Difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon pdf

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Difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon pdf

Flowering plants are the most diverse group of land plants and belong within a phyla called angiospermophytaHistorically, angiosperms were subdivided into two identifiable groups ? monocotyledons and dicotyledonsHowever, recent molecular evidence has caused the dicotyledons to be reclassified as a paraphyletic group Due to the ease of identification, many scientists still prefer to categorise angiosperms as monocots or dicotsMonocotyledons and dicotyledons can be differentiated according to a number of features:Cotyledons ? monocots have one cotyledon within their seed, dicots have two cotyledonsLeaf veins ? monocots show parallel venation, whereas dicots display reticulated venationRoots ? monocots have fibrous (adventitious) roots, dicots have a main tap root with lateral branchesFloral organs ? monocots have flower parts in multiples of three, dicots in multiples of four or fiveStem vascularisation ? the vascular bundles in monocots are scattered, whereas they form a ringed structure in dicotsPollen ? monocot pollen has a single pore (monosulcate), dicot pollen has three pores or furrows (trisulcate)Comparison of Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Every living thing undergoes certain stages in the life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle serves an important purpose in bringing a key product into existence and in the continuity of life itself.Plants also do the same. Plants are generally divided into two groups: Flowering plants and Non-flowering plants.Flowering plants are those plants which produce flowers to reproduce. Non-flowering plants are those which do not produce flowers during their life cycle and rely on spores for reproduction.Flowering plants are also called angiosperms. We all love flowers due to their attractive colors and a beautiful smell. But how do these flowers reproduce?Flowers produce seeds through the process of pollination. Pollination is a process in which pollen grains from the male part of the flower are transferred to the female ovary. The seeds then germinate from the ground and under specific conditions of sunlight, food, and water; they produce roots, leaves, stem and flowers. And the life cycle repeats.If we divide them further based on the structure of their seeds, there are two groups. One is called monocotyledons or monocot and the other is called dicotyledons or dicot.Monocot vs DicotThe difference between monocots and dicots is that monocots have one cotyledon while dicots have two. Cotyledon is the part of the embryo within the seed that acts as an initial energy source for the plant. The cotyledon of a monocot seed is rather thin and does not contain sufficient food material while the cotyledons in dicot are fleshy and contain the required nutrients.The other differences between monocot and dicot seeds lie in their leaves, flowers, stem, and roots.Parameter of ComparisonMonocotDicotDefinitionPlants with seeds having only one cotyledon are called monocots.Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots.LeavesThe veins of the leaf of monocot seed plants are parallel.The veins of the leaf of dicot seed plants have a net-like structure.FlowersFlowers are present in multiples of three.Flowers are present in multiples of four or five.StemVascular bundles are scattered.Vascular bundles are in a ring-like pattern.RootsFibrous root-like structure.Tap root-like structure.ExamplesCorn, wheat, rice, sugarcane, banana treeMango, orange, tomato, beans, peaMonocot is the type of flowering plant in which seeds have only one cotyledon.The endosperm which is the tissue inside the seed is bulky in monocots and acts as the main supply of food for the seed. But the endosperm resides separately from the cotyledon inside the seed.Apart from the seed structure, monocots have leaves that are long, narrow and have parallel venation. You would find a similar pattern on the leaves of corn, wheat and rice.You can tell if a flowering plant is a monocot or dicot by the number of flower petals and parts. Monocots usually have petals and organs in multiples of 3.Monocot stems tend to have vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem tissue. They are also arranged towards the outer edge of the stem. Vascular bundles are like the nutrient carriers that carry food and water to the stem.If you dig a monocot seed plant and have a look at its roots, you will find out that its roots are adventitious, which means the roots arise from parts of the plant other than just the roots, for example, the stem.The roots are smaller, thin and threadlike, that is why they are called fibrous roots. The adventitious (or fibrous) roots do not penetrate in soil deeply and so they are considered as a fit species to prevent soil erosion.Dicot is the type of flowering plant in which seeds have two cotyledons.The endosperm of dicot seeds exist inside the cotyledon and are responsible for transferring nutrients to seedlings via cotyledons.The leaves of the dicot seed plant are usually round in shape and have veins that are branched or reticulated. Similar patterns can be seen on the leaves of orange, mango or peas.The dicots tend to have flower parts in multiples of four or five.Dicot stems also have a distinct shape. Their vascular bundles are arranged in a ring-like format. They have a taproot system. That means dicots have a single dominant root from which other small roots germinate laterally. The roots are dug deeper in soil and continue to make branches under the ground.The five distinct features that help us to identify the difference between monocots and dicots are listed below:Monocot plants have a single cotyledon inside the seed embryo while dicot plants have two cotyledons inside the seed embryo.Monocots have leaves with parallel venation while dicots have leaves with branched venation.Monocot seed plants tend to have flower parts in multiples of three while dicots have flower parts in multiples of four or five.Monocots have stems in which vascular tissue bundles are scattered whereas dicots have stems in which vascular bundles are arranged in rings.The roots of monocot plants are fibrous or adventitious whereas the roots of dicot plants have a taproot system.Monocots and dicots are the most diversified group of flowering plants. Studying the seed types of flowering plants is useful in many ways.It helps us to know how the seeds will germinate, what their growth requirements would be and how they are linked to various plant species.The goal behind this classification is to build a strong and practical base to study the development of plant organisms. Moreover, it aids scientists in communicating information to other human beings efficiently.The study of classification based on plant morphology has a direct impact on the advancement of our agriculture system. It contributes to analyzing food crops and prevents diseases and illnesses and hence, makes the food production better.So, all of these factors play a significant role in making our botanical world advance towards a better future. EN EN PT ES RU ID DA DE FR IT NL PL SV TR ZH JA All plants are classified as producing seeds or not producing seeds. Those that produce seeds are divided into flowering (angiosperms) and non-flowering (gymnosperms). Flowering plants are further divided into monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous (monocot and dicot) plants.Flowering plants such as the acacia tree.Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants such as pine trees or "black spruce" shown above.In angiosperms, the cotyledon is part of the seed of the plant. The number of cotyledons (mono- or di-) is used to classify flowering plants. Monocotyledonous plants have one cotyledon, dicotyledonous plants have two. Plants belonging to each group have a number of features in common, such as the leaf and root structure, the strength of the stem, the flower structure and flower parts. Some differences between monocots and dicots are summarised in the figure below.A comparison between monocots and dicots.In addition to the differences listed above, monocots and dicots have important differences in their roots. Monocots have a network of fibrous roots and dicots have tap roots.In the previous tutorial, you learnt about the key plant tissues involved in support and transport functions, namely the xylem, phloem, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Recall that these tissues are involved in both transport and supporting roles in plants. In different parts of the plant, tissues are arranged differently. In the next set of lessons, we will study the overall structure (or anatomy) of dicotyledonous plants.[Attributions and Licenses] Flowering plants, plants that produce flowers and seeds, can be sorted into two categories. It can either be a monocotyledon or dicotyledon; or monocot and dicot for short. I found this very interesting when I first learnt it in class because we usually do not look at growing plants in that way. What were also interesting were the differences at microscopic views. But before we do, let me explain a little on how to tell the difference by looking without the microscope. ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ When you plant a seed, the first leaf/shoot that you see growing can either be one single leaf or two leaves. Didn't know that? Me neither until my teacher explained it to us. All I just see is something come out of the ground and I go `Hey, cool something is growing', and that's it. Anyways, these first leaf/leaves that you see are called cotyledon/s. Thus giving their names mono (one) or di (two) ? cotyledon. Photo: Comparison of monocot and dicot sprouting by Peter Halasz. (User:Pengo), CC BY-SA 2.5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Another difference we can see is also on the leaves, in particular the vascular structure type on the leaf. What is that? It is the veins you see on the leaf. Is it straight lines or branching lines? If it is straight, then it is a monocot. If it contains branching lines then it is a dicot. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Another thing I just only discovered is the way the leaf grows. A dicot leaf grows from the tip or edge of the leaf. Whereas the monocot leaf grows from that base; this I already knew because of the oat grass I grow for Soju. I would pick off the strands for the impatient Soju to eat and wait for more to grow. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Of course there are a few more features we could look at to determine the category. However I think it is time to look at the differences at a microscopic level. In particular the stem and root cross-section views. Below is a diagram and information of what we will expect to see. (drawn by yours truly) Vascular bundle scattered throughout Vascular bundle located at periphery of stem Vascular bundle arranged in circle towards middle of root Vascular bundle located in centre, xylem forms a star or cross shape. Phloem found around cross. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Touching quickly on what a vascular bundle is, it comprises of cells that form tubes/ducts that allows the transport of water and nutrients. Think of it as a tunnel called Xylem which allows only water to travel via to distribute water throughout the plant. Or another tunnel called Phloem which allows only nutrients to travel via. These tunnels like to travel next to each other. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Here is a fun fact: Ever wondered what the rings you see on a tree when you cut it down? They are old xylem tissue/cells. Xylem only survives for a year before new ones are made; thus the reason why we see a ring a year which also allows us to count how old a tree is. Picture Source by Luigi Chiesa, CC BY 3.0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Here are pictures of the slide samples I have, excluding the dicot root. That picture is an old picture I had taken back in school. Unfortunately I do not have a slide of a dicot root of my own. Doesn't the vascular bundle found in the monocot stem look like skull heads? Also a little hard to see the dicot one but it looks a little like a burger with jelly fish legs. Looking at them, we can see the xylem is always bigger than the phloem and they are always next to each other. Saving the best for last, I saw I had a `Woody Dicot Stem' cross section slide so I thought I would check it out. I was blown away; I thought I was looking at a Mandela art! Check out the different patterns. Unless cited, all other images/gifs belong to @supersoju Unless linked, other information were taken from my class notes difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon leaves. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon seed. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon with examples. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon stem. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon root. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon in tabular form. difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon flowers

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