MOOD DISORDERS: CAUSES AND TREATMENTS
MOOD DISORDERS: CAUSES AND TREATMENTS
ONE DISEASE OR MANY?
EXAMPLE:
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
AND BIPOLAR DISORDER
HEREDITY PATTERNS
AGE OF ONSET
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
RESPONSE TO MEDICATION
EXAMPLE:
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
AND SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)
SEASONAL PATTERN
RESPONSE TO TREATMENT
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: CAUSES
EVIDENCE FOR BIOLOGICAL BASIS
1. PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS IN SOME DEPRESSIVES
2. SHORT REM LATENCY
(RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT SLEEP)
3. EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
4. EARLY-ONSET DEPRESSION RUNS IN FAMILIES
5. EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME MEDICATIONS
6. SAD RESPONDS TO LIGHT TREATMENT
7. LINKAGE TO GENDER
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEPRESSION
1. DEPLETION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
SEROTONIN
NOREPINEPHRINE
2. DISRUPTION OF SLEEP/WAKE CYCLE
3. "COMPLEX" OF RELATED DISORDERS
MIGRAINE HEADACHES
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
DEPRESSION
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF DEPRESSION
1. ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS
MONAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS
TRICYCLICS
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
(SSRI)
2. ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF DEPRESSION
1. FREUD
LOSS OF LOVED ONE DURING CHILDHOOD
ANGER TURNED INWARD
2. SELIGMAN
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
HOPELESSNESS
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTIONS THAT ARE
GLOBAL, INTERNAL, STABLE
3. BEHAVIORAL
LACK OF REINFORCERS
VICIOUS CYCLE
4. COGNITIVE
IRRATIONAL COGNITIONS
-- ALL OR NOTHING THINKING
-- MINIMIZATION
-- CATASTROPHIZING
-- HASTY GENERALIZATION
5. NOLEN-HOEKSEMA
NEGATIVE RUMINATION
DISTRACTORS VS. RUMINATORS
EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENTS
1. COGNITIVE THERAPY,
INTERPERSONAL THERAPY, AND MEDICATIONS
HAVE EQUAL EFFECTS (SMALL-TO-MODERATE)
2. MEDICATIONS MAY BE BETTER THAN THERAPY
FOR DEPRESSION WITH MELANCHOLIA
3. THERAPY MAY BE BETTER THAN MEDICATIONS
FOR PREVENTING RELAPSE.
4. ECT HIGHLY EFFECTIVE FOR SOME PATIENTS
BIPOLAR DISORDER
CAUSES:
APPARENTLY HAS STRONG GENETIC COMPONENT
EXACT CAUSE UNKNOWN
NOT DUE TO "LITHIUM DEFICIENCY"
TREATMENT:
LITHIUM
EFFECTIVE IN 80% OF CASES
SALT -- BASIC ELEMENT
TOXICITY
TITRATION
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS IN HOT CLIMATES
EL PASO: THE CALM CITY
COUNSELING FOR PATIENTS
ALREADY STABILIZED ON LITHIUM
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