10A Mechanics Packet.docx.docx - Ms. Vander Heiden



May the force be with ______________________10A GRAMMAR PACKET5581650233045Learning Target Language 9.11.2.2: I can use English grammar and usage correctly, especially punctuation, including semicolons and colons.Review. Directions: Find the underlined word in each sentence. Then write its part of speech on the line in front of each sentence.noun verb pronoun adverb adjective conjunction interjection preposition________________________ 1. The colorful poster is suitable for framing.________________________ 2. The swimmer was exhausted, but she felt proud.________________________ 3. The daisies in the garden are dying.________________________ 4. With their suitcases packed, the Flintstones left forever.________________________ 5. Whew! This has been a long day.________________________ 6. The giant spacecraft orbited the Earth for ten days.________________________ 7. Like my mother, I am an ardent music lover.________________________ 8. The children on the merry-go-round were laughing.________________________ 9. I left mine at school.________________________ 10. The sailor pulled the anchor up.What is a sentence?A sentence is a group of words that contains a _____________ and a _____________ (verb) and forms a complete thought.Subjects- What are they? Why do we need them?A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things?(general: common noun, or specific: proper noun). Subjects are needed to make a complete sentence. Ex. Ms. VH loves the Green Bay Packers. A subject answers the questions, Who or What?Verbs- Where can we find them? A verb has many different forms; it can show action or state-of-being. A verb may tell what the subject of the sentence does or what happens. This kind of verb is an action verb. The action of the verb may be seen or unseen. Read the following examples: She danced.Donna supervised the workers.I laughed until I snorted.The verb may tell that something exists. This kind of verb is a state-of-being verb. Cheryl is here.Jack seems happy. The start grew brighter. The music sounded lively.State-of-being verbs include am, is, are, was, were, has, have, seem, look, feel, grow, taste, sound, become, and appear.When you are looking for verbs, remember that parts of a verb may be separated. Remember also that the sentence may be in an unusual order. Will he cook?Down the aisle came the bride.Exercises: Underline the subject once and underline the verb(s) twice in each sentence.The English teachers worked hard making this packet.Some students will read these sentences and find the verb quickly.Others students are looking around the room distracted. I think someone is sleeping.Verbs and their Direct ObjectsDefinition: The direct object tells who or what receives the action of the verb.In many sentences, a verb and its subject express a complete thought. Snow fell. Everyone laughed.In other sentences, the thought is not complete unless more words are added. Eric cut ___________. Katie met ___________.You wonder what Eric cut and whom Linda met. You should complete the sentences as follows: Eric cut the rope. Katie met Michael Jackson. Sentence or Not a Sentence?Directions: Put a next to a complete sentence and a when it is not.Examples: __ The cat in the garden. Cat is the subject, but what did the cat do? Jumped? Ran? There is no predicate nor is it a complete thought. __ The students went to the pep fest. Students is the subject. Went is the verb. It is a complete thought._____ 1. Went a long way towards ensuring that he passed._____ 2. Raisins are made from grapes._____ 3. Walking to the store in the complete darkness._____ 4. The student studied. Types of ClausesClauses- A clause is a group of words including a predicate (verb) and subject. Clauses are the building blocks of sentences: every sentence consists of one or more clauses.(Phrase- A group of words missing a subject or a predicate.)Types of ClausesINDEPENDENT CLAUSE: the main subject and verb occur in the main clause of the sentence. An independent clause CAN STAND ALONE!Ex. Luke Skywalker explodes the Death Star. Check: Subject-Luke Skywalker Verb- explodes Can stand alone? Yes! DEPENDENT CLAUSE: lacks a subject, predicate (verb), or cannot stand alone as its own sentence. Ex: “Because I was late to class.”What’s the subject? What’s the verb? Is it a sentence? What do we call this type of mistake?A dependent clause is called a sentence fragment. Even though it has a subject and a verb, it is not a sentence because it does not have a complete thought. How can we fix this? “Because I was late to class, Ms. VH gave me a tardy.” Ms. VH is the main subject and gave is the main verb.Too easy? Try this trickier one where the subject and verb are separated (in this case by an adjective phrase).Directions: Underline the subject once and underline the verb twice. My friends and I, driving home from the basketball game, decided to sing along to country music on K102.Directions: Add to each of these dependent clauses to make a sentence that can stand on its own.If I put money in my lunch account, __________________________________________Although I'm behind in math class, ___________________________________________Since I've been drinking coffee every morning,__________________________________Directions: Underline the independent clause in each sentence.Some of us liked last night’s performance, but many people did not.We stayed at the airport after the plane had taken off.David bought two tickets and gave them to his business partners.The sculpture in front of the museum was removed because many people complained that it was ugly.He is excited about his new job, and he is ready to work.Directions: Underline the dependent clause in each sentence. Before he sat down, he wiped his seat.After they finished writing their papers, they went to the underground. He took the writing class because he wanted to improve his own composition.Until he practiced every day, Patrick Kane never mastered the game of hockey.When R2-D2 shows Luke a message, Luke tries to find Obi-Wan Kenobi. Directions: Underline the dependent clause once and the independent clause twice.If he does not turn in his paper, he will not pass the course.James could have done his own work, although he did not think so.Meg was irritable at dinner because she had been working on her graduate school essay all day.The prospective speaker seemed very intelligent until he spoke.While dissecting a cow heart, Juan cringed and fainted. 503872555880Now, you will become Comma Ninjas! Comma Rule #1—Use a comma between all items in a MAS IN A SERIESUse commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series (a.k.a. lists). Ex. Cinderella already swept the floor, did the dishes, and hemmed my dress.Directions: Insert the commas to separate the list items.My aunt has ten black cats thirteen white cats and three criminal accounts for animal hoarding.When the man was in prison he learned how to bake nail files into cakes make license plates and be a better person.359092528765500Hint: When three or more items are presented in a series, those items should be separated from one another with commas, including the last two items. This is called the Oxford comma and it helps avoid ambiguity or confusion. Comma Rule #2—Use a Comma with Coordinating Conjunctions!COMMAS W/ COMPOUND SENTENCESWhen a coordinating conjunction connects two or more independent clauses, a comma must be used. There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.Ex. The mouse scurried through the empty field looking for shelter, but the hawk spotted it and swooped down for the kill.Ex. Ms. Sebens turned on the television and she saw that the Vikings were losing. Can you find the two clauses? Then, locate the conjunction and insert a comma before it!Directions: Circle the FANBOY and insert a comma before it. 1. My clothes were getting wet from the rain so I grabbed my umbrella from the house.2. I was getting so hungry yet lunch wasn’t for another hour!3. I tried to finish my test but there was not enough time.Look out! Be careful that a comma isn’t put in a sentence to separate dependent clauses or coordinate word groups that aren’t independent clauses.Ex: A good money manager controls expenses, and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs.The comma is incorrectly used. Can you explain why?Look out! Adding two independent clauses together with a comma creates an error called a comma splice.Ex: The gerbil devoured the cheese curds, next he longingly eyed the french fries. There are three ways to fix a comma splice!1.2.3.Practice! Step 1: Write two sentences consisting of two independent clauses.Step 2: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice.Remember: Avoid comma splices!1. 2. Comma Rule #3—Use a Comma with Introductory Clauses or Phrases!COMMAS WITH INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION When using introductory information at the beginning of the sentence, separate it with a comma.Hint: Introductory clauses or phrases usually start with adverbs (remember the AAAWWUUBBIS words)-20002533464500AAAWWUUBBIS stands for:Directions: Insert a comma after the introductory information.Although Kevin got to class on time he soon found out that he brought the wrong bag to school.Since McDonald’s came out with the dollar menu more people have been going to the fast food restaurant.Because the annoying dog kept on barking we threw the ball to him.After the game we went home.Since it continued snowing school was canceled. Until I buy milk I can’t eat Frosted Flakes.While the teacher was out of the room the students started ma Rule #4—Use a Comma to Separate Coordinate Adjectives, but not Cumulative AdjectivesCOMMAS AND COORDINATE ADJECTIVESHint: Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined by and. Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives.*Adjectives are coordinate if they separately modify the noun. They can be joined with and, or they can be scrambled. Adjectives are cumulative if they build on one another; they all pair together to modify the noun.*The “and/scramble” test: if you can scramble the adjectives or if you can add the word and between the words and it still makes sense, you need to add commas. Ex: That was a long, hard run. (Long and hard both modify run separately. Use a comma.) Ex: They went through a tough marital situation. (Tough modifies marital. Marital modifies situation. No commas.)Directions: Insert commas where necessary. Remember to use the “and/scramble” test.At the movies, I like fresh hot buttery popcorn. He had a deep religious experience.The radiant full moon shone above them. The exquisite custom houseboat floated on the river. Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward ma Rule #5—Use a comma to set off nouns of direct address, the words “yes” and “no,” and mild MAS WITH DIRECT ADDRESSWhen the start of a sentence is someone’s name because you’re speaking to that person, put a comma after the name to separate it from the sentence:Ex. Joseph Gordon-Levitt, will you be my prom date?Ex. Yes, Ms. VH, I would love to escort you to the dance.When someone’s name is said in the middle of a sentence because you’re speaking to that person, put a comma before and after the name to separate it from the sentence:Ex. If you’re free in April, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, will you be my prom date?When someone’s name is said at the end of a sentence because you’re speaking to that person, put a comma before the name to separate it from the sentence.Ex. Will you be my prom date, Joseph Gordon-Levitt?Directions: Pretend you are talking to your best friend, and write three sentences asking them questions using their name at the beginning, middle, and end of the sentence.1.2.ma Rule #6—Use a comma appropriately before or after quotation marks depending on where the speaker’s name is MAS WITH QUOTATIONSWhen someone is speaking (dialogue), use commas after or before the speech tag. REMEMBER the comma always goes inside the quotations marks.Ex. “I am pretty good at grammar,” said Claire. When the speech tag is before the dialogue, use a comma and then the quotation marks. Remember the quotation marks at the end, too.Ex. Ms. VH replied, “Excellent! I am happy to hear it!”Directions: Correctly insert the commas where they belong in the dialogue.Slim said “Funny how you an’ him string along together.”“What’s funny about it ” George demanded defensively.“Oh, I dunno. Hardly none of the guys ever travel together” Slim explained. 3318510472440Directions: Pretend you are eavesdropping on a conversation between one of these two sets of people. Record their conversation, including at least four lines of dialogue. 2997208699520955064008000057362525780061595CONGRATULATIONS! YOU ARE NOW A COMMA NINJA.The Colon : 1. Use a colon to introduce a list.Examples:2209800679450022098006794500A.My favorite foods are: pizza and popcorn. (Incorrect)^ Note: a colon cannot be used directly after a verb.B.These are my favorite foods: pizza and popcorn. (Correct)^ Note: a colon follows a complete sentence (or independent clause)2. Use a colon when you want to say, “Here comes an example” or “Here’s what I am talking about”Examples:A.There’s one thing I love more than anything else in the world: good coffee.B.There’s only one sport for me: alligator wrestling.^ Note: both examples are complete sentences preceding the colon.3. Use a colon with expressions of time and with ratiosExamples:A.It’s 12:15 P.M.B.A 4:1 solution of water and vinegar makes excellent window cleaner.4. Use a colon in the greeting of a formal letter or business letter.Examples:A.To Whom It May Concern:B.Dear Senator Cole:5. Use a colon in literary references between volume and page or between chapter and verse.Example:Matthew 5:29Directions: Fix It! If necessary, insert a colon in the appropriate place in each of the following.1. This was first said by Shakespeare “To thine own self be true.”2. The new Jedi Master has important qualities morality, honesty, and self-discipline.3. The movie, Star Wars The Force Awakens, will be playing at 730.4. We’ll need each of these tools for the project screwdrivers, wrenches, hammers, and pliers.5. My favorite dances are the waltz, the polka, and the tango.Parentheses ( ) (not just for smiley faces)1. Parentheses should be used for extra information not relevant to the main idea of the sentence.Example:He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the question. 2. Parentheses can be used to define or interpret numbers or acronyms:Examples:A.I expect five hundred dollars ($500). B.In A Raisin in the Sun, Walter makes a comment about the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).3. Use parentheses to enclose numbers or letters used for listed items. Example:We need an emergency room physician who can (1) think quickly, (2) treat patients respectfully, and (3) handle complaints from the public. 4. Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses. Examples:A.Please read the analysis (I enclosed it as Attachment A.). OR B.Please read the analysis. (I enclosed it as Attachment A.) OR C.Please read the analysis (Attachment A). Directions: Fix It! Insert parentheses in the appropriate place in each of the following sentences.1. The wedding reception an absolute fiasco ended abruptly.2. An effective tool would be a pointy stick or even a pencil without the lead.3. The independent main clause is arguably the most important element in a sentence.The Semicolon ;1. Use a semicolon as a replacement for a period between independent clauses.Examples:A.I hate Thursdays; I have to go to swimming straight from school without a break until 8:00 p.m.B.My sister took calculus in 8th grade; I can hardly figure out what I’d save at a 30% off sale.C.The students hated the breaded pork patty; however, they complained most about the sweet potato fries.2. Use a semicolon to replace a comma in long lists in which the items in the list already have commasExample:A.We took a vacation to baseball parks, which included Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois; Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri; Heinz Park in Pittsburgh; and Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts.B.The recipe called for flour, baking soda, and salt; eggs, buttermilk, and vanilla; walnuts, chocolate chips, and coconut.Directions: Fix It! If necessary, insert a semicolon in the appropriate place in each of the following.1. It was embarrassing when I knocked over the cheese platter, I could never return to that store.2. Michelle drives a Jaguar Sonja drives a Porche.3. The Christmas ornaments are finally packed away: small shiny ones big bright ones and the homemade ones.4. The astronauts were very excited they landed safely on Mars.5. He’s in a lot of trouble he left without paying the bill.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::The Dash —1. Dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses to indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought. Examples:A.George and Lennie’s dream—often repeated as a source of comfort—was, in the end, about much more than just getting a ranch with rabbits.B.The bike—my bike—whizzed past us as I helplessly looked on.C.In the end, all that really mattered to Jo was the dessert—pumpkin pie.Directions: Fix It! Insert a dash in the appropriate place in each of the following sentences.1. We had too many fumbles, we lost the game.2. Mimi began to explain, “I was thinking”3. Books, papers, and pencils many students lacked what they needed on the first day of school.The Apostrophe ’1. Use apostrophes when showing omitted letters in contractionsAdd ’t for “not” (Ex. can not = can’t; would not = wouldn’t)Add ’s for “is” or “has” or “does”Examples:it is = it’s; there is = there’swhat is or what does = what’s (What does it do? = What’s it do?)Add ’ll for “will” (Ex. She’ll be there by four.)Add ’d for “did,” “would,” or “had” (Ex. What’d she say?)Add ’ve for “have” (Ex. He should’ve said so.)2. Use apostrophes when showing ownershipSingular = ’s(Ex. Mr. Williamson’s car)Plural = s’(Ex. The Williamsons’ car)3. Use apostrophes when pluralizing numbers, letters, and symbolsExamples:Cross your t’s and dot your i’s.If I get all A’s, my dad gives me money.*Note: Apostrophes can be confusing, so be aware of their useThe student’s paper was finally finished. (one student, one paper)The students’ papers were finally finished. (more than one student, more than one paper)The student’s papers were finally finished. (one student, more than one paper)I belonged to a girls’ dance team and then joined a women’s basketball league.*Note: How to add an apostrophe to plural words that don’t end in sChildren’s hospitalWomen’s restroomPeople’s opinionsDirections: Fix It! Insert an apostrophe in the appropriate place in each of the following.1. Brians locker was jammed, so he was late to class.2. Ross locker wasnt jammed, but he pretended it was so he wouldnt be late.3. Ross teacher marked him late anyway, so then he went to the nurses office. We have two nurses at our school.4. After all of this, Ross principal assigned him detention. Tuesday was girls detention, so he had to go to boys detention on Thursday. He then missed boys basketball practice. Poor Ross.5. Hes already grounded for having three Cs. ................
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