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Notes on Genesis 37Please note when transliterating Hebrew or proto-Hebrew forms certain conventions are used only because they are easier to type.aa, ii, uu = long a, i, u oo= long oee= long e$ = shin#= tet%= sinIn the bad old days of WordPerfect 5.1 you could type all sorts of combination and special characters quickly and easily on the fly. Progress?(37:1)?????????? = wayyiqtol or waw-consecutive (with imperfect). The ????? should be easy to identify and tell you (a) form and (b) PGN. That leaves two root letters ???. Apply Kittel neat trick #1 from Kittel 3.1. Compare imperfect form *yay$ibu > ?????? to wayyiqtol form *wayyáy$ib > ?????????. See Isbell 130. In many wayyiqtol verb forms the accent moves back one syllable. This will often cause short vowels after the accent to reduce. You will see this often in Biblical Hebrew. Be ready for it. Wait a moment. What on earth is this “*yay$ibu > ?????? to wayyiqtol form *wayyáy$ib > ?????????” weirdness? Sometimes I will try to explain where a word form comes from. The asterisk * indicates “reconstructed – this never actually appears in Biblical Hebrew but we think the Hebrew word form comes from this”. Followed by my attempt to show the earlier word form in italicized transliteration. You do not need to learn or memorize these explanations and reconstructions. They are only there to help you understand why a Hebrew word looks the way it does. But in my experience they help me remember Hebrew word forms as well. Transliteration = using Roman characters to represent sounds. So a possible transliteration of ??????? is mélek.???????? – Note final ??? which is the masculine plural construct ending. So this is either (a) noun (b) adjective (c) participle. This is a noun and you will find it under ???. ?????? = “sojourning-place, dwelling-places, sojourning” under BDB 158b. ?????? = ??? with 3ms possessive suffix. ??? is one of a handful of nouns that uses a connecting ? before a suffix. See Isbell 178 or Kittel 10.2b. How can you tell if the noun is singular not plural????? ????? ???? – Construct chain. “In the x of the x of his x”. How do we know the construct nouns are definite? Hint – ??????. (37:2)??????? = demonstrative adjective. What is the Gender and Number? What use of the adjective is this? Attributive, predicate, or substantive? See Isbell 239 or 18; Kittel 18.5 or 352.????????? – Note the ????. Could be (a) feminine plural ending or (b) infinitive construct of a 3rd ? verb. You will find this under ???. ?????????? = “generations” under BDB 410a. ??????????????????? ?????? = “son of 17 years” in other words “17 years old”. Numbers nouns with the numbers 11-19 may be in the plural, but if they are items frequently numbers (such as ?????, ????, ??????) they appear in the singular. See for example Gen 7:6. See Ibsell 80-81 or Kittel 54.1.????? = participle. See Kittel trick #Q1 from 9.3a. Compare Qal regular participle ???????. This is the 3ms Qal participle of a 3rd ? verb. ??? = “pasture, tend, graze” under BDB 944b. *CooCiyu > *CaaCiyu > CooCe(h). See Isbell 75.Oh no. Not again. What’s with this “*CooCiyu > *CaaCiyu > CooCe(h)” stuff? Once again I am trying to show you where a Hebrew word form comes from. I use C to represent “any Consonant”. I also use parentheses to indicate vowel letters. So ?????? suu(w)saa(h) “mare” but ??????? suu(w)saah “her horse”. Once again you do not have to learn or memorize these. But they can help you understand Hebrew word forms better. And the better you understand the better you remember. ??? ??? – ??? ??? – ??? in the perfect followed by participle emphasizes action continuing in the past. And ??? in the imperfect followed by participle emphasizes action continuing in the future. ?????????? – Is ??? here the preposition “with” or the marker of the definite direct object? ?????? = ??? with 3ms possessive suffix. ??? is another noun that uses connecting ? before a suffix. See Isbell 178 or Kittel 10.2b. The preposition ??? only looks different if it has a pronominal suffix.??????? = preposition ??? with noun. Is ??? here equivalent to ??? the sign of the definite direct object aka DDO? Compare to Exod 3:1. ???? = “small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks” under BDB 838a. ?????? = “boy, lad, youth; retainer” under BDB 654b. See 1 Sam 9:3 and 2 Kgs 4:12. Which meaning is probable here??????? – This is a tough form although you should recognize it. Feminine plural noun that uses masculine endings. ??????? = “woman, wife, female” under BDB 61a. Compare singular ??????? to plural ???????. The singular and plural forms of this noun come from different Semitic roots. This is called a heteroclitic paradigm. ???????? –The ????? should be easy to identify and tell you (a) form and (b) PGN. Wayyiqtol aka waw-consecutive. That leaves two root letters ??. Apply Kittel neat trick #2 from Kittel 6.1a. But which conjugation? Note the i class vowel which is an indicator of the Hiphil. See Kittel trick #H1 from 29.2. Compare Hiphil imperfect ?????? *yabii’u > yabii(‘) to Hiphil wayyiqtol ???????? *wayyabii’ > *wayyabi’ > wayyabee(‘). There is an important phonological rule in Biblical Hebrew. An original long vowel in a closed syllable will become short. And then short vowel rules apply. ????????? = feminine singular noun with possessive suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? Review Isbell 92 or Kittel 53.5c That leaves ???????? feminine singular construct form. What is the root? We see two root letters ??. Note the strong dagesh in the second root letter. Could it be ???? ?????? = “whispering, defamation, evil report” under BDB 179a. (37:3)?????? = ???? with prefixed preposition ???. This is the ??? of comparison and means “more than all”. See Isbell 27n2 .???????? = “old age” under BDB 279a. The root – and remember that all Hebrew words including nouns are based on roots - is ??? “be or become old” under BDB 278a. Plural nouns can be used to express an abstract idea.??? = preposition ?? + pronominal suffix. How is the preposition being used here? See Isbell 61 or Kittel 7.5. ???????? – Is the ??? a simple conjunction + perfect or the waw-reversive? It appears to depend on ????? earlier in the verse. A perfect verb followed by conjunction + perfect can refer to an action continued or repeated in the past.Time for a little textual criticism! We have a perfect verb followed by conjunction + perfect and therefore what looks like two independent clauses. “Now Israel loved Joseph… And he made for him”. One commentator reasons that if the biblical writer intended the second clause to be a consequence of the first clause – because Israel loved Joseph me made a robe for him – the second verb would have been written as wayyiqtol aka waw-consecutive = ????????? or ???????????. See the little a after ????????? That directs you to the critical apparatus at the bottom of the page where we read:Cp 37,3a ? ?????, l frt ???????????Which means something like “the Samaritan Pentateuch has ????? so very likely we should read ???????????”. How different is that from what we have? How much do we have to emend the text to get ?????? instead of MT ?????????????? = “tunic, long robe” under BDB 509a. Try this on for size. Compare Hebrew ????????? to Greek χιτων. Did Greek borrow this word from Hebrew? Or did Hebrew borrow this word from Greek????????? = Masculine plural absolute noun. What is the root? We can see two root letters ??. Note the strong dagesh in the second root letter. Could it be ???? Try ???? = “flat of hand or foot” under BDB 821a. So is a ???? ???? a robe that reaches to the palms and soles? This express appears five times in the Bible: three times in the Joseph Story (Gen 37:3, 23, 32) and twice in the story of Tamar (2 Sam 13:18, 19). Traditionally the tunic is called in English translation “coat of many colors” in the Joseph Story but “long robe with sleeves” in the story of Tamar. There is no linguistic basis for interpreting ???? ???? as a coat of many colors. So where did this traditional interpretation come from? Note also that because ?? is based on the root ??? it is ???? in the singular but ???????? in the plural. When there is an ending or suffix the second ? reappears. You will see this sort of thing happen all the time in Biblical Hebrew. (37:4)??????? – A little tricky because of the initial ? but remember that initial ? can be (a) the first root letter as well as (b) a verbal prefix. See Kittel trick #Q4 from Kittel 4.2a. ??? is an irregular verb that does not follow a normal 1st ? pattern. It is also a Qal U verb. So Qal 3ms perfect ?????. But with the 3mp verbal suffix the u class vowel reduces to shwa ???????. See Isbell 141 or Kittel 40.5. ????????? – Another tricky form. This is a verb with possessive pronominal suffix. Note the strong dagesh in ?? and the a class vowel after the first root letter. Piel infinitive construct + 3ms suffix. Is the suffix the subject or object of the verb? See Isbell 112.??? ???? ???? = “They were not able his speaking = They were not able to speak to him”. See Isbell 141-142. ???????? = Preposition ?? + ???????. Literally “for peace” or “according to peace”. The preposition ?? in front of a noun can have an adverbial sense. Try “peaceably”.Time for another text critical note. Okay so ???? ????? is an unusual construction as noted above. See the little b after ????????? and look down at the bottom:b ? λαλειν αυτω, l ?????? ???(??)?Which means something like “the Septuagint has λαλειν αυτω ‘to speak to him’ so perhaps we can read ???????? ??”. How different is that from what we have? How much do we have to emend the text to read ???? ?? ???? instead of MT ????? ??????(37:5)?????????? = wayyiqtol or waw-consecutive. You should have no problem identifying (1) form and (2) PGN. We see all three root letters ???. The first root letter is ? so this is a 1st guttural aka ??? verb. Compare regular verb ?????????? to ??????????. (a) Gutturals resist strong dagesh aka germination and (b) gutturals prefer a class vowels. Review Isbell 4 and 269-270; Kittel 13.6b.?????? = “dream” under BDB 321b. A cognate accusative is a direct object (noun) built from the same root as the verb. See Isbell 318 or Kittel 34.????????? – Oh man how do we analyze this? You should have little difficulty identifying (1) form and (2) PGN. That leaves two root letters ??. Note the strong dagesh in ?. So either (a) the root is ??? but that is impossible because the first two letters of a root are never the same in Hebrew or (b) there is a ? which has assimilated into the ?. Is the root ???? Apply Kittel trick #H3 from Kittel 32.1. ??? = Hiphil “declare, tell” under BDB 616b. Compare Hiphil 3ms imperfect ??????? *ya(ha?)ngiidu > yaggii(y)d to 3ms wayyiqtol ????????? *wayya(ha?)ngiid > *wayyaggid > wayyaggeed. ???????????? – Note the final ???. Apply Kittel trick #14 from Kittel 8.1b. You should have little difficulty identifying (1) form and (2) PGN. That leaves root letters ??. Hmm. Now apply Kittel trick #H4 from Kittel 33.1. ??? = Hiphil “add to, increase” under BDB 414b. You should know that most 1st ? verbs that are not true 1st ? but originally 1st ?. So ???????????? *wayya(ha?)wsiipuu >*wayyawsiipuu > *wayyoosiipuu > *wayyoosípuu(w). Quick text critical note. Does the repetition of ?????? ??? ???? ??? seem out of place? Note that a… a bracket the clause. In the critical apparatus we see:5 a-a > ?*, prb dlWhich means “as for everything between a and a not in the original Greek text – perhaps should be deleted”.???? = “still, yet, again, besides” under BDB 729a.?????? – Infinitive construct. What is the conjugation? Do you see any modifications to the root? You should be very familiar with the pattern ?????? of the Qal infinitive construct by now.?????? ??? ???? – Verbs that go with verbs can be a little tricky in Hebrew. Hiphil ??? + infinitive construct = “do something again or more”. “And they added again hating = And they hated him even more”. See Isbell 180.(37:6)???????? – A little tricky. Note the particle of exhortation ???? “pray, now” which usually is attached to an imperative. Which tells us 2nd person. So is it masculine or feminine? singular or plural? Remember Kittel trick #14 from Kittel 8.1b. Remember that the imperative generally looks like the imperfect without the verbal prefix. Sometimes that would result in two shwas so the first shwa becomes a short vowel usually hiriq ?. If the imperative is Hiphil or Niphal conjugation a conjugation prefix will appear. See Isbell 68 or Kittel 20.6a. ?????????? = perfect. Note the verbal suffix ?????. What is the PGN? We see all three root letters ??? and we have seen this verb before. What is the conjugation? See Isbell (37:7)Note: This verse is challenging.??????????? – We have not seen many of these. Note final ???? which is masculine plural absolute ending. Which means this is a noun or an adjective. And participles are verbal adjectives. Note (a) prefix(?) ? with shwa and (b) strong dagesh in second root letter. Apply Kittel trick #D3 from Kittel 31.1. ??? = Piel “bind” under BDB 47b-48a. Who or what is the subject? Who or what is the object? And since participles are verbal adjectives is it attributive, predicate, or substantive? Review Kittel 18.5. Right now. Seriously. ????? ?????? – Independent pronoun before participle. The participle describes the action or state of the pronoun. There is no tense except that supplied by context. “We binding = We are/were binding”. In Modern Hebrew pronoun + participle = present tense. ????????? = feminine plural noun that uses a masculine ending. ???????? = “sheaf” under BDB 48a. ?????? – This form is a little tricky because among other things you need to pay attention to the accent. It cannot be a perfect verb because the accent is on the wrong syllable. We see at least two root letters ?? and it turns out there is no root ???. See Isbell 259-260 or Kittel 27.1, 27.4a.*Beware*. There is a very small difference between the 3fs Qal perfect and the feminine singular absolute Qal participle of a hollow verb! 3fs Qal perfect ?????? but fsa Qal participle ?????. Kittel 27.4a does not mention this.?????????? = feminine singular noun + possessive suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? See Kittel 53.5c. Note the original feminine ending ? appears before a suffix. You will see this all the time in Biblical Hebrew in verbs as well as nouns and adjectives. See Isbell 92. ????????? = perfect. This is a challenging verb form. Keep in mind we just saw (a) 3fs Qal perfect and (b) feminine noun + suffix ??????????. Note the feminine ??? ending. Note the strong dagesh in ?. Is this the characteristic doubling of the Piel? Or the assimilation of ? and so the initial ?? is the Niphal conjugation prefix? Either way the root is ???! At this point pay attention to the vowel pattern. Often the vowel pattern is the best sign of the conjugation. Is this i-a vowel pattern characteristic of the Piel or the Niphal? ??? = Niphal “take one’s stand, stand” under BDB 662a. See Isbell 283 or Kittel 46.7.???????????? – Yuck. Note ???????. What is the form? What is the PGN? Take away the verbal prefix and suffix and we have ???. But note the strong dagesh in ?. Hmm. Verb forms of this type of root are challenging because they can follow two different patterns. ??? = “turn about, go around, surround” under BDB 685a. See Isbell 257-258 or Kittel 51.4.?????????????????? – Hoo boy. You should have no trouble identifying the form. Note ?????? instead of ??????? mostly in the Torah aka Pentateuch. What is the PGN? If you have trouble figuring out (a) the root and (b) the conjugation that is perfectly understandable. Hebraicists used to identify this as Hitpalel(?!?) ???? but now the consensus is this is the Hishtaphel conjugation which occurs only with the root ???. It is still listed as ???? = Hitpalel “bow down, prostrate oneself” under BDB 1005a. See Isbell 128 or Kittel 43.2.(37:8)???????? = interrogative ?? + infinitive absolute. What is the conjugation? See Isbell 94, 295 and Kittel 28.6.????????? – Note the ??. What is the PGN? What is the conjugation? ?????? ????????? – Infinitive absolute + verb is an emphatic construction. Often translated in English by adding “surely, certainly” before the verb. See Isbell 245 or Kittel 40.2a.???????? = preposition + pronominal suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? ??? is one of many prepositions that takes a connecting ? before the suffix. See Isbell 135 or Chart O in Kittel 455.???? – ?????? = Infinitive absolute. The infinitive absolute never changes. ???? = III “rule, have dominion, reign” under BDB 605b. Note that ???? takes the preposition ??? but ???? takes the preposition ???.???? – Here with the sense “on account of, because of”. See BDB 752a, 754a.?????????? = feminine plural noun + possessive suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? You should be a wiz by now at analyzing nouns + suffixes. ????????? = masculine plural noun + possessive suffix. Rinse and repeat. (37:9)????? = masculine singular adjective. ????? = “another” under BDB 29b. Not to be confused with ????? “after, behind” under BDB 29b. ?????????? – What is the form? What is the PGN? This part should be easy for you by now. We can see three root letters ???. Note (a) shwa under the verbal prefix ? (b) strong dagesh in middle root letter. Apply Kittel trick #D2 from Kittel 15.5. ??? = Piel “recount, relate” under BDB 707b. Normally the wayyiqtol form the verbal prefix is doubled. But if shwa is under the verbal prefix doubling often does not happen. See Isbell 57 or Kittel 39.1. ????? = definite direct object indicator + pronominal suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? Do not confuse ????? “him (direct object)” with ?????? “with him”. See Isbell 119-120. ?????????????? – Note masculine plural ending. This is the participle form of the Hishtaphel conjugation of ???. We saw this conjugation and root at the end of verse 7. Participles are verbal adjectives. What use of the adjective is this? Attributive, predicate, or substantive? What noun or pronoun does it describe? Hint – it describes more than one noun.(37:10)?????????? – You should have no difficulty with the conjugation and the PGN. We can see three root letters ???. ??? = “rebuke” under BDB 172a. Note that ??? takes the preposition ???. Who is the subject of the verb??????? = interrogative ?? + infinitive absolute. You should have no trouble identifying the root and the conjugation. ?????? = Apply Kittel super neat trick #2 from Kittel 6.1a. Now you know the root. What is the PGN? We saw this same infinitive absolute + verb construction in verse 8a. ??????????????? = preposition ?? + infinitive construct. See Kittel trick #10 from Kittel 14.3. 3rd ? aka ??? verbs regularly lose the ? and have ??? or ???? in the infinitive construct. ??????? = noun + directional ?. See Isbell 319 and Kittel 11.3. Wait. How does ?????? + suffix – here directional ? – become ???????? ?????? is a segholate noun and it helps to understand where such nouns come from. We will use another example ?????? “dog”. Once upon a time ??????? kéleb was *kalbu. Compare Arabic kalbu(n) and Akkadian kalbu(m). Final short vowels dropped off in Hebrew so > *kalb. Hebrew does not like consonant clusters so a short vowel was added but the accent remains on the first syllable > *káleb > kéleb. A vowel that is added to break up a consonant cluster is an anaptytic vowel.* Okay. When a suffix is added the original *CvCC reappears > kalbo(w) ????????? “his dog”. Isbell 87-88 describes segholate nouns very well.You will sometimes see anaptytic vowels in Biblical Hebrew. Especially in shortened verb forms. (37:11)??????????? – You should have no trouble identifying (a) form and (b) PGN. Remember Kittel trick #14. We can see three root letters ???. What is the conjugation? Note (c) the shwa under the verbal prefix ???. Apply Kittel trick #D2. Why is there no strong dagesh in the middle root letter? Remember that a consonant with a shwa often loses – or does not take? – a strong dagesh. ??? = Piel “be jealous, zealous” under BDB 888b. (37:12)?????????? – You should have no trouble identifying (a) form and (b) PGN. We can see two root letters ???. This verb root is a little tricky. Try Kittel neat trick #1 from Kittel 3.1. But there is no verb ????. ???? often behaves like a 1st ? verb. See Isbell 143 or Kittel 3.1. ???????? – preposition ?? + infinitive construct. Take away the ending ???? and we have two root letters ??. Try Kittel trick #10 from Kittel 14.3. You should know this verb root from verse 2. ????????? = preposition ??? + place name. Look up BDB 1014a. (37:13)????? = interrogative ?? + negative particle. “Are not?” You will see this construction frequently. ?????? = participle. Note the masculine plural ending ????. Apply Kittel trick #Q1 from Kittel 9.3a. Although that leaves two root letters ??. 3rd ? verbs generally (1) the 3rd ? disappears before a vocalic suffix or (2) the 3rd ? > ? before a consonantal suffix. Make a mental note of that right now. So msa Qal participle ????? but mpa Qal participle ??????. ????? – Imperative + cohortative ?. Most Hebraicists call this emphatic ?. It is sometimes added to the 2nd person imperative. For emphasis? That leaves two root letters ???. Do you see any conjugation prefixes or doubled root letters? 2ms Qal imperative ???? = ????. With emphatic ? the vowel reduces to shwa > ?????. See Isbell 244 or Kittel 30.1a. Isbell says this is not a cohortative but a “paragogic ?”.????????????? – Simple ?? + imperfect + pronominal object suffix. You should be able to identify (a) the PGN and (b) PGN of the suffix. That leaves ?????????. We can see three root letters ????. Try Kittel trick #Q2 from Kittel 17.3a. ???? = “send” under BDB 1018a. Object suffixes in Biblical Hebrew can be difficult because they appear in various forms. For example the 2ms object suffix can be:??????????????or even?????depending on the form of the verb to which they are attached. See Kittel 53.5b.???????? = ?????? + pronominal suffix. You should have little difficulty identifying the PGN of the suffix. Kittel 10.3b calls ?????? a predicator of existence.(37:14)???? = imperative. We only see two root letters ???. What is the root? What is the PGN? What is the conjugation? We already talked about this form in verse 13. Why ???? and not ?????????? = imperative. Is the final ? part of the root? Remember that generally the imperative looks like the imperfect without the verbal prefix. Compare ???????? and ?????. What is the root? PGN? conjugation?????????????? –At first glance looks a little like a wayyiqtol. This is simple ?? + imperative + pronominal object suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? Take away the ?? and you have ?? which suggests what? What makes this verb form difficult is that the suffix pulls the accent and some of the vowels reduce. Try Kittel trick #H1. See Isbell 264 or Kittel 29.2, 30.5.???? = Hiphil “cause to return, bring back” under BDB 998b. Note the ? that connects the verb to the object suffix. Start making a list of verbs with object suffixes.???????????????? – You should have little difficulty identifying (a) the form and (b) the PGN. Note the final ????. What is the PGN of the suffix? The different forms of the 3ms object suffix are:?????????????????? and even??????See Kittel 53.5b. Take away ??? and ???? and that leaves ?????????. What is the conjugation? ???? = “send” under BDB 1018a. We have another verb + object suffix so add it to your list. Who is the subject? And who is the object????????? = preposition + noun. What is the preposition? Can you explain the vowel under the ???? ????????? = place name + directional ?. Normally the stress would fall on the directional ?. The word is in pause because it is at the end of the verse.(37:15)??????????????? – You should have no trouble with the form and PGN. What is the PGN of the pronominal object suffix? Take away the ??? and object suffix and we are left with ????????. You should be able to figure out the rest. Add this to your list. Who is the subject?????? – A little tricky because so often ? is a verbal prefix. But this time it is part of the root. Apply Kittel trick #Q1. What is the form? What is the inflection? ??? = “wander” under BDB 1073a. Compare msa Qal participle ??????? to ?????. In case you are curious ????? *taa`iyu > *too`iyu > *too`e(h). ???????????????? – Compare to ???????????????. Think you can figure this out on your own? Look up ???? under BDB 981a. And add it to your growing list. ???? = interrogative. See Isbell 238. ?????????? – We have three root letters ????. What is the PGN? Note (1) the shwa under ??? and (2) the strong dagesh in middle root letter. Apply Kittel trick #D2. ???? = Piel “seek” under BDB 134b. An imperfect form set in the present time expresses an action, event, or state that continues for a long or short time. See Isbell 112. Notes for reading/translating Genesis 37:16-36(37:16)????????? – Is this preposition ??? or DDO ???? PGN of suffix? For ??? + suffixes see Isbell 178.????????? – Note (a) shwa under ?? preformative and (b) strong dagesh in middle root letter. Apply Kittel trick #D3. What is the inflection of this form? Who or what is the subject? the object??????? ???? ?????? – Note word order (1) direct object (2) subject (3) verb. Object-Subject-Verb is rare in Biblical Hebrew. But we see it more with a participle predicate. ??????????????? – The verb form is tricky. Note (a) ??? (b) strong dagesh in ?? (c) ?? vowel. Try Kittel trick #H2 and #H3. What is the conjugation? form? PGN? See Isbell 285. We saw ??? in verse 13. ??? = Hiphil “tell” under BDB 616b. I find this form interesting because ?????? <> ??????????. ?????? - ??? + ???? “where + here” = “where?” under BDB 33a.??? – independent pronoun. These should be second nature to you by now. See Isbell 35. (37:17)??????? – What is the PGN? Remember Kittel trick #14. ??? = “journey, set out, pull out, pull up” under BDB 652a.?????? = preposition + demonstrative pronoun. See Isbell 239. “From this (place) = From here”. ??????????? – What is the PGN? conjugation? form? Try Kittel trick #Q4. ???????? – Note (a) ???? ending and (b) holem ? after first root letter. Try Kittel trick #Q1. What is the inflection of the form? ?????????? ???????? – Awkward expression because what is the object of the verb ??????? Gesenius says that an object pronoun is often omitted when supplied by context. If the lack of a pronominal object still bothers you there is a text-critical note. 4 a l c ?Mss??P ????????????Which means “with some Samaritan Pentateuch manuscripts, the Septuagint, and Palestinian Targum read ???????????? ‘ and I heard them’”.??????? – Note ???. Note also ???. What is the PGN? Try Kittel neat verb trick #1. This is one of the most common verbs in Biblical Hebrew and you should be getting to the point where you can recognize and analyze it immediately. Review Isbell 143. Okay now everyone agrees this is the cohortative ?. See Isbell 244.??????????? – place name + directional ?. Wait a second. So is the place name something like ?????????? That looks like a dual noun form. See Isbell 82. ???????????? – verb + pronominal object suffix. You should have no trouble identifying (a) the form and (b) the PGN. What is the PGN of the object suffix? That leaves three root letters ???. What is the conjugation? Do you see any conjugation prefixes? Pay attention to the vowel pattern! See Kittel 53.3b. At this point you might copy it and put it with your notes. ??????? – preposition ??? + place name. We seem to have two different forms of the same place name. What is going on here?(37:18)?????????? – What is the form and PGN? That leaves two root letters ??. Apply Kittel super neat trick #4. This is one of the most common verbs in Biblical Hebrew and you should be getting to the point where you can recognize and analyze it immediately. Review Isbell 278. ??????? – preposition + noun. You should have no problem explaining how ??? + ????? > ???????. See Kittel 3.4b and 245. ????? = “distance” under BDB 935b. ?????????? = simple ?? + preposition + noun construct(? adverb?). Can you explain why simple ?? > ??? See Isbell 126. ?????? = “not yet, ere, before that” under BDB 382b. ??????? – What is the form? PGN? conjugation? Look up this verb under BDB 897a. ??????????????? – Oh my. Yeah but you should be able to identify the (a) form and (b) PGN right away. Note (1) the ??? before the root and (2) strong dagesh in middle root letter. What is the conjugation? See Isbell 251-252. ??? = Hitpael “deal or plan knavishly” under BDB 647b. How about “plot”? Even a reflexive conjugation like the Hitpael can take a direct object. ?????????? – preposition + infinitive construct + pronominal suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? That leaves ????????. Problem is that the suffix pulls the accent and makes some vowels reduce and so more difficult to analyze. Try Kittel trick #H1. ??? = Hiphil “kill” under BDB 559a, 560a. Sometimes pronominal suffix attached to infinitive construct indicates subject and sometimes the object. Consider English “his killing”. ??????? ??? ?????? = “And they plotted (against) him to kill him”. (37:19)????? – Here with the sense “each”. ?????? – noun + possessive suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? Ah and is the noun singular or plural? See Isbell 278.??????? = “owner, lord” under BDB 127a. ???????? < ?????? = rare older synonym of ???/?????? “this” under BDB 229b. It occurs only here and in Gen 24:65. See Isbell 147. If I recall correctly my Doktorvater Gary Rendsburg discusses this as an example of spoken Hebrew in Diglossia in Ancient Hebrew, American Oriental Series (1990).???? – Okay. Could be one of two things. Perfect or participle. Your guess? (37:20)????????????? = simple ?? + verb form + pronominal object suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? That leaves ????????. We see three root letters ???. What is the PGN? conjugation? form? This form is difficult to analyze because the object suffix pulls the accent and makes some vowels reduce. Even I have a little trouble explaining this verb form. ??? = “kill, slay” under BDB 246b. ?????????????? – Similar to the previous verb form. What is the PGN of the suffix? That leaves ?????????. We see three root letters ?????. What is the PGN? Note (a) ??? and (b) ?????. Try Kittel trick #H3. ????? = Hiphil “throw, fling, cast” under BDB 1020b. By the way the above two verb forms have bothered me for years because – according to my understanding of imperfect verbs with pronominal object suffixes – I would expect the 3ms heavy suffix ?????? in both instances. See Robert Hetzron, “Third Person Singular Pronoun Suffixes in Proto-Semitic”, Orientalia Suecana 18 (1969): 101-127. You can see how morphology and comparative Semitics are issues of particular interest to me.???????? – preposition + cardinal number. Review Isbell 80. Right now. ????????? – Note (a) ???? and (b) ???? ending. This noun is mighty difficult to find. ???? = “pit, cistern, well” under BDB 92a. Are ?????? and ????? two different spellings for the same noun? ??????????? – Finally not a simple ??. What is the form? the PGN? This is one of the most common verbs in Biblical Hebrew and you should be getting to the point where you can recognize and analyze it immediately.????? = adjective. What is the inflection? Note that it follows ??????. ??? = “bad, evil = wild?” under BDB 948a. Have you noticed how many words in this story contain ?? even if from different roots? ??????????? – perfect + pronominal object suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? of the verb? See Isbell 66 and Kittel 287. Some scholars say the ? becomes ? in order to help attach the pronominal object suffix. More likely the 3fs verbal suffix ??? developed from *-at > -aa(h) and this original *-at reappears when a pronominal object suffix is added. Compare to feminine singular nouns. ???????? – You should have little difficulty identifying the PGN. That leaves two root letters ??. Apply Kittel neat trick #4. This is one of the most common – oh you know the rest. (37:21)?????????????? – Quickly identify (a) form (b) PGN and (c) pronominal object suffix. That leaves ???????. Now try Hebrew Verb Helps #A1. What conjugation? Apply Hebrew Verb Helps #B2. ??? = Hiphil “snatch away, deliver” under BDB 664b.???????? – preposition + noun + possessive suffix. Identify the preposition. What is the PGN of the suffix? ?????????? – Oh this is a fun one. On a scale of 1 to 10 for difficult about an 8. First recognize the heavy 3ms pronominal object suffix. That leaves ????? . Try Hebrew Verb Helps #B4. Well that leaves ?? for the root. Say what?!? Now apply Kittel verb trick #6. ??? = Hiphil “smite” under BDB 645a. This verb is fairly common in Biblical Hebrew so be ready for it. See Isbell 206. Bonus fun. The imperfect and the jussive forms of 3rd ? verbs look the same. Which do you think fits the context? ?? ?????? ???? – We have a verb with two direct objects. Sometimes the second object indicates the specific part of the first object that is affected by the action. “Let us not smite him ???? in the life = let us not kill him”. (37:22)???? = negative particle. Used with commands including the jussive form. See Isbell 243.???????????? – What is the PGN? form? For the conjugation look at the vowel pattern. ???? = “shed” under BDB 1046a(?). ??????????? – Apply Hebrew Verb Helps #1. The root is ????. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #B2 but Kittel trick #H2 works better. What is the form? PGN? For the stem (= root + conjugation) see verse 20. See Isbell 117. ??????????? – Note ??????. What is the PGN? root? Note ????. What is the form? For the conjugation look at the vowel pattern. ???? = I. “send, stretch” under BDB 1018a. Although in light of what happens later I wonder about ???? = II. “strip off, take off” under BDB 1020a. Hmm. ???????? = preposition + ?????? = “for the sake of, on account of, to the intent, in order that” under BDB 775a. Under what root does BDB list ???? ??????? – If ???? expresses purpose what form might we expect next? Apply Hebrew Verb Helps #A1. And then Kittel trick #H2. What is the form? We saw this stem in verse 21. ??????????? – preposition + verb form + pronominal suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? Apply Hebrew Verb Helps #B5. What is the form? That leaves ????????. Note (a) ? preformative and (b) vowel ?? after the first(?) root letter. ???? = Hiphil “cause to return, bring back” under BDB 996b, 998b. See Isbell 285. (37:23)??????? – These forms are tricky because the verb form has been shortened. But you should be very familiar with this verb form by now. See Isbell 78 and 57. ????????? – preposition ??? + relative pronoun. The preposition ??? often indicates correspondence so “as, according to, when”. See Isbell 242. ???? – Perfect or participle? Which fits the context? ?????????????? – You should have no trouble identifying (a) form and (b) PGN. That leaves ?????????. We can see three root letters. Note (1) patah ? under verbal prefix and (2) hiriq yod ?? after second root letter. Kittel trick #H3 for the win. ???? = Hiphil “strip, strip off” under BDB 832b. ???????? ??????? ???????? – Again a verb with two direct objects. We saw this in verse 21. “And they stripped Joseph (of) his tunic”. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????- Now it gets messier. “And they stripped Joseph (of) his tunic (that is to say?) the full-length(?) tunic”.Time for another text-critical note! See the a…a around ???????? Look down at the critical apparatus and read:23 a-a > ??Which means “everything between a-a is not in the Septuagint and Syriac versions of the text”. Given the semiotic – or symbolic – significance of garments in the Joseph Story this is most unfortunate. One erstwhile biblical scholar to whom I am married would invite us to compare the symbolic significance of garments in the film “Dances with Wolves”.(37:24)?????????????? – Quickly identify (a) form and (b) pronominal object suffix. That leaves ????????. We can see two root letters ?? and the first one has strong dagesh. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #A1a. There is no root ??? but there is another root that behaves just like a 1st ? verb. See Isbell 143-144. Now what is the conjugation? PGN? ?????????????? – Compare to ??????????????? in verse 20. You should be able to figure it out on your own from this point.????????? – noun + directional ?. Note the directional ? does not pull the accent. ??? – adjective. See if you can figure out what root this is under in BDB. Two root letters ??. Could be ??? ??? or ???. Note the tsere ?. Could that be a clue which is the best guess? ???? = “empty, vain” under BDB 938a. Is this adjective used as an attributive, predicate, or substantive????? – negative particle = “(there) is not”. Why does the writer bother telling us this? Why not just ????? ??? I can name one scholar who makes a big deal out of this. (37:25)Note – this is a challenging verse.??????????? – You should have little difficulty with (a) form and (b) PGN. That leaves ??????. Time again to summon the power of Kittel super neat trick #1. ???????? – preposition + verb form. The preposition should tell you right away what form this is. Is this le’ekaal or le’ekol? Pay attention to the maqqeph ?. See Isbell 14. ??????????? – What is the (a) form and (b) PGN? That leaves ???????. This one is a little tricky because normally the ?? would have a strong dagesh which has been lost because of the shwa. So does ???????? help? Now try Hebrew Verb Helps #A1. ???? = “lift, carry, take” under BDB 669b. This is one of the most common – oh you know the rest. Learn it now. ????????? – plural noun + possessive suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? This is actually a dual noun with suffix. The dual construct form is the same as the masculine plural construct. ??????? = feminine singular construct noun. ??????? = “travelling company, caravan” under BDB 73b.?????? – This is tricky because it looks like one of two possible forms. There is a small difference between 3fs Qal perfect of hollow verb and feminine singular Qal participle of hollow verb. Which makes more sense? Learn the difference right now. ?????????? = preposition + place name. ????????????? = simple ?? + noun + possessive suffix. What is the PGN of the suffix? What is the inflection of the noun? ?????? = “camel” under BDB 168b. ????????? = participle. What is the inflection? root? Try Kittel trick #Q1 and/or Hebrew Verb Helps #C5. We just learned this stem a few words ago. Participles are verbal adjectives. Is this adjective being used as an attributive, predicate, or substantive? What or who is the subject? ?????? ??????? ????? – Three rare and difficult nouns of uncertain meaning. ?????? = a space (gum?) under BDB 644b. ????? = “balsam(?)” under BDB 863a. ??? = “myrrh” under BDB 538a.????????? = participle. You should be able to figure this out on your own. ????????? = preposition + verb form. What is the form? Try Kittel trick #H4. See Isbell 131. Why ??????? not *?????? similar to ???????? Because most 1st ? verbs are originally 1st ? verbs. The 1st ? reappears after a conjugation prefix. ?????“he went down”*warada > yarad???????“he brought down”*hawriida > hooriid??????????? = place name + directional ?. Note the dual form ??????????. There are many nouns and place names in Biblical Hebrew that we do not think of as dual that nevertheless take a dual form. Many of these examples might preserve an earlier dual sense. The ancient Egyptians always thought of their nation as a union of Upper and Lower Egypt. Hence ?????????? = “(the two) Egypt(s)”. Remember ??????????(37:26)??????? = “gain made by violence, unjust gain, profit” under BDB 130b.???? – Can introduce a conditional clause. ??????????? – simple ?? + verb. What does ???? look like? Can you identify the root? It looks like ???. Apply Hebrew Verb Helps #A3. Note the strong dagesh in second root letter. Note try Hebrew Verb Helps #C4. ??? = Piel “cover” under BDB 491a. ???? = “blood” under BDB 196a.(37:27)????? – Note ???. That leaves two root letters ???. Kittel neat trick #14. Are we missing 3rd ? or 1st ? or ?? Remember the common verb that looks like 1st ?. See Isbell 143. ???????????????? – simple ?? + verb + pronominal object suffix. PGN of the suffix? That leaves ?????????. We have three root letters. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #B4. ??? = “sell” under BDB 569a.By the way according to Robert Hetzron we should only see “heavy” 3rd person object suffixes after (a) imperfect or (b) cohortative. ?????? – What is the subject? Look two words back. Parts of the body are usually feminine even if they do not show feminine endings. Read this carefully because Judah says ?????????? not ??????????????. Identify the verbal prefix. PGN? That leaves ??. Hebrew Verb Helps #A4 is your friend. Review Isbell 78. Right now.??????????? – noun + possessive suffix. PGN of the suffix? That leaves ???????. ??????? = “flesh” under BDB 142a. Is the noun singular or plural? ???????? ????????? ???? – Somewhat awkward construction. “Because our brother – our flesh – (is) he”. Sure enough there is a text-critical note here.27 b l c ???? ????Which means “with the Samaritan Pentateuch, Septuagint, Syriac, Vulgate read ??????????? ‘because our brother and our flesh (is) he’”. How much do we have to emend the text to get ???????? ??????? instead of ???????? ???????(37:28)???????????? – Form? PGN? That leaves ?????????. A patah ? under the verbal prefix can be a sign of the Hiphil. But note the vowel under the second root letter. Try Kittel verb trick #Q2. ??? = “pass over, through, pass by” under BDB 716b. ??????? – What does the ending tell you? That leaves ??????. Note holem ? after first root letter. Kittel trick #Q1 or Hebrew Verb Help #C5. Attributive, predicate, or substantive? What is the subject? ??? = “go around, about, travel (as a merchant)” under BDB 695a. ????????????? – Form? PGN? ????? = “draw, drag” under BDB 604a. ?????????? – This one is a little tricky. Form? PGN? That leaves two root letters ??. Apply Kittel neat trick #4. Now it gets harder. Because what is the conjugation? The 3mp Hiphil imperfect and 3mp Qal imperfect of 1st ? / 3rd ? verb look the same! Which makes more sense? Review Isbell 269 and 285. Check ??? under BDB 748a. ??????????? ?????? –Preposition ??? here expresses price or exchange. Review Isbell 80-81. Can you explain why ??????? instead of ??????? See Kittel 19.5. ??????????? – Form? PGN? Note (a) qamets ? under verbal prefix and (b) hiriq yod ??. Kittel neat trick #2 and then trick #H1 for the win. (37:29)?????????? – Note the accent mark. Is ??? qamets or qamets qaton? I noticed that Isbell does not give ? a different name when it represents short o. Form? PGN? That leaves two root letters ???. Note ??? and apply Kittel super neat trick #4. Note the vowel under ??. Conjugation? Compare ??????? to ??????????. Many Hebraicists call this a shortened form. Review Isbell 56. Right now.???????? – simple ?? + “predicator of existence”. ???????? ??????????? ???????? – My Doktorvater Gary Rendsburg gives one of the best explanations for how ?????? often functions in Biblical Hebrew. ?????? = this is what the subject of the narrative sees. It marks a shift from 3rd person to 1st person perspective. What does Reuben see??????????? – Form? PGN? Do you see any indicators that the conjugation is not Qal? ??? = “tear” under BDB 902a. ???????? – noun + possessive suffix. PGN of suffix? That leaves ????????. Singular or plural noun? ??????? = “garment, covering” under BDB 93b. Segholate nouns have unexpected plural forms. Compare singular ?????? to plural ?????????. If your brains are working you should be wondering why plural ????????? and not *??????????. See Isbell 87-88. (37:30)????????? – form? PGN? Not all 1st ? verbs behave the same. See Isbell 272-273. Compare more common form ?????????? to ?????????. Can you explain why? Note the accent under ?????????. See Isbell 14.????????? – negative particle + pronominal suffix. ??? appears with both “light” and “heavy” 3rd person suffixes. ?????? = ?? + directional ? “where, whither” under BDB 33a. ???? ??? ?????? – Somewhat difficult construction. It helps to note the disjunctive accent under ???? that lets us know his statement has two parts: (1) ???? = “And I = (As for) me” and (2) ??? ?????? = “Whither (do) I come? = Where can I go?”(37:31)?????????? – Form? PGN? We see two root letters ?? which remind us of what very common verb? This form is a little confusing because normally ? would have a strong dagesh which it loses because of the shwa. ????????????? – Form? PGN? Do you see any indicators that the conjugation is not Qal? ???? = “slaughter, beat” under BDB 1006b. ??????? ??????? = construct chain “buck / he-goat (of) goats” - in other words “a male goat”. ??????? = II. “he-goat, buck” under BDB 972b. Where would you find ??????? in BDB? Note strong dagesh in ?. ??? = “she-goat” under BDB 777b. ???????????? – Form? PGN? Do you see any indicators that the conjugation is not Qal? ??? = “dip” under BDB 371a. Although I wonder about II. ??? = wind about, wrap up, (perhaps even) dye? under BDB 371a. (37:32)????????????? – Form? PGN? Note the shwa under the verbal prefix and the strong dagesh in the middle root letter. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #B7a or Kittel trick #D2. We saw this verb in verse 13 but in a different conjugation. Look up the meaning in this conjugation. ??????????? – Verse 28. This verb should have an object. Which might be why the critical apparatus suggests 32 a prp ?????????? which means “propose ?????????? ‘and they came’”.???????? – Note ????. PGN? Form? That leaves ???. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #C1. Conjugation? We saw this verb stem back in verse 17. What is the object? Normal Hebrew word order is Verb-Subject-Object. This sentence is Object-Verb. ??????? – Ouch. One of the more difficult forms to analyze in the chapter. Note (a) strong dagesh in ?? and also (a) ???. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #A1a. Then Kittel trick #H2. So what is the form? PGN? conjugation? ??? = Hiphil “regard, observe” under BDB 647b. Oh yeah the following ???? should help. ????? ???? ??? ????? – Somewhat difficult to figure out structure of this sentence. Okay we have ?????????? ???????. That looks like a construct phrase. So why is there a definite article before ????? Or is it something else? Note ?????. Questions after verbs of inquiring, doubting, or examining can take ??... ??? ??? “whether… or”. What role does the independent pronoun ??? play? And what noun does it refer to? And why is it written ????? Do you remember perpetual ketib-qere? See Kittel 364. (37:33)????????????? – verb + pronominal object suffix. PGN of suffix? That leaves ??????????. Form? PGN? Root? We see two root letters ??. Note (a) strong dagesh in ? (b) patah ? under verbal prefix and (c) hiriq yod ?? before third root letter. Try Hebrew Verb Helps #A1a then Kittel trick #H3. Neato! You just learned this verb stem in verse 32. ???????????? ?????? ????? – Look back at verse 20. Do you think there is a difference between ???????????? ?????? ????? and ?????? ????? ????????????? ????? – Look back at verse 8. ??? = “tear, rend, pluck” under BDB 382b. ????? – Hmm. Not the easiest verb form to analyze. What would you expect after ?????? Neither Kittel tricks nor Hebrew Verb Helps have much to say. Would *?????? help you? How would you figure this out if your teacher did not give you a big hint? See Isbell 112n1. Let me emphasize that sometimes the only thing you have to go on is the vowel pattern. We have three root letters ???. With a u class vowel after the first root letter and an a class vowel after the second. There is really only one verb form with that pattern. Well sort of. Some Hebraicists argue that many Pual perfect verbs are really Qal passives. Theoretically the Pual perfect and Qal passive perfect of ??? would look exactly the same. Spiffy. (37:34)??????????? – noun + possessive suffix. ???????? = “wrapper, mantle” under BDB 971a. ?????????? – Form? PGN? We see two root letters ???. Apply Kittel neat trick #1. ???? or ???? = “put, place, set” under BDB 962b. This is a very common verb that you should remember from now on. Note the typical shortened form of a hollow verb in the wayyiqtol. ???? – Does this remind you of an English word? Look up ???? under BDB 974a. ??????????? – preposition + noun + possessive suffix. PGN of the suffix? That leaves ????????. This is actually a dual noun. ?????????? = “loins” under BDB 608a. Dual nouns generally look like masculine plural nouns in construct and with suffixes. ????????????? – Form? PGN? Root? Kittel trick and Hebrew Verb Helps do not cover this conjugation which is usually easy to spot. Note (a) ? conjugation infix and (b) strong dagesh in middle root letter. See Isbell 251-253. Easy peasy. ??? = Hitpael “mourn, grieve” under BDB 5a, 5b. ??????? – adjective. Inflection? Function – attributive, predicate, or substantive? What root would this be under in BDB? Note strong dagesh in ?. ??? = “much, many, great (number or amount)” under BDB 912b.(37:35)Note – another challenging verse.??????????? – Form? PGN? Root? Conjugation? Note (a) qamets ? under verbal prefix and (b) vowel after the first root letter. Kittel neat trick #2 for the win. ????????? – preposition + verb form + pronominal suffix. Form? The preposition should tell you right away. Root? The conjugation is difficult. Heck I got it wrong at first. Would *???????? help? If this were a Qal maybe the form would be *??????? but I would not swear to that in court. ? does not take strong dagesh and yet the preceding vowel is not lengthened. Some Hebraicists call this virtual doubling. Helpful. ??? = Piel “comfort, console” under BDB 636b. Is the suffix the subject or object? ????????? – Form? PGN? Root? Conjugation? Note shwa under the verbal prefix. Apply Hebrew Verb Helps #B7a. ??? = Piel “refuse” under BDB 549a. Can you explain why (a) ?? and (b) no strong dagesh in second root letter? ??????????? – preposition + verb form. Form? The preposition should tell you right away. Root? Conjugation? Note (a) ? conjugation infix and (b) strong dagesh in middle root letter. These are usually pretty easy to recognize. See Isbell 251-253. What does the verb mean in this conjugation? Look up BDB 636b.????? – Hmm. Start with Kittel neat trick #1. Root? PGN? Form? Conjugation? See Isbell 130. ??? = “come or go down, descend” under BDB 432b. This is a common verb in Biblical Hebrew. Try to remember it. ????? = adjective. Inflection? An adjective can be used after a verb to describe the manner of action. In other words an adjective can be used adverbially. “I will go down to my son mourning”. We saw this verb root in verse 34. Look up the adjective under BDB 5b.????????? = place name(?) + directional ?. Does ?????? help you recognize the name? ??????????? – Oh I love these. Form? PGN? That leaves two root letters ???. This verb form is annoying because it appears to contradict Kittel neat trick #4. The accent may help. Because wayyiqtol form the accent moves back one syllable. 3rd ? and hollow verbs in the wayyiqtol and jussive become shortened or apocopated. Would *??????????? help you? See Isbell 78. ??? = “weep, bewail” under BDB 113a. ????? – In English we “weep for” someone but in Hebrew ??? takes a direct object. (37:36)????????? = Potiphar. ?????? = “eunuch” under BDB 710a. Wait. Is Potiphar a eunuch? Often translated “court official”. Do you think the translation makes a difference? ???? = “chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince” under BDB 728a. ???????????? = definite article ?? + noun. The CaC2aaC or ?????? noun form often indicates a noun that is known for doing something. ?????? = “1. cook, 2. guardsman” under BDB 371a. Is Potiphar the head cook? That does not sound very impressive. Think about the literal meaning of many titles for high officials. ................
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