AP Psychology: Modules 5 & 6



AP Psychology

Unit 3C

The Nature & Nurture of Behavior

Key Terms and Names:

Genetic Influences

Chromosomes

DNA

Genes

Genome

Natural Selection

Mutations

Evolutionary Psychology

Behavioral Genetics

Environment

Gender

Identical & Fraternal twins

Temperament

Heritability

Interaction

Molecular genetics

Environmental Influences

Culture

Norms

Memes

X & Y chromosomes

Testosterone

Role

Gender role

Gender identity

Gender typing

Social learning theory

Albert Bandura

Gender schema theory

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint

Genes

biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes

a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism

consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes

Genes: Their Location and Composition

Evolutionary Psychology

Natural Selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Mutations

random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides

the source of all genetic diversity

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary Psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection

Gender

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female

Evolutionary Psychology

Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health

Women preferred resources and social status

Behavior Genetics

Behavior Genetics

study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Environment

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Behavior Genetics

Identical Twins

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

Fraternal Twins

develop from separate eggs

genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment

Behavior Genetics

Temperament

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

Behavior Genetics

Interaction

the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)

Molecular Genetics

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

Environmental Influence

Two placental arrangements in identical twins

Environmental Influence

Experience affects brain development

Environmental Influence

A trained brain

Environmental Influence

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Norm

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

Environmental Influence

Personal Space

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

Memes

self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

X Chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and women

females have two; males have one

an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child

Y Chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in men

when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones

both males and females have it

additional testosterone in males stimulates

growth of male sex organs in the fetus

development of male sex characteristics during puberty

Role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position

defining how those in the position ought to behave

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Gender Role

a set of expected behaviors for males and females

Gender Identity

one’s sense of being male or female

Gender-typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Gender and Culture

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Social Learning Theory

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Gender Schema Theory

theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Two theories of gender typing

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