Commack Schools



AP Human Geography Mrs. BellisariChapter 5 Key Issue #2: Why is English related to other languages?Languages of Europe Indo-European language dominatesLanguage map & political boundaries usually overlapSW Europe is : Romance (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian)NW Europe is :Germanic (Flemish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, English, Frisian German, Dutch, Faeroese)E. Europe is : Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Polish, Czech, SlovakEstonia, Hungary and Finland – Uralic language family 1428750200025Romance Branch Evolved from Latin 2,000 years agoSpanish, Portuguese, Italian, and French, and RomanianPhysical boundaries (Pyrenees and Alps) were barriers to communicationLanguages in these areas are a major element in a people’s cultural identity2019300167640Small difference are being preserved Germanic Branch Languages of India- 4 language familyIndo-European most speakers (Indo-Iranian branch)Dravidian 2nd Austro-asiatic and Sino-Tibetan15 major languages: all but four are Indo-European (Bengali and Hindi most common)Dravidian languages are clustered in SE (Tamil/Telugu)Political divisions reflect regional languagesIndia’s Diversity in Language – 22 official languagesIndo-European – NorthDravidian – South276225453390Sino-Tibetan – N. EastAustro-Asiatic – Central /E. highlands)Indo- Iranian BranchMore than100 languagesSpoken by 1 billion people1/3 of India (Indic Group – the worlds second largest group) use Hindi written in the form “Devanagari”Urdu is the Pakistani version of Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabetBoth derive from Hindustani and the New Delhi version (Hindi) was encouraged by the BritishPersian (Farsi) Pashto, and Kurdish are in the (Iranian Group) Origin and Diffusion of Language Families History of the English Language258127553340Celts tribe arrived in 2000 B.C. (Celtic)Around 450 European tribes moved in, pushing the Celts to Northern and Western BritainTribes were Jutes (N. Denmark) Angles (S. Denmark) and Saxons (N.W. Germany)Today, English refer to themselves as Anglo-SaxonEngland comes from Angles’ land - came from an angle or corner of Germany known as Schleswig-HolsteinVikings from present day Norway landed on the NE coast in the 800’sNormans invaded in 1066 spoke French, which was the official language for 300 yearsIn 1362, Parliament enacted the Statute of Pleading which changed the official court language to EnglishFrench leadership and Germanic lay languages merged into a new languageSky, horse, man, woman are Germanic words and Celestial, equestrian, feminine are FrenchOrigin and Diffusion of EnglishDistribution of English follows where the English colonizedJamestown 1607 and Plymouth 1620Defeat of France in the Seven Years War assured the dominance of English over the North American continent (1757)Ireland in the 17th century, South Asia in the mid 18th century, and Southern Africa in the late 19th century.The United States in turn brought English to the Philippines after their victory in the Spanish American War ensured that colonial possessionOrigin and Diffusion of Romance LanguagesThe Roman empire grew extensively over a period over several hundred yearsThe Latin that was learned was Vulgar Latin which means “to the masses”Introduced to the provinces by soldiers stationed in those areasVulgar term for horse is caballus: in modern times it is used in Italian (cavallor), Spanish (caballo), French (cheval), and Romanian (cal).Proto-Indo-European (PIE) Language Hearth and DiffusionProto-Indo-European (PIE) languageIndo-European language is the world's most commonProto-Indo-European (common ancestor of Indo-European) Linguists and anthropologists agree P.I.E. existed but have different theories on how it originated. Diffusion of P.I.E languageConquest theory (Nomadic Warrior or Kurgan Theory)Originated N of Black Sea (steppes of Ukraine/Russia – present day Kazakhstan)Language diffused west through conquest!Superior technology (wheel)676275163195Domesticated horsesAgriculture Theory (Sedentary Farmer Theory)Diffusion by SHARING agricultural techniques/spread of farmingOrigin: Anatolia in Turkey (hilly words)Supporting evidence: Few words for plains but many for relief landformsFew words for trees/animals that live on the plainsLeading hearth of agricultural innovation nearby (Mesopotamia)Some genetic evidence33337521590 ................
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