Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences



EVALUATION OF ANTIMUTAGENIC, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF TYLOPHORA INDICA LEAVES

SYNOPSIS FOR

M.PHARM DISSERTATION

[pic]

SUBMITTED TO

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA

BY

YASHAVANTH KUMAR N.L

I M.PHARM

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

VISVESWARAPURA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

BANGALORE-560070

(2013-2014)

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEA LTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA

ANNEXURE-II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

| | | |

| |NAME OF THE CANDIDATE |YASHAVANTH KUMAR N.L S/O LAKSHMIKANTHAIAH N.V |

|1.0 | |NIDUVALALU VILLAGE (POST) |

| |AND ADDRESS(IN BLOCK |TUMKUR DISTRICT |

| | |PIN:572120 |

| |LETTERS) | |

| | | |

|2.0 |NAME OF THE INSTITUTION |VISVESWARAPURA INSTITUTE OF |

| | | |

| | |PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES |

| | | |

| | |BANGALORE-560070 |

| | | |

|3.0 |COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT |MASTER OF PHARMACY IN |

| | | |

| | |PHARMACOLOGY |

| | | |

|4.0 |DATE OF THE ADMISSION | |

| | |26-07-2012 |

| | |

|5.0 |TITLE OF THE TOPIC: |

| |EVALUATION OF ANTIMUTAGENIC, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTHELMINTIC |

| |ACTIVITY OF TYLOPHORA INDICA LEAVES |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|6.0 |BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK |

| |NEED FOR THE STUDY |

| |The human body is continuously and unavoidably exposed to diverse chemical carcinogens namely polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, |

| |heterocyclic amines, and aromatic c amines, which in order to express their genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, must be metabolised|

| |to reactive intermediates that are capable of interacting covalently with DNA. Damage to DNA is likely to be a major cause of |

| |cancer and other diseases. Many naturally occurring compounds with anti-oxidant activity are known to protect cellular components |

| |from oxidative damage and prevent chronic degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis and heart diseases, which are the leading |

| |causes of death in the human population. There has been growing interest in identification and use of herbal plants to prevent |

| |mutagenesis and carcinogenesis due to their relative nontoxic effects.1 Nature has bestowed us with medicinal plants. There is a |

| |need to explore them for use as antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic food or drug additives.2 Tylophora indica is one such plant |

| |scientifically proven for the treatment of bronchial asthma, cancer, rheumatism. It also has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, |

| |antiasthmatic, smooth muscle relaxant, antihistaminic, hypotensive, activities. Since, the constituents of Tylophora indica have |

| |anticancer,3 antioxidant activities,4 it may be evaluated for anti-mutagenic activity. |

| |Fungus infections are the diseases caused by growth of fungi in or on the body.5 Tinea infections are among the most common |

| |dermatologic conditions throughout the world. Tinea corporis and tinea cruris, are superficial dermatophyte infections, commonly |

| |known as ‘‘ring- worm’’.6 Tylophora indica has shown antifungal activity against fungi like A.niger ,A.fumigatus and T.viridae .7 |

| |It is used in traditional medicine for psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis 8 and hence can be suspected to treat ring worm |

| |infections which is a common fungal infection. |

| |Helminthiasis  is a  macroparasitic disease of humans and animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms such|

| |as pinworm,roundworm, or tapeworm. Worms often live in the gastrointestinal tract, but may also burrow into the liver, lymphatic |

| |system, or other organs.9 Helminthiasis is highly prevalent particularly in third world countries (Dhar et al., 1982) due to poor |

| |management practices. However, increasing problems of development of resistance in helminths due to synthetic anthelmintic drugs |

| |(Geert & Dorny, 1995; Coles, 1997) have led to the proposal of screening medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity.10 |

| |Tylophora indica is reported to have anti amoebic activity11 hence it may possess anthelmentic activity. |

| |Hence the present study is to evaluate aqueous (AQLT) and alcoholic (ALLT) extracts of leaves of Tylophora indica for |

| |anti-mutagenic, antifungal, anthelmentic activity. |

| | |

| |REVIEW OF LITERATURE |

| | |

| |Tylophora indica (Burm f.) Merill. (Family: Asclepidaceae) commonly known as Antmul is a twining perennial plant distributed |

| |throughout southern and eastern part of India in plains, forests, and hilly places. The plant is found growing normally in Uttar |

| |Pradesh, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Himalayas and sub Himalayas in India. It is a branching climber or shrub that grows up to 1.5 |

| |meters, leaves are obvate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 3-10cm long and 1.5-7cm wide. The plant has been traditionally used |

| |for the treatment of bronchial asthma, jaundice and inflammation. Its antitumor,immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiasthmatic, |

| |smooth muscle relaxant, antihistaminic, hypotensive, antirehumatic activities are scientifically proven. In Ayurveda, the plant has|

| |been used in treatment of asthma, dermatitis and rheumatism. Although the leaf and root of this plant are widely used for |

| |treating jaundice in Northern Karnataka, there is a paucity of scientific evidence regarding its usage in liver disorder . The|

| |other reported activities include cytotoxic effect, immunomodulatory activity, anticancer activity and antiamoebic activity,3 |

| |antidiarrhoeal activity,12 antiulcer activity,13 hepatoprotective activity,14 Endophytic fungi activity,15 diaphoretic, |

| |osteoarthritis pain, whooping cough16, anticataleptic activity aganist Haloperidol Induced Catalepsy,17 anthyperilipidemic |

| |activity.18 It also seems to be a good remedy in traditional medicine as antipsoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, anaphylactic, |

| |leucopenia ,and the plant was investigated by well-diffusion method against bacterial pathogens associated with HIV.8 |

| |The active constituents of Tylophora indica are phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids like tylophorine, tylophorinine, tylophorinidine |

| |and septidine. Recently some rare alkaloids namely tyloindicines A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J, desmethyl- tylophorine, |

| |desmethyl tylophorinine, isotylocrebrine, anhydroustylophorinine, anhydrous- dehydrotylophorinine, γ- fagarine, skimmianine, 14- |

| |hydroxyisotylocrebrine, 4,6 desmethylisodroxy- o Methyltylophorinindine have been reported. The non-alkaloidal compounds isolated |

| |from Tylophoraindica are kaempferol, quercetin, α- and β-amyrins, tetratriacontanol, octaosanyloctacosanoate, sigmasterol, |

| |β-sitosetrol, tyloindane, cetyl-alcohol, wax, resin, coutchone, pigments, tannins, glucose, calcium salts, potassium chloride, |

| |quercetin and kaempferol. The new alkaloids include tyloindicines A-E, (+)-14- hydroxyisotylocrebrine and 4-6- |

| |desmethylisotylocrebrine. Tylophorine, 6- desmethyltylophorine, tylophorindine and 5-hydroxy-o-methyltylophorindine were the |

| |known alkaloids.3 |

| | |

| |Crude and pure extracts of Tylophora indica showed more antifeedant activity than stem and root against Spodoptera litura, a |

| |polyphagous pest on wide ranging crops..Similarly the crude extracts of leaf has exhibited higher antibacterial activity than root |

| |and shoot against Basillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycrococcus luteus and P. aergenosa. All the crude and pure compounds |

| |showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichoderma viridae.7 |

| | |

| |Methanolic leaves extract of Tylophora indica showed anti diabetic activity against alloxone induced diabetic in rats.18 Root or |

| |leaf powder of Tylophora indica is used in, intermittent fever, as expectorant and administered in respiratory infections, |

| |bronchitis. Dried leaves are emetic, and expectorant.16 The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Tylophora indica leaves possess good |

| |diuretic activity.19 The ethanolic extract of tylophora indica on carrageenan induced hind paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma |

| |has shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity.20 Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Tylophora indica are used for |

| |their antidiarrheal activity in rodents in three experimentally induced diarrhoeal models i.e. castor oil induced diarrhoea and |

| |PG-E2 induced enteropooling in rats and gastrointestinal motility test in mice.12 The hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Tylophora |

| |indica showed wound healing activity against experimentally induced wounds in rats in excision wound, incision wound, burn wound |

| |and dead space wound models.21 The antioxidant activity of crude extract of Tylophora indica (leaves and stems) was determined by |

| |using DPPH free radical scavenging in which methanol and ethyl acetate extract showed highest antioxidant activity. Tylophorinidine|

| |hydrochloride showed promising antioxidant activity.4 |

| |Chemical carcinogens namely polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and aromatic amines,interact covalently with DNA |

| |. Damage to DNA is likely to be a major cause of cancer and other diseases.1Since the constituents of Tylophora indica have |

| |anticancer3 and antioxidant activities4 it may be evaluated for anti-mutagenic activity. |

| |Tinea infections are among the most common dermatologic conditions throughout the world. .Tinea corporis and tinea cruris are |

| |superficial dermatophyte infections, commonly known as ‘‘ring- worm’’.6 Tylophora indica has shown antifungal activity against |

| |fungi like A.niger ,A.fumigatus and T.viridae.7 It is used in traditional medicine for psoriasis and seborrheic dermatidis8 and |

| |hence can be suspected to treat ring worm infections which is a common fungal infection caused by genera Trichophyton, Microsporum|

| |and Epidermophyton.22. |

| | |

| |Helminthiasis  is a  macroparasitic disease of humans and animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms such|

| |as pinworm,roundworm, or tapeworm.9 Tylophora indica is reported to have anti amoebic activity8 hence it may possess anthelmintic |

| |activity. |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| |6.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY |

| | |

| |1. To evaluate anti-mutagenic activity of Tylophora indica leaf extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) by using |

| |a. Bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. |

| |b. Chromosomal Abberation test in mice. |

| |c. AMES test using Histidine requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA102. |

| |2. To evaluate antifungal activity of Tylophora indica leaf extract against dermatophytes of genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and |

| |Epidermophyton. |

| |3. To evaluate anthelmintic activity of Tylophora indica leaf extracts using Earth worm model. |

| | |

| |MATERIAL AND METHODS |

| | |

| |7.1 SOURCE OF DATA : |

| |The data will be generated by performing experiments on animals. The standard information is collected from various journals, |

| |standard text books available in library of Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, |

| |RGUHS-digital library and from various standard websites. |

| |Web sites: |

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| | |

| |ijp- |

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| |rguhs.ac.in/j-gate@helinet |

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| | |

| |METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA: |

| |The data will be generated by performing the experiments using animal models like mice. |

| |METHODOLOGY : |

| |The animals will be procured and kept in a cages at a standard laboratory temperature and humidity. The animals will be provided |

| |with standard feed and water ad libitum. Mice will be allowed to acclimatize to the laboratory conditions for a week performing the|

| |experiment on them |

| |Dose selection : |

| |A) Tylophora indica (Aqueous and Ethanolic extract) :Dose (200 and 400 mg/kg. b.w p.o.) were selected based on earlier studies.12 |

| |B) Cyclophosphamide :Dose (100 mg/kg b.w i.p.) were selected based on earlier studies2 |

| |C) Colchicine : Dose ( 4 mg/kg b.w i.p.) were selected based on earlier studies.2 |

| | |

| |. 1. To evaluate anti-mutagenic activity of Tylophora indica leaf extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) by using |

| | |

| |A. BONE MARROW MICRO NUCLEUS TEST26,27 |

| | |

| |ANIMALS REQUIRED |

| |a) Species : Swiss albino mice |

| |b) Weight : 25-30g |

| |c) Gender : either sex |

| |d) Number : 60 mice |

| | |

| |Animals would be housed in plastic cages with paddy husk bedding. Animals would be provided with food and water ad libitum. |

| |Grouping and treatment : |

| |Group 01:(n=6) vehicle treated animals would receive vehicle orally for 7 consecutive days |

| |Group 02 :(n=6) clastogenic challenge control group, animals would be injected with single dose of cyclophosphamide (i.p 100 mg/kg|

| |). |

| |Group 03 :(n=6) would receive aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days |

| |Group 04 :(n=6) would receive aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days |

| |Group 05 :(n=6) would recieve ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days |

| |Group 06 :(n=6) would receive ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days |

| |Group 07 :(n=6) would be treated with aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, followed|

| |by cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) as challenge on 7th day. |

| |Group 08 :(n=6) would be treated with aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, followed|

| |by cyclophosphamide (i.p.100mg/kg ) as challenge on 7th day. |

| |Group 09 :(n=6) would be treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, |

| |followed by cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) as challenge on 7th day . |

| |Group 10 :(n=6) would be treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, |

| |followed by cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) as challenge on 7th day . |

| |Group 3 to 6 is to evaluate if Tylophora indica has any mutagenic potential. |

| | |

| |Animals would be sacrificed by cervical dislocation on 8th day. Femur and tibia would be isolated for extraction of bone marrow. |

| |Bone marrow cells would be processed for the micronucleus test. |

| | |

| |B. CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION TEST26,28 |

| | |

| |ANIMALS REQUIRED |

| |a) Species : Swiss albino mice |

| |b) Weight : 25-30 g |

| |c) Gender : either sex |

| |d) Number : 60 mice |

| | |

| |Animals would be housed in polypropylene cages with paddy husk bedding. Animals would be provided with food and water ad libitum. |

| | |

| |Grouping and Treatment: |

| |Group 01 :(n=6) vehicle treated animals would receive vehicle orally for 7 consecutive days. |

| |Group 02 :(n=6) clastogenic challenge control group, animals would be injected with cyclophosphamide (i.p 100 mg/kg ) and |

| |colchicine. |

| |Group 03 :(n=6) would receive aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days. |

| |Group 04 :(n=6) would receive aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days. |

| |Group 05 :(n=6) would receive ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days. |

| |Group 06 :(n=6) would receive ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days. |

| |Group 07 :(n=6) would receive aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, followed by |

| |cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) and colchicine as challenge on 7th day. |

| |Group 08 :(n=6) would receive aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, followed by |

| |cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) and colchicine as challenge on 7th day. |

| |Group 09 :(n=6) would receive ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (200 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, followed by |

| |cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) and colchicine as challenge on 7th day. |

| |Group 10 :(n=6) would receive ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica (400 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days, followed by |

| |cyclophosphamide (i.p.100 mg/kg ) and colchicine as challenge on 7th day. |

| | |

| |Group 3 to 6 is to evaluate if Tylophora indica has any mutagenic potential. |

| | |

| |Animals would be sacrificed by cervical dislocation on 8th day. 90 minutes prior to death each animal would be injected with 0.04% |

| |colchicine in a dose of 4 mg/kg i.p for mitotic arrest. Femur and tibia would be isolated for extraction of bone marrow. Bone |

| |marrow cells would be processed for the chromosomal aberration test. |

| | |

| |AMES TEST |

| |Antimutagenicity of Tylophora indica leaf extract against direct acting mutagens would be determined according to the methods of |

| |Maron and Ames (1983). Histidine requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA102 will be used. For this 2ml of |

| |top agar containing 0.2 ml of 0.5mM histidine–biotin will be mixed with mutagens (NaN3, MNNG, or NPD), at different concentrations|

| |. Different concentrations of tylophora indica extract and 0.1 ml freshly grown typhimurium culture (1×109 cells/ml approximately) |

| |would be poured onto minimal agar plates and would be incubated at 37°C for 48 h. After the incubation, the revertant colonies |

| |would be counted using a colony counter.1 |

| | |

| |2. To evaluate antifungal activity of Tylophora indica leaf extract against dermatophytes of genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and |

| |Epidermophyton. |

| | |

| |Antifungal activity of the crude extract would be tested using agar diffusion method described by Cheesbrough (2006). An antifungal|

| |drug (Ketoconazole) would be used as standard drug. The fungal isolates would be allowed to grow on a Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)|

| |(Oxoid) at 25°C until they sporulated. The fungal spores would be harvested after sporulation by pouring a mixture of sterile |

| |glycerol and distilled water to the surface of the plate and later scraping the spores with a sterile glass rod. The harvested |

| |fungal spores and bacterial isolates would be standardized to an OD600nm of 0.1 before use. One hundred microliter of the |

| |standardized fungal spore suspension would be evenly spread on the SDA (Oxoid) using a glass spreader. Wells would then bored into |

| |the agar media using a sterile 6 mm cork borer and the wells would be filled with the solution of the extract (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, |

| |0.625 and 0.325 mg/ ml), taking care not to allow spillage of the solution to the surface of the agar medium. The plates would be |

| |allowed to stand on the laboratory bench for 1 h to allow for proper diffusion of the extract into the media. Two hundred milligram|

| |(200 g) of the Ketoconazole drug would be dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water according to the manufacturers' instructions. 1 mg|

| |of the solution would be dispensed into the wells using sterile pipettes. Plates would be incubated at 25°C for 96 h and later |

| |observed for zones of inhibition. The effect of the extract on fungal isolates would compared with Ketoconazole at a concentration |

| |of 1 mg/ml.22 |

| | |

| |Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) |

| | |

| |This would be carried out to assess the crude extract for fungicidal or fungistatic effect. It would be carried out as described by|

| |Cheesbrough (2006).22 |

| | |

| |3. To evaluate anthelmintic activity of Tylophora indica leaf extracts(aqueous and ethanolic) using Earth worm model |

| | |

| |a) Species : pherithema posthuma (Earth worms) |

| |b) Size : 3-5 cm in length;0.1-0.2 cm in |

| |width23 |

| |c) Number : 36 |

| | |

| |The anthelmintic activity would be carried as per the method of ajaiyeoba et al24 with minor modification .The assay is performed |

| |on pheretima posthuma due to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with intestinal roundworm parasites of human being. |

| | |

| |Groupings : |

| |Group 01 : Earth worms (n=6) would be placed in vehicle (control group) |

| |Group 02 : Earth worms (n=6) would be placed in 10 mg/ml Piperazine citrate(std)23 |

| |Group 03: Earth worms (n=6) would be placed in 50 mg/ml of aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica |

| |Group 04 : Earth worms (n=6) would be placed in 100 mg/ml of aqueous leaf extract of Tylophora indica |

| |Group 05 : Earth worms (n=6) would be placed in 50 mg/ml of ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica |

| |Group 06 : Earth worms (n=6) would be placed in 100 mg/ml of ethanolic leaf extract of Tylophora indica |

| |The earth worms of respective groups would be placed into 10 ml of the respective extract and the time taken for paralysis and |

| |death would be recorded. Maximum cut off time to observe or death would be 120 mins.25 Paralysis is said to occur when the worms |

| |do not revive even in normal saline. Death is concluded when the worms lose their motility followed with fading away of their body |

| |colour.23 |

| | |

| |7.2.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS |

| |The results will be expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. Statistical analysis will be done using one way ANOVA, followed by |

| |post hock analysis done by Dunnett’s test. |

| | |

| |7.3 Does the study require any investigation or interventions to be conducted on patients or the human or animals? If so please |

| |describe briefly: |

| |YES, Study requires investigation on animals. The effects of the drug will be studied on various parameters using mice as |

| |experimental animal model. |

| | |

| |7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3? |

| |Yes, Ethical clearance certificate will be attached along with the hard copy. |

| | |

| |LIST OF REFERENCES: |

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| | |

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| | |

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| | |

| |Dhiman M, Naik V, Kshirsagar R, Desai D C and Manju S.L. Antioxidant Activity of Hydrochloride salts of Tylophorinidine and |

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| | |

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| |Res J 2008; (27) :1-10. |

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| |Aditya G K, Maria C, Bony E, Tinea Corporis, Tinea Crursi, Tinea Nigar and Piedra. Dermatol Clin 2003;(21):395-400. |

| | |

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| | |

| |Bharathi B, Mani megalaid, Arumugam P, Swamy dossdaniel G. Studies of the Anti-bacterial activity and Phytochemical screening of |

| |Tylophora indica linn on opportunistic bacterial pathogens conficted with HIV.2010;2(9): 402-404. |

| | |

| |Heliminthiasis (online) available from URL http/enwikipediaorg/wiki/heliminthiasis as accessed on 1/1/13. |

| | |

| |Mohammad L, Zaffar I, Khan MN, Mohhamad SA, Jabbar A. Anti heliminthic activity of Adhatoda vesica root. Int J Agri & Bio 2003; |

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| | |

| |Bhutani KK, Sharma GL and Ali M. Plant based Anti-amoebic drugs part. Anti-amoebic activity of phenanthroindocizinidines alkaloids;|

| |common structural determinants of activity with emetine. Plant Med1987 53(6), 532-536. |

| | |

| |Nilesh J.P, Vipul BG, Gowd T.S,Venkat N.R, Nanda kumar K, Anti-diarrohoeal activity of leaf extract of Tylophora inidca |

| |(Asclepiadaceae) in rodents. 2011; 586-596. |

| | |

| |Ghodekar SN, Garg H, Sharma A, Chhikara S , Gawande R, Shaikh J.D Namdeo A.G, Bodhankar S.L, Mahadik K.R.Anti-ulcer activity of |

| |methanolic extract of leafs of Tylophora indica on Histamine and naproxen individual gastric lesions in rats. 2010; 141-147. |

| | |

| |Vipul G, Nilesh P, Venkat N.R, Nandakumar K, Gouda T.S, Md.S et al hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic and aqueous extract of |

| |leaves of Tylophora indica (Linn.) in rat. Int J Pharmacol 2007;39(1):43-47 |

| | |

| |Susheel K, Nutan K, Ruangelie E-E, Rainer E, Peter P. Isolation, characterization, and bioactivity of endophytic fungi of |

| |Tylophora indica . World J Microbial Biotechnol 2011;(27):571-577 |

| | |

| |Sunil K, Priya S. Tylophora indica an Indian Ipacacunahan :A Review. Int J Phytother Res 2012;2(2):1-14 |

| | |

| |Shyamjith M, Anu E J , Thyagaraju BM , Rao SN. Effect of Tylophora indica on Haloperidol Induced Catalepsy in Experimental Animal |

| |Models 2012;4(12):652-654. |

| | |

| |Swathi.P, Eswar K.K, Jagadeesh K.T, Vijay.CH. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of ethonolic extract |

| |of Tylophora indica in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J current Pharma Res 2012;4(1):25-30. |

| | |

| |Satish Kumar BN, Vrushabendra Swamy BM, Archana S, Anitha M. A Review on Natural Diuretics. Res J Pharm boil and Chem Sci |

| |2010;1(4):615-634. |

| | |

| |David C.R, Mohamed M.S, Brahatheeswaran .D, and Mahesh.N. Anti-Inflammatory activity of Tylophora indica in Albino Rats. J |

| |Pharmacol. Toxicol 2006;1(5):490-492. |

| | |

| |Syed Mohammed.B.S, Harish Kumar DR, Saifulla K, Naira N, and Amit Kumar D. Wound healing activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of |

| |Tylophora indica leaves in rats.2008;:688-696. |

| | |

| |Sule W. F, Okonko I. O, Omo-Ogun S, Nwanze J. C, Ojezele M. O, Ojezele O. J, Alli J. A, Soyemi E. T. and Olaonipekun T. O. |

| |Phytochemical properties and in-vitro antifungal activity of Senna alata Linn. crude stem bark extract. J Med Plants Res 2011;5(2)|

| |176-183. |

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| |Kumar KT, Panda DS, Nanda UN, Khuntia S. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic activity of Mirinda citrifolia L.|

| |(Noni). Int J PharmTech Res 2010;2(2):1030-1032. |

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| |Ajaiyeoba EO, Onocha PA, Olarenwaju OT, In vitro anthelmintic properties of Buchholizia coriaceae and Gynandropsis gynandra |

| |extract. Pharm Biol 2001;39:217-220. |

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| |Das SS, Dey M, Ghosh AK.Determination of anthelmintic activity of leaf and bark extract of tamarindus Indica Linn. Ind J Pharm Sci |

| |2011;73(1):104-107. |

| | |

| |Chowdary GN. Evaluation of Anti-stress, immunomodulatory and anti-clastogenic activity of momardica charantia. (M. Pharm |

| |dissertation). Karnataka: RGUHS; 2009. |

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| |Hayashim M,Tice RR, Macgregor J, Aderson D and Blakey DH. et. al., Invivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Mut Res 1994; |

| |312:293-304. |

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| |Seetharama Rao KP and Narayana K. in vivo chromosome damaging effects of an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor: |

| |Ribavirin in mice. Ind J Pharmacol 2005: 37(2):90-95. |

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| |SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE | |

|9.0 | | |

| |REMARKS OF THE GUIDE | |

|10. | |PROJECT PROPOSAL IS SATISFACTORY |

| | | |

| | | |

|11. |NAME AND DESIGNATION | |

| | |Dr. BHARATHI K.N |

| |11.1 GUIDE |ASST. PROFESSOR |

| | |DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY |

| | |VIPS, BANGALORE-560 070 |

| | | |

| | | |

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| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |11.2 SIGNATURE | |

| | | |

| |11.3 CO-GUIDE (IF ANY) |NO |

| | |. |

| |SIGNATURE | |

| | | |

| |HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT |01EU^_`m†‡ËÍÑåT Z ^ d š › ? © òçòÙòçòÍòÁµ¨ž‰ž‚ž{žqži^žSEhdøhå |

| | |)5?CJ\?aJh:YX5?CJ\?aJhdøhå |

| | |)5?>*[pic]\?hv6Í5?>*[pic]\?hdøh?á5?\?hˆ9ª5?\?hdøhå ))jhdøhå |

| | |)5?B*[pic]U[pic]mH @phsH @hdøhå )5?\?hdøhå |

| | |)5?6?\?]?hð#–hˆ9ª6?CJaJhð#–hódË6?CJaJhð#–hˆ9ª5?CJaJhð#–hð#–5?6?CJaJ |

| | |Dr. MEERA SUMANTH |

| | |HEAD OF DEPARTMENT |

| | |DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY |

| | |VIPS, BANGALORE-560 070 |

| | | |

| |11.6 SIGNATURE | |

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|12. |12.1 REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL | |

| | | |

| |12.2 SIGNATURE | |

| | | |

| | |Prof. Dr. D. H. HARISH KUMAR |

| | |PRINCIPAL |

| | |VIPS, BANGALORE-560 070 |

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