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Notes on Circulatory System

Functions of the Circulatory System:

1. Transports ______________ from ____________ to all _________ of the body

← some ________ require more _____________ than others (ex. ________, ________ cells, _______________ cells)

2. Transports _____________________ from cells of the body to the ____________

← your cells produce nitrogenous wastes when they break down __________

3. Transports ___________ from your _________ to cells of the body

← cells need O2 to produce _____ (_________) this process is called _____________________________

4. Transports ____________________ from your cells to the lungs to be exhaled

← CO2 is a byproduct of ____________________________

5. Transports ______________ from the ______________ gland that produces them to their __________ cells

← ___________ is produced in your _____________

← it is transported in your bloodstream to cells in _________ and _________

6. Distributes ________ throughout the body

← if you are too _______, blood is brought to your _______ so the heat can be removed as ___________ evaporates

← if you are too _________, blood flow to the skin is ________________, allowing you to _______________ heat in the body

Components of the circulatory system:

A. ________________________ – function to transport blood throughout the body

5 major types of blood vessels

1. ______________ – vessels that transport blood ________ from the heart

← they usually carry _______________ blood

2. ___________________ – small _____________

← important because the __________ muscle in their walls can constrict and relax

← ________________ arterioles to one area of the body reduces blood flow to that area

← example – when you are ________, you _____________ the arterioles that send blood to your skin

3. _________________ – the _____________ of all blood vessels (some are slightly larger than a single _________________ cell)

← capillaries are important because their walls are ________ enough to allow the _____________ of materials (____,______, ________, ____________, and _________________)

← your have several ______________________ of capillaries

4. _________ – vessels that ____________ blood to the heart

← they usually carry ____________________ blood

← the largest veins in the body are the _____________ and __________________________ (_____ inches in diameter)

← the vena cavae empty blood returning from the _________ into the ___________

← _________ differ in structure from _____________ in that veins:

are often ________ in diameter

have ____________ walls because blood pressure in the veins is much less than that in the arteries

have ________________________ that prevent the back flow of blood (keeps blood moving __________ the heart)

5. _______________ – (= “________________”) – tiny vessels that transport blood from the capillaries to the veins

heart ( ____________ ( ______________ ( _______________ ( _______________ ( ___________ ( back to heart

Blood pressure varies as it flows through each type of vessel:

← blood pressure is ___________ in the artery leaving the heart (__________)

← blood leaving the heart must be pumped under _____________________ so that it can travel through the body

← blood pressure ________ steadily as it moves through the circulatory system – it is __________ in the veins emptying into the heart (_________________)

B. _________________________ – function to collect fluid that leaks from the capillaries and return it to the circulatory system

← about _____ liters of fluid leak from your ________________ each day

← this could be harmful to your health because you have only ______ liters of blood

← capillaries leak because they are so ________ (only __________ thick)

← every time your heart beats, fluid is forced _______ of the capillaries and into the surrounding ___________

← this fluid enters __________ capillaries where it is now called __________

← lymph flows into larger and larger lymphatic vessels, in a __________ direction toward the _________

← lymph is cleaned by tiny structures called _________________ as it makes its way toward the heart

← some lymph nodes are ______________ along lymphatic vessels, while others are concentrated in specific areas (___________, __________)

← If you have an infection in your __________, lymph nodes in the _____________ on that side of the body become painfully swollen (filled with dead ____________ that have been filtered out of lymph returning from the hand)

← ____________ lymph is dumped into 2 large veins that enter the ________ – returning this fluid to the circulatory system

C. ______________ – is made up of liquid (_________) and _____ kinds of solids

1. ______________ makes up ______% of the total blood volume

Plasma contains:

← a large amount of _________

← _______________ (ex. __________, ____________, and ________________)

← ___________________________ (ex. ________)

← ________ and _________ (ex. __________ ions, _________ ions, and ____________________ ions)

← _______________

2. ____________ make up _____% of the total blood volume.

The 3 major solids found in blood are _____________________, ________________________, and __________________

_________________________ (_________________) are flattened disks that function to transport _______________

← they are able to transport oxygen because they are packed with ________________ – a protein that binds to ______ in the lungs and releases it to cells in the body

← RBCs differ from all other cells in the body in that they lose their _____________ when they start __________________ O2

← since they don’t have a nucleus, they can’t _________________ themselves and die after about _____ months – they must continually be produced

← RBCs are produced in _______________________________

If more RBCs die than are produced, you suffer from a condition called ___________

← individuals with anemia feel __________ all the time because their cells aren’t getting enough _____

________________________ (________________) are larger than RBCs and contain a nucleus

← they function to __________ your body against ____________ by attacking and destroying _______________, __________, and __________________

← like RBCs, WBCs are produced in _______________________________

← sometimes cancer occurs among pre-WBCs in the bone marrow – called ____________________

__________________ are fragments that function in blood _________________

← platelets circulating in your blood vessels are ____________ – activated when a blood vessel is ________________

← once activated they release a clotting ______________ that triggers a series of reactions involving about 14 other clotting proteins

If all clotting factors are present in the blood, a ___________ net will be formed

← this net traps other _____________, __________ and _________, forming a clot

← this ________ plugs the damaged blood vessel, stopping bleeding

If you are missing only ____ of the clotting factors is missing your blood will not _________ and you would be suffering from a condition called ________________ (_________________________ disease)

Blood Typing:

The surface of each RBC in you body displays about ______ different _______________

← the most important antigens on the surface of your RBCs are: _____, _____, and _____

← the presence of the A and B antigens determines your __________ blood grouping, while the presence of the Rh antigen determines whether you are _______________ or _______________

1. ABO blood groupings in humans:

_____, _____, _____, or _____

← individuals whose RBCs are covered with ________________ (but no _________________) have type _____ blood

if you have type _____ blood, you have _________________ (_________) floating in your plasma

← individuals whose RBCs are covered with _________________ (but no __________________) have type _____ blood

if you have type _____ blood, you have __________________ (_________) floating in your plasma

← individuals whose RBCs are covered with both _____ and __________________ have type _______ blood

If you have type ______ blood, you have neither _____ nor ________________________ in your plasma

Knowing a person’s ABO blood type is very important in performing a ___________________________________

If you are given an ___________________ blood type, you will have a severe reaction in which the ________________ in your plasma attack the _____________ on the surface of the RBCs entering your bloodstream, causing the RBCs to ________________ (____________) and _______________

← this type of reaction is called ________________

← the ruptured RBCs release _______________, which may cause ______________ damage

2. _______ system

← this system is so named because it was first worked out in the blood of the _____________ monkey

← like the ABO grouping, the ________ system is based on _____________ on the surface of your RBCs

← people whose RBCs have Rh antigens are ________________________

← people whose RBCs do not have Rh antigens are _________________________

There are 8 possible blood types with the ABO and Rh antigens:

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, ______

The most common problem with _____________________________ may arise during ________________

← normally, there is no mixing of the mother’s and baby’s _________ during _________________

← however, during the ____________ process, some of the baby’s blood mixes with it’s mother’s blood – if the mother is ________ and her child is ________ she will begin producing ____________________

← fortunately this does not have an effect on the present pregnancy – however, if the mother were to ever become pregnant with another ________ baby, her Rh _________________ (produced at the end of the 1st pregnancy) would pass through the _______________ and destroy the baby’s _________

_________________________ is not much of a problem presently because if an Rh- woman ever gives birth to an Rh+ child, she is immediately given a shot of _______________, which stops her body from producing ______________________

← she must receive a shot of _________________ every time she becomes pregnant with an _______ baby

Blood Groups in the U.S.

| |O |A |B |AB |Rh+ |

|Whites |45% |41% |10% |4% |85% |

|Blacks |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |

|Hawaiians |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |

Disorders of the Blood:

1. ______________ – ________ production slows down (many different types)

2. ____________________________ – inherited condition in which abnormal _______________ is produced, causing their RBCs to become _______________

← these _____________ cells cannot __________ through blood vessels as easily as __________ RBCs

← these ____________________ may cut off the blood supply to an ___________

3. ___________________ – a ________________ disease caused by a __________ that infects the ___________________ cells

← symptoms include ____________, ________________, ______________, ______________________, and _____________

← there is no _____________, but with _________, the individual usually suffers no permanent ill effects

4. ____________________ – ___________ of the _________

5. ___________________ – ____________, either ___________ or _______________

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