18205452335530Slaves to the Americas00Slaves to the Americas27584401193165Sugar, tobacco, cotton, and rum to Europe.00Sugar, tobacco, cotton, and rum to Europe.Task- if possible print off the map or make a copy of the arrows and fill in the boxes based on what you have just read.Challenge: Thinking Pit StopWhat did the traders in Africa get?What did the people of the West Indies get?Who gained most?Who lost out?Task TwoWatch the video clip to increase your understanding Slave Trade BBC History file Make notes of key facts and then finish the sentences belowSlaves were captured…The slave trade worked by…They were sometimes exchanged for…One thing I have learnt…One thing that surprised me….Lesson Four-What was life like for slaves on the middle passage? (1 hour)This was a plan created by the Slave Traders to work out how many slaves they could fit onto a slave ship. QuestionsWhat does this source suggest about the way the slaves were treated on the slave ships?How much space did the slaves have? What can we learn about the slave trader’s attitudes towards the slaves from this source? Challenge: How reliable is this source for telling us about slave trader’s attitudes towards slaves on the slave ship? (Can we trust it? Who was it written by?)The Middle Passage350520032639000The voyage that carried Africans into slavery across the Atlantic Ocean was called the ‘Middle Passage’. Having arrived at the African coast captains were anxious to make their stay as short as possible to avoid any disease and mutiny. Slaves were taken from the holding forts, shackled together in pairs with leg irons and carried to the ships in dugout canoes. Once aboard they were branded with a red hot iron, like cattle, to show who owned them and their clothes were removed. Slaves were housed in the ship’s hold like any other cargo. The men were kept in chains while women and children were sometimes allowed to go free. Slaves lay on specially built shelves with about 0.5 metres of vertical space, the men were chained in pairs. Once the available spaces were filled the captain set sale. Once at sea, the slaves were brought up out of their steamy dungeon each morning. The men’s leg irons were linked to a chain running down the centre of the ship’s deck to prevent them jumping overboard. On some ships they were made to dance for exercise. The slaves would receive their meal, usually a kind of porridge made from maize or millet. A second meal might be provided in the afternoon, usually the same as the first. While on deck, a good captain had the slaves washed down with warm vinegar and scrubbed. Some did not bother and in rough weather the slaves would not be allowed out at all.Shackled in darkness and filth, seasickness and disease were rife. The heat in the hold could be over 30 degrees and the slaves would have no access to toilets or washing facilities. Other vessels stayed clear of the slave ships as the smell was so bad. In these terrible conditions, disease spread easily and many slaves died. It was not rare for hundreds to die in an epidemic; occasionally every African on board was dead by the time the ship entered Caribbean waters. Their bodies were thrown overboard. Slaves were valuable cargo so a good captain would do his best to keep as many alive as possible. But many slave captains were notorious for their cruelty. The voyage could take anything from 6 weeks to three months. It has been estimated that between 9 and 11 million people were taken from Africa by European traders and landed alive on the other side of the Atlantic. But as the average loss was 1/8 of all slaves it can be estimated that a further 1.5 million Africans are buried in the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and the Americas. At the end of the voyage came the sale of the ‘cargo’. Africans were inspected for any physical faults and auctioned like meat in a meat market. Families were split up forever and life as a plantation slave would begin. Meanwhile, the captains totted up profits and the crew began cleaning out the ship to take their next cargo of goods that the slaves had produced. This had to be carried back in better conditions than the slaves had been kept in. As soon as the ship was ready and loaded, the final part of the Trade Triangle, the ‘return passage’, could begin. TasksWrite down 5 words to describe what life was like for the slaves during the middle passage.Watch the video clip- make notes about the conditions on the ship. Lesson Five- what happened on arrival? (45 minutes)How do auctions work?People bid on goods or services and the person who offers the best price are able to win and can purchase the commodity. Nowadays many people participate in online auctions on websites such as Ebay or UK Auctioneers. However, during the slave trade the goods on sale were people!So, what happened once the slaves arrived?The middle passage like all parts of the slave trade was about profit. When the ship landed in the Americas slaves were given fresh food & allowed to bathe. They were then sold to the buyer who offered the highest amount.Once in the Americas, slaves were sold, by auction, to the person that bid the most money for them. It was here that family members would find themselves split up, as a bidder may not want to buy the whole family, only the strongest, healthiest member.38195255207000Slave Auctions were advertised when it was known that a slave ship was due to arrive. Posters like the one pictured below would be displayed around the town.In the pen they would be washed and their skin covered with grease, or sometimes tar, to make them healthier. This was done so that they would fetch as much money as possible. They would also be branded with a hot iron to identify them as slaves."Sold! to the highest bidder"The slaves would be brought from the pen, in turn, to stand on a raised platform so that they could be seen by the buyers. Before the bidding began, those that wished to, could come up onto the platform to inspect the slaves closely. The slaves had to endure being poked, prodded and forced to open their mouths for the buyers.4352925814324000The auctioneer would decide a price to start the bidding. This would be higher for fit, young slaves and lower for older, very young or sickly slaves. Potential buyers would then bid against each other. The person who bid the most would then own that slave.?The 'Grab and Go' AuctionAt the sound of a drum roll, the door to the slave pen would be opened and the buyers would rush in and grab the slave or slaves that they wanted. The buyers then checked their slaves out by returning their ticket or tickets to the slave trader. ?Watch this short clip to find out more Along with sale went renaming – a process designed to deny a person’s former identity and reinforce the control of his or her owner.OLADAUH EQUIANO WAS RE-NAMED GUSTAVUS VASA Tasks On paper produce a step by step guide with pictures to explain what happened to slaves on arrival.Create your own advert for a slave auction – remember you need to try and “sell your slaves- they are your merchandise” This could be a poster/ a leaflet. You can produce it on paper or using Word or Publisher.Extension- how would you feel if you were sold?Explain how these slaves were treated as commodities?Lesson Six- Life as a slave- what was life like on the plantations? (45 minutes)What are plantations?37719004826000A plantation is a forest, farm or estate, where crops are grown for sale, often in distant markets rather than for local on-site consumption. Crops grown on plantations include fast-growing trees, cotton, coffee, tobacco and some oil seeds (notably oil palms) and rubber trees.Slavery and plantationsleft635000African slave labour extracted from forcibly transported Africans was used extensively to work on early plantations (such as cotton and sugar plantations) in the USA, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas and in European-occupied areas of Africa.On arrival of a slave ship at different ports. The slaves were exposed naked and inspected by the prospective buyers to determine if they were healthy. On the plantation, the slaves were housed away from the master's house. The houses had thatched roofs and walls of old boards or of wattle and mud. The floor was the earth itself with no furniture except some rudimentary pieces that the slaves, over time, managed to make. While the slaves were provided with certain foodstuffs by the master, they raised their own subsistence crops of vegetables, plantains and root crops on small garden plots that the master allowed them to use. However, they could only do their personal farming on Sundays when they had no. They also went to fish on Sundays in the nearby canals.RoutinesThe work day of the slaves began even before day-break. They were marched to the fields by slave drivers who controlled them with whips. A White overseer supervised the entire operation. With farm implements allocated to them, the slaves worked in the fields and were occasionally lashed by the slave drivers if they attempted to idle. Around the middle of the day they were given an hour's break to refresh themselves. The work day ended at about eight in the evening. But the slaves who worked at the sugar mills during the grinding season were forced to work even longer hours.Punishment48672755080000Slaves were punished in various ways. For striking a White man, a hand could be cut off. But whipping was the most common form of punishment in the cruelest form. The whipping was done by a slave driver under the watchful eye of a while overseer, and it was not unusual for the victim to be beaten to death.Methods of Control The White plantation owners used various methods to maintain complete control over their slaves. Their principal method was that of "divide and rule". Members of the same tribe were separated on different plantations to prevent communication between them. The aim behind this was to prevent any plans to rebel if they were together. This separation, however, created a problem of communication, since the plantation would have different groups of slaves speaking different languages. Therefore, the planters had to find a way to communicate with their slaves. Soon a new language, known as Creole-Dutch, developed and this became a common tongue among the slaves. When the British took control of Guyana in the nineteenth century, English words were injected into the language and it became the basis of the Guyanese Creolise language. Slaves were also prevented from practising their religions. Quite a few slaves were Muslims while many others had their own tribal beliefs. But since the Christian planters saw non-Christians as pagans, they made sure that the slaves could not gather to worship in the way they were accustomed when they lived in Africa. Task 1- what was the day in the life of a slave like on a plantation?On paper create a diagram to show what their daily life was like from morning until bedtime.Task 2- what do the sources suggest about life as a slave?Copy and complete the tableSourceThis tells me that….Review- in your own words- how hard was life for slaves on the plantations?Lesson Seven- Life as a slave- slave punishments (1 hour)Task: Look carefully at the sourcesWrite down what each source infers (suggests/ shows) about the life of the slave?e.g. I think source 1 shows a master with a whip- this suggests that masters whipped their slaves.Task 2 Watch the ten minute video clip and start to add notes into your research diagram. You are to record facts relating to the following areas of a slave’s life and work:Mental and physical healthWork PunishmentsEmpathy task“Imagine you were an African person was captured by slave traders. In later life, you escaped, learnt to read and write and are now writing your memoir to help the work of the Abolitionists and raise awareness.”Write a memoir entry, describing what life was like for you and others on the plantation before you escaped.Try this Word search 510540028321000Lesson Eight- voices from a slave- The life of Olaudah Equiano (1 hour)CAPTUREOlaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in the African country, now known as Nigeria. The adults worked in the fields during the day leaving the children to fend for themselves in the village. Older children were often given the task of acting as lookouts and if they saw any traders approaching the village they would let out a loud cry. Olaudah and his sister were in the hut when they heard the cry. Looking out of the door, Olaudah saw the traders hurrying into the village and knew that there was no time for them to reach the safety of the trees. He and his sister crouched in the corner of the hut and held their breath. Their hearts were pounding and their ears were straining for the sound of approaching footsteps that surely enough came their way. Both Olaudah and his sister were roughly seized and their mouths were stuffed with dirty cloths to stop them from crying out. Sacks were placed over their heads and they were carried away from the village. After a while they were put down on the ground and their hands were tied behind their backs. The sacks were replaced over their heads and again they were carried until nightfall. THE JOURNEYAfter a few days they reached a larger African settlement and here Olaudah and his sister were separated and sold to different families. During the seven months that Olaudah spent in slavery in Africa he was mostly treated kindly, in some cases as part of the family, and was given fairly simple household tasks to do. In Africa, slaves were respected and their status as part of the family was valued. Olaudah was soon to discover that slavery in America was very different.THE CROSSINGEventually he was sold to another trader. Olaudah was marched many miles and saw the landscape change. Olaudah was very frightened and had to be dragged nearer to the sea. He then noticed a very big ‘house’ on the sea. The people around the big house looked very strange. They had long hair, white skin and spoke a strange language. Olaudah thought that they were devils. As he was young, Olaudah was not chained like the men and women but he was dragged aboard the ship. There he saw a large copper pot above a furnace and fearing that he was going to be boiled alive and eaten by the white men, he fainted on the deck. When he came round, black men were standing over him and he was reassured that he was not going to be eaten. As Olaudah looked back towards the shore he saw that he was moving away from the shoreline and realised that he would never see his homeland again.?Beneath deck it was overcrowded, each man only had about eighteen inches space in which to sit. Everywhere people were sweating, vomiting and going to the toilet due to fear and the movement of the ship. The smell was overpowering and many fainted or died from the stale air. Olaudah was so ill from the smell and the conditions in the hold that he was allowed to sit on deck during the day to breathe fresh air. All he wanted to do though was to die. He was unable to jump overboard because of the nets on the sides of the boat so he refused to eat. He was beaten for not eating and not wishing to be punished again he began to eat some food. THE INDIESEventually the ship reached the West Indies and although many slaves had died on the crossing many remained alive. The next day the slaves were taken ashore and Olaudah was amazed to see that the houses were made out of bricks. He was even more amazed to see people riding horses and this served to enhance his belief that the white people were devils. All the slaves were put into a pen like a sheep pen. Suddenly there was a beat of a drum and merchants and plantation owners rushed up to the pen to choose the slave that they wanted. As he was so sickly Olaudah was one of the last to be chosen. He was taken to a big house and was deposited in the kitchen. Here the sight of the Negro Cook who had a huge wire frame fitted around her mouth shocked him. He was later to learn that the mask was a punishment for too much talking. Because he was not very fit Olaudah was not strong enough to work in the fields and so was given the task of sitting with the grandfather of the house who was dying. All day long he had to sit on a hard wooden chair ready in case the old man wanted anything. THE MERCHANT AND FREEDOMWhen the old man died Olaudah was sold to a Sea Captain who allowed the sailors on board the ship to teach him to read and to write. Although he was very well treated by the merchant, Olaudah longed to be free and to return to his homeland. He began buying fruit before sailing and selling it on to the sailors for a small profit. Eventually he saved enough to buy his freedom. As a free man, he settled in England. He met Granville Sharp and the other members of the Society for the Abolition of Slavery. He made public speeches, giving a first-hand account of the treatment of slaves during capture, sea passage and slavery. Slavery was abolished in Britain in 1807 and throughout the Empire in 1833. Olaudah eventually traveled back to Nigeria to find his homeland, but there was no trace of his village or his family. ?Listen to Olaudah in his own words from this audio book online Challenge: Have a go at the crosswordLesson Nine- slave resistance and escapes (1 hour 30 minutes)Many slaves tried to fight for freedom during the middle passage. In the colonies, owners tried to stop rebellions by punishing slaves when they disobeyed any orders. In 1739 – over 100 slaves from South Carolina rebelled and marched towards Florida- they were captured and all executed.37338001016000Many slaves decided to escape rather than rebel. Alone, an escaped slave would not get far – they had a better chance joining other runaways. Runaways -called maroons- built villages deep in jungles, swamps and mountains In South America these villages could number 5,000.If slaves were overheard talking about freedom they would have been severely punished. They tried to show their dissatisfaction in other ways:Workers would slow downFaking illnessAct stupid – not understanding what to doLose toolsSometimes slaves managed to escape to the woods and hide with the support of fellow slaves. Eventually they would be caught and punished. Masters hired slave patrols and hunters to catch their runaways. They often advertised rewards in newspapers. There were many difficulties with escaping. Runaways might starve to death or get lost. When they were caught punishments were often brutal- usually hung. If a slave did reach the North (where slavery was illegal) they may never see their relatives, children or friends again. The escape of Moses Bell/RoperSome key factsMoses Bell Roper was a slave in Virginia (to the owner john Fallons)Fallon’s respected Moses, but he wanted real freedom.Every year when the summer came (during the 1850’s) Moses would run away.He was captured before he made it to the NorthMoses escaped 10 times – it was really expensive for owners to track slaves!The master got fed up of this and sold him – he never saw his family again.Task1 - answer the questions below.How did slaves rebel against their owners?What were the biggest difficulties for slaves trying to escape?What happened to slaves if they were caught?Case Study- Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad3206667444500Harriet Tubman earned the name “Black Moses” because like the Moses in the Bible who led Jews out of slavery in Egypt, she lead many of her fellow Blacks out of slavery in the southern United States to freedom in Canada.Harriet Tubman was born a slave in Maryland in 1820. Her ancestors had been captured in Africa and sold as slaves in America. Unlike slaves in earlier times, the Africans were regarded as less than human. They were cattle or property in the same sense as farm animals and they were often treated the same: fed scraps, housed in shacks, and worked under the whip.In 1849 Harriet Tubman decided to escape this fate by riding the “Underground Railroad” north to freedom. This escape route was not literally underground nor was it a railroad. It was underground in the sense that it was a secret operation run by courageous people, both Black and White, who were opposed to slavery. It was a railroad in the sense that it used railroad code words like “passengers” for the fugitives and “stations” for the safe houses where the fugitives hid from slave owners who hunted them. “Conductors” were those who led the slaves from one “station” to another like the Canadian doctor Alexander Milton Ross. He used his bird-watching hobby as a cover while visiting the plantations to tell the slaves how best to travel to Canada. From 1793 until 1861, a thousand Blacks or African-Americans made it to freedom in the northern American Free states and to Canada through this underground network. When Harriet Tubman escaped on the Underground Railroad, she travelled by night for a week before reaching Pennsylvania, a northern state, and freedom. A year later she became a conductor herself and made 19 trips before 1850, risking capture and losing that freedom. She would use the North Star to guide her on clear nights; on cloudy nights she would feel for the moss growing on the north side of trees. Sometimes she and the runaway slaves would hide in a “station”, sometimes in chimneys, barns, haystacks, and root cellars. They also used disguises when travelling in the South and fake passes in the Northern states. To protect her passengers, the Black Moses could be ruthless. She thought that if a slave gave up the journey, he should be shot. An interviewer asked if she would really do that. “Yes,” she replied, “if he was weak enough to give out, he’d be weak enough to betray us all, and all who helped us; and do you think I’d let so many die just for one coward man.” Despite ever increasing risks, Tubman continued to help others escape. She made 11 more trips south, leading some 300 people into Canada, including her elderly parents and three brothers. At one point, slave owners offered $40,000 for her capture, dead or alive.During the American Civil War between the Northern States of America (Union) and the Southern States (confederate), Harriet Tubman left Canada and joined the Union Army to serve as a nurse, scout, and spy. By 1863 she had organised her own band of spies chosen from former slaves who knew the countryside and could guide the Union forces. In a raid at the Combahee River in South Carolina, these spies told the Union soldiers how to avoid mines set in the river. Led by Tubman, former slaves also piloted gunboats down the river and burned crops and buildings. They freed more than 750 slaves. Harriet Tubman was given credit for planning the raid, becoming the first and only woman in American history to lead a military attack.The North won the war in 1865 and Tubman stayed to live in the United States as a free woman. However, many other Blacks stayed in Canada to contribute to their new homeland. Tubman retired in New York state and founded a home for the aged. She died in 1913.-5715074295The Underground Railroad resulted in the immigration of 40 to 60,000 people at a time when the population of the Canada's was about 2.5 million.Tubman herself rescued 100s of slaves to CanadaPeople risked their own lives to save others.It showed the moral conscience of humans and that not all believed that slavery was right.00The Underground Railroad resulted in the immigration of 40 to 60,000 people at a time when the population of the Canada's was about 2.5 million.Tubman herself rescued 100s of slaves to CanadaPeople risked their own lives to save others.It showed the moral conscience of humans and that not all believed that slavery was right.Task 2- Answer the following questions in full sentences:What was her nickname and why?What was the underground railroad and when did she decide to use it?What code words were there on the underground and what did they mean?What would she use to guide her at night?Why could it be argued that she was ruthless?How much of a reward was offered for her capture?What was Harriet Tubman the first and only woman in American History to do?Task 3- what do others say about Tubman? Letter from Frederick Douglass to Harriet Tubman, Rochester, New York, August 28, 1868“The difference between us is very marked. Most that I have done and suffered in the service of our cause has been in public, and I have received much encouragement at every step of the way. You, on the other hand, have laboured in a private way. I have wrought in the day - you in the night. I have had the applause of the crowd and the satisfaction that comes of being approved by the multitude, while the most that you have done has been witnessed by a few trembling, scarred, and foot-sore bondsmen and women, whom you have led out of the house of bondage, and whose heartfelt “God bless you” has been your only reward. The midnight sky and the silent stars have been the witness of your devotion to freedom....”Inspired- want to know more? watch this film on about her lifeHarriet Tubman movie Why was she so significant/ important?Lesson Ten- Why was the slave trade abolished? (1 hr 30 minutes)Abolish- to stop or end something permanently Task 1- read the information and copy and complete the chartImpact of Slave revolts and resistanceEnslaved people?had resisted the trade since it began. However, the French Revolution brought ideas of liberty and equality, which inspired those seeking an end to slavery. There was a successful slave revolt in Haiti as a result of these news ideas of equality.Further revolts followed in many areas including Barbados and Jamaica. These revolts reduced the profitability of the slave trade and gave a good indication that regardless of political opinion, the enslaved people?were not?going to tolerate enslavement. The revolts shocked the British government and made them see that the costs and dangers of keeping slavery going in the West Indies were too high.?In places like Jamaica, many terrified plantation owners were?finally ready to accept abolition rather than risk a widespread war. In addition to revolts on the plantations as many as 10% of the slave ships suffered revolts from slaves during Middle Passage. This resulted in many slave traders being fearful. Impact of Economic reasonsAfter 1776, when?America became independent,?Britain’s sugar colonies, such as Jamaica and Barbados declined. This happened as America could trade directly with the French and Dutch in the West Indies. The Industrial Revolution was taking hold in the 18th Century in Britain and as a result Britain no longer needed slave-based goods from the West Indies. Britain began to prosper from new systems as a result of Industrialisation. These new systems required high efficiency and this happened through the use of free trade and free labour. Cotton, rather than sugar, became the main produce of the British economy and English towns, such as Manchester and Salford, became industrial centres of world importance.?The Influence of white middle class campaignersThere were many middle class people involved in the abolition of slavery. William Wilberforce was a politician and campaigner against slavery. He regularly took bills to parliament aimed at stopping the trade of slaves. However, each time he tried to get slavery abolished it was met with challenge from members of parliament; many of whom benefitted from and were making a lot of money from the trade of slaves. Granville Sharp was another campaigner. He formed the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Not only did he support the idea that slavery was wrong because of the conditions that slaves were held in, he also claimed that slavery was evil and should therefore be abolished. The influence of freed slavesThere were some freed slaves that helped the campaign to abolish slavery. For example, Olaudah Equiano bought his freedom and began to work closely with other campaigners. Having had first-hand experience about the slave trade he was in a good position to be able to advise people about why it should be abolished. Equiano was able to bring the gruesome details of the slave trade to the public and elements of the trade, like the slave ships and conditions on the plantations became subjects that the public had an opinion on. The freed slaves?formed their?own group?'The Sons of Africa', to campaign for abolition. The ‘work of these African freedom fighters was important because it dispelled many of the misconceptions that white people held about Africans at the time. InfluenceWho was involved?How did they help to gain support for abolishment?How much influence? 1-5?Slave revoltsWhite middle-class campaignersEconomic factorsFreed slavesOther reasonsTask 2- You have the different reasons the slave trade ended. Colour code or write the letter to put the clue into each category. Then add up how many show the work done by whites and the work done by Slaves or free blacks. Task 3- watch the video clip then have a go at writing your speech and gentleman I am here today to explain why I believe the slave trade must come to an end…3907766193459Why not record your speech and email it to your teacher?Why not record your speech and email it to your teacher?One reason is…. (example, evidence)Another important reason is… (example. Evidence)Some argue that slavery needs to continue because….However…Overall I urge you to end the slave trade…. Lesson Eleven- assessment lessonWas William Wilberforce the most important individual in the ending of slavery? (1 hour)Task oneWatch the following clip about why slavery was abolished in 1807.Look out for the reasons given for its abolition. twoRead the information on the key campaignersright10795Wrote a book about his experiences.Took slave owners to court.Collected information about the horrors of slavery.Make plates to encourage people to hate slavery.Led a slave rebellion.Made Anti-Slavery speeches in Parliament020000Wrote a book about his experiences.Took slave owners to court.Collected information about the horrors of slavery.Make plates to encourage people to hate slavery.Led a slave rebellion.Made Anti-Slavery speeches in ParliamentMatch the heads to the tailsGranville SharpWilliam WilberforceJosiah WedgewoodOlaudah EquianoToussaint L’OuvertureThomas ClarksonWrite an essay to answer the question3036498-28137700Was William Wilberforce the most important individual in the ending of slavery?IntroTell me about the slave trade – when it started, who benefitted? Who lost out and how in the 1800’s people were starting to change their ideas.Paragraph 1Tell me why Wilberforce was importantWilliam Wilberforce was an important individual because… give evidence to support your viewsParagraph 2Tell me how others supported Wilberforce but were not as important…give evidence to support your views Paragraph 3Tell me how others could be considered more important and whyHowever, there were others such as…Paragraph 4Tell me about other factors that played a part in the abolishment of the slave trade.ConclusionOverall, I think that X was most important”Feel free to carry out extra researchPlease email this work to your teacher. Lesson Twelve- Modern Day Slavery (1 hour)Although the slave trade was abolished in 1807 slavery still exists around the world. Modern SlaveryWhat does it mean to be a slave in the modern world?What types of labour are associated with the modern slave trade? Name at least 3.Some of the most common factors in the life of a modern slave:Forced/coerced labourPassport/ID confiscated by employerBullied/Verbally or physically abusedAccompanied everywhere you goDenied food/medical care/sleepVoiceless – someone speaks on your behalfDenied time off and the freedom to leaveForced to live and work in the same placeWages go to paying off an impossible debtFor many individuals, some or all of these infringements on their human rights form a part of their lives.A slave is someone who is:? Forced to work through mental or physical threat? Owned or controlled by an ‘employer’? Physically constrained or has restrictions placed on his/her freedom of movement? De-humanised? Bought and sold as ‘property’Watch this: Task- read the information below and the case studies and create a poster/ leaflet to campaign to end modern day slavery.Try to compare to the slave trade.How are people forced into modern slavery?Case Study 1: Adina (16) After her parents died, Adina found work helping on a market stall in Kampala, Uganda. One day the woman who ran the stall told her to go with two men. She said they were going to take her to live abroad, where she would be safe and could go to school. Adina was put on a plane to the UK, collected by a man at the airport, taken to a house and locked in a kitchen. For the next two years, Adina was forced to live in this one room. She had no idea where she was. Her ‘job’ was to clean and cook for her ‘owner’. She was also physically abused. She finally managed to escape when one of the men fell asleep drunk and failed to lock the kitchen door. He woke and chased her, but she hid in a ditch before managing to flag down a car. The driver dropped her at Marylebone Police Station in London.Case Study 2: Danielle (15)Danielle was trafficked from Lithuania at the age of 15. One of her friends was contacted by a woman she didn’t know and offered a job in a bar in London during the summer holidays. The girls were abducted at the airport by some strange Albanian. At this point Danielle realised she had been sold and wanted to escape, but she didn’t know anyone in England and couldn’t contact anyone for help. The girls were repeatedly raped and beaten, and forced into prostitution. They were too terrified to refuse. One of the other girls working there gave her a short skirt and low cut top and said she had to wear them. ‘If you escape, we will find you’. Although clients could see that she was distressed, none of them ever offered to help. After several months they escaped by telling the brothel owner they were going out to the local shop. They contacted the police and were placed with a foster family, then flown back to Lithuania. Case Study 3: Theo (20)Theo was one of 54 Greek Roma gypsies, including 10 women, rescued from a flower farm in Penzance, Cornwall. Local ‘fixers’ had promised them expenses, food, ‘proper flats’ and a choice to leave if they didn’t like the work, for ?34 a day. Instead they were housed in a barn with no heating or proper plumbing. As food, they shared cans of dog food. However, the ‘gangmaster’ refused to pay them, claiming they were in his debt for the costs of bringing them from Greece. When they tried to escape the gangmaster sent in heavies who beat them up with sticks and threatened at gunpoint to keep them working before they finally managed to escape. Case Study 4: Jin Lai In the Chinese province of Fuijan, many families give their children – especially boys – to so-called ‘snakehead’ gangs. These are traffickers who promise to take the boys to a new life in a new country. The price for their ‘service’ is high – a figure of ?20,000 is not unusual. The families of course do not have such money. So the child, once smuggled, has to work for the traffickers to pay off the debt. Unpaid debts can result in threats to the child’s family. Jin Lai spoke no English. He had been made to work seven days a week in a restaurant and slept in a makeshift dormitory with other males from China. He had run away from the gang, and started sleeping outside, which is where he had been when he was found. Revision ................
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