Social Studies - BELIZEAN STUDIES



220475713447100Content Area Passages for Social Studies, Science, H.F.L.E. and SpanishSTANDARD SIXFirst Term, First UnitThe passages in this document are designed to be used for the delivery of content from the National Curriculum for Primary Schools. Care has been taken to align the content with specified learning outcomes. However, they will need to be supplemented with additional information. The passages are designed to be read by both teachers and students. Questions and activities are not included. These can be determined by the teacher. Teachers may edit the passages in any way.This document was published by QADS, MOEYSC in July 2020. There are no restrictions on its reproduction or circulation although it may not be sold for profit or represented as the work of others. Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Social Studies PAGEREF _Toc51330985 \h 3Volcanic Eruptions PAGEREF _Toc51330986 \h 3Plate Tectonics PAGEREF _Toc51330987 \h 4Science PAGEREF _Toc51330988 \h 5The Building Blocks of Life PAGEREF _Toc51330989 \h 5Why Do We Look Different? PAGEREF _Toc51330990 \h 6Health and Family Life Education PAGEREF _Toc51330991 \h 7Diet, Exercise and its impact on Health PAGEREF _Toc51330992 \h 7Health and Family Life Education PAGEREF _Toc51330993 \h 8Childhood Obesity in Belize PAGEREF _Toc51330994 \h 8Preventing the Spread of Air and Water-borne Diseases PAGEREF _Toc51330995 \h 9How to Make Sure Food Does Not Make Us Sick PAGEREF _Toc51330996 \h 10Preventing the Spread of Diseases Caught from Insects and Animals PAGEREF _Toc51330997 \h 11The Importance of Vaccinations PAGEREF _Toc51330998 \h 12Prevention of HIV and Other STIs PAGEREF _Toc51330999 \h 13Spanish PAGEREF _Toc51331000 \h 15Mis Sue?os PAGEREF _Toc51331001 \h 15Grade LevelStandard 6Subject Social StudiesStrand Landforms and LocationsUnit TitlePlate TectonicsLearning Outcomes8.2 Investigate the different types of volcanic eruptions and how volcanoes shape the landscape.Volcanic EruptionsA volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust from which molten rock and gas escapes. The molten rocks are magma from about eighty kilometres below the earth’s surface. When a volcano erupts, magma can flow out of the volcano along the ground. This type of eruption is called an effusive eruption. At other times, an eruption can throw hot rocks and ash high into the air. This is called an explosive eruption. After the magma emerges from the volcano, it changes to lava. Volcanoes help create and shape the landscape. For example, Belize’s three atolls, Glover’s Reef Atoll, Turneffe Atoll and Lighthouse Reef Atoll resulted from volcanic activities. In each case, continual eruptions from an underwater volcano created an island. Later, as the island sank and collapsed, a ring of coral formed. Further sinking of the volcano led to the creation of a deep central lagoon. There are no volcanoes on mainland Belize and no evidence of any volcanic eruptions for at least a million years. However, the granite rocks of Cayo are the result of volcanic activity below the surface. Hot magma rose up in cracks in the earth’s crust but solidified without erupting above the surface.Outside of Belize, many mountains are also volcanoes. When a volcano continually erupts, layers of lava are built up forming a dome. Some of the highest mountains in Central America were formed in this way, including Volcan de Fuego and Pacaya in Guatemala, Masaya in Nicaragua and San Miguel in El Salvador.Many of the islands of the Caribbean were created by volcanic activity. This explains why the islands of the Eastern Caribbean, such as Grenada, have mountains with steep sides that plunge straight into the sea. Sometimes, a volcanic eruption can have disastrous effects. In 1995, a volcano on Montserrat destroyed the town of Plymouth and made large parts of the island uninhabitable. On the other hand, the soils around a volcano are often very fertile. They are rich in nutrients and hold water well. For this reason, many farmers make a good living in the shadow of a volcano.Grade LevelStandard 6Subject Social StudiesStrand Landforms and LocationsUnit TitlePlate TectonicsLearning Outcomes8.4 Label the major tectonic plates, as well as the Nazca and Caribbean Plates on a map of the world. 8.5 Describe using diagrams, how tectonic plates move.8.6 Explain how the movement of tectonic plates can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.Plate TectonicsThe outer shell of the Earth is divided into large plates about 100 kilometres thick. There are seven major plates that are named after the continents they support. These are the North American, Pacific, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, South American and Antarctic Plates. There are also many smaller plates. Belize sits on the Caribbean plate, which is squeezed between the North American and South American plates. The Cocos and Nazco Plates are west of Central America.The earth’s tectonic plates are moving around at a speed of a few centimeters every year. This movement happens because hot rock called magma is constantly rising from the Earth’s core. As hot rock rises in one place, cooler rocks somewhere else are dragged back towards the centre of the planet. This movement of rock downwards is called subduction.There are three types of plate boundary. When two plates move towards each other there is a convergent plate boundary. As one plate gets pushed under the other, a line of volcanoes forms behind the boundary. The volcanic islands of the Lesser Antilles are the result of the North Atlantic Plate sliding under the Caribbean Plate. Further west, the convergent boundary between the Caribbean Plate and the Cocos plate is the cause of volcanic activity throughout Central America.In other parts of the world, plates are moving apart. They form a divergent boundary. A good example is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate are pulling away from each other, causing the Atlantic Ocean to slowly grow. This creates a deep mid-ocean valley that is over seven thousand metres deep in some places. Alongside the valley is a mountain range that runs north to south down the middle of the ocean, completely beneath the water.A transform plate boundary exists where two plates slide alongside each other. Belize is on the North American plate. In the Bay of Amatique, close to the coast Honduras, this plate is sliding alongside the Caribbean Plate. Across the world, the slipping, sliding, subducting and colliding of plates causes earthquakes. When the Caribbean Plate slips alongside the North American plate, the Caribbean region experiences earthquakes. Belize is too far from the plate boundary to be at the centre of an earthquake but its people can still feel the ground shaking from larger earthquakes in Honduras and Guatemala. Scientists measure the power of an earthquake using the Richter Scale. An earthquake of six or larger on the Richter Scale can cause major damage. Some of the biggest earthquakes on record have occurred near the West coast of South America where the Nazco and South America Plates meet. The largest earthquake ever recorded occurred in southern Chile in 1960. It measured 9.5 on the Richter Scale. Because of the movement of tectonic plates, all of the countries along the western side of the Americas can suffer major earthquakes.GradeStandard 6SubjectScience StrandLiving ThingsUnit TitleHereditary and Reproduction Learning Outcome8.2 Explain that living organisms are made up of cells which are the basic units of all living things. The Building Blocks of Life A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. A living thing, whether made of one cell like bacteria or many cells like a human, is called an organism. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells can’t live on their own. They need enough energy to perform functions like growth, maintaining balance, repair, reproduction, movement and defence. They inherit traits from parent organisms that made them. They respond to stimuli in their environment. The human body as well as other multicellular living things has many kinds of cells, each specialized for a specific purpose. Each of these cell types plays a vital role during the growth, development and day-to-day maintenance of the body. For example, epithelial cells protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within. Bone cells help to support and protect the body. Cells of the immune system fight invading bacteria. Additionally, blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide.Several cells of one kind that interconnect with each other and perform a shared function form tissues; several tissues combine to form an organ, such as stomach, heart, or brain. Organ systems exist when several organs work together on a similar task. Some human organ systems are the digestive system, circulatory system, cardio-vascular system, nervous system and immune system. GradeStandard 6SubjectScience StrandLiving ThingsUnit TitleHereditary and Reproduction Learning Outcome8.5 Explain the role of sexual reproduction in determining genetic diversity. Why Do We Look Different?Peter and Marica, his older sister, were looking through a book called “Birds of Mesoamerica.” Peter noticed that the book divided the birds into families such as hummingbirds, ducks and geese, crows, finches and parrots. In each family, there was a variety of species that looked different from one another. For example, they had different colours and different shapes of beak. “But how can they all be different but still be in the same family?, Do they all have the same parents?, Were they hatched around the same time?” Peter asked. “Those are excellent questions,” said Marcia. “When we talk about families of animals, it doesn’t mean that they have the same mother and father, but they did share a common ancestor many, many years ago. So all hummingbirds are related because they have evolved from the same birds.”“So why aren’t they all the same,” asked Peter?“Do you and I look the same,” Marcia replied.“Of course not,” said Peter, “you are a girl and I am a boy!”Marcia laughed and said, “Look harder. My hair is totally straight but yours is a little wavy and my eyes are darker than yours. We look a little different, even though we have the same mom and dad. I think I look a little more like Mom and you look more like Dad.”Peter thought about this and said, “Your eyes are like Mom’s but you have Dad’s skin colour and you both have the same pointy ears.”“Exactly,” said Marcia, “I have a bit of Mom in me and a bit of Dad. This is because of genes. When I was born, I got half my genes from Mom and half from Dad. So did you, but the genes you got from Mom are different than the ones I got.”“If Mom and Dad both have straight, black hair, why do I have wavy hair?” Peter asked.“That is a little complicated, but let me try to explain. Each person has two copies of the gene for hair type but they only pass one of them on to their children. Mom could have a gene for straight hair and a gene for wavy hair. Her grandmother, your great grandmother had wavy hair. When you were born, you got the wavy haired gene. This helps to explain why people in the same family can look quite different from each other.”“So what does this have to do with birds?” Peter asked.“It is the same with birds, and all animals and most plants. The shape, colour and features of each bird is determined from the mix of genes it got from its parents. No bird will look exactly like its mom or dad, or brother or sister,” Marcia replied. Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.2 Explore the relationship between diet, exercise and health.8.6 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by disease related to lifestyle.Diet, Exercise and its impact on HealthStaying healthy is important to everyone; no one wants to be sick. Lots of things determine how healthy we are, but the food we eat and how much exercise we do plays a huge part. Eating healthy foods and exercising every day or every week can make your body strong. Healthy diet and regular exercise are important to establish and maintain our overall health. They can also reduce the chances of being affected by a lifestyle related disease. Eating too many of the wrong foods can put a person at risk of developing these diseases. One element of healthy eating is ensuring we consume a variety of vitamins and nutrients. Fruits are a good source of many of these and should be eaten daily. Belize grows many different types of fruits including pineapples, oranges, mangoes, papaya and craboo. Vegetables should also be part of a person’s daily diet because, like fruit, they provide the body with important substances such as vitamins, minerals, anti-oxidants, water and fibre. In addition they add interesting colours, textures and flavours to meals. A healthy diet will also include sources of protein, such as whole grains, nuts, meat, fish, dairy products and legumes. A lack of key vitamins and nutrients can trigger diseases. For example, anaemia can be caused by a lack of iron. Good sources of iron include beans and green leafy vegetables.Exercise, like diet, is very important to overall health. Managing all the demands of school and household chores at home can sometimes be hard. In these Covid-19 times, it is even more important to exercise regularly. Exercise is not meant to be hard. Each person should find something they enjoy doing, including skipping or running around and playing chase at break time. Other good activities include dancing, swimming, running, walking, cycling and playing basketball, football, softball or volleyball. Heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes are some of the diseases exercise can help to prevent. It can reduce stress and can increase brain activity. While diet and exercise are critical components to living a healthier life, it is very important to remember that sleep is also linked to how we eat. What we eat and how much we eat is also linked to how we exercise; if we have the energy to exercise it helps us to function better at school and at home. Everyone should try to get the proper amount of sleep each night. This can be achieved by limiting the number of hours spent watching television or playing video games.Healthy kids turn into healthy adults who are confident, resilient and successful.Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.2 Explore the relationship between diet, exercise and health.8.6 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by disease related to lifestyle.Childhood Obesity in BelizeAcross the world, one in every five children is overweight. Forty years ago, only one in every twenty-five children was overweight and the problem is getting worse every year. This trend is also apparent in Belize where childhood obesity is becoming a significant health problem. Being overweight in childhood can lead to physical, emotional and behavioural complications, including problems with the stomach, muscles, bones and cardiovascular system. Childhood obesity can lead to diabetes. Obese and overweight children are more likely to be bullied at school. This can lead to poor school performance and even depression. Overweight children often become obese adults. Adult obesity is linked to heart disease, strokes, high blood pressure and some cancers. Overweight and obese people also have a higher chance of dying from Covid-19.Obesity is caused by an when a person consumes more energy than they use over a long period of time. This happens when a person eats too many sugary and fatty foods and when the do not get enough exercise. Sweets, cookies, cakes and soft drinks have high levels of sugar. Burgers, fried chicken, fried potatoes, processed meats and corn chips are common foods that contain high amounts of harmful fats.An active lifestyle with plenty of exercise helps prevent obesity. According to one local expert, many Belizean children do not have sufficient opportunities for active play. In a recent interview, she said, “There need to be more parks and the ones that exist need to be made safer. All children should have at least one hour of physical education classes at school every week. There is a need for more sports teams and competitions in the community and safe cycling routes should be established. However, even without organized sport, each individual can make sure they get enough exercise.”Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.5 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by a communicable disease.Preventing the Spread of Air and Water-borne DiseasesCommunicable diseases are also called infectious diseases. These are diseases that can be passed, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. They are spread through physical contact with an infected person, object and food, through a bite from an insect or animal or through particles in the municable diseases are caused by pathogens or germs. These are bacteria, viruses or other tiny organisms. Pathogens spread from person to person through the air or by food, water, insects and animals. Most kinds of bacteria are harmless to humans. However, some bacteria cause disease. One example is the bacteria that cause strep throat. Diseases caused by bacteria can be treated with medicine. Viruses are non-living things but they can take control of cells, which damages the cells. It also lets the viruses make more viruses. The flu is an example of a virus. Viruses cannot be erased with medication. Most medicines can only help with the symptoms. Vaccines however, can prevent some diseases. Years ago polio was a deadly disease caused by a virus. Scientists invented a vaccine to protect against many viruses. You were probably vaccinated for polio, and other diseases like chicken pox, measles and mumps before you started school.The common cold, the flu and Covid-19 are examples of airborne diseases. When people cough, sneeze, sing, shout and talk they send the pathogens into the air. The pathogens can enter another person through their eyes, nose and mouth. This happens when they breathe in or when they touch an object with the virus on it and then touch their face.Because these diseases travel in the air, they are hard to control unless there is a vaccine which helps prevent their spread. There is no vaccine for the common cold, but we do have vaccines for some diseases like chicken pox, mumps and measles. During this time of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is important to wash your hands regularly, wear a mask and keep a safe distance from other people to prevent the spread of a disease. If you get sick, you should stay at home and always cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough. If you can, do this into a paper towel or your elbow. If you sneeze or cough into your hand, wash it immediately. Many water-borne diseases are caused by bacteria that are introduced into water in human and animal waste, so water needs to be disinfected for it to be safe. We all need water to survive, but dirty water can make us sick or even kill us. A few examples of diseases that are spread through water are: cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever. Many people around the world die because they do not have access to safe and clean drinking water, proper sanitation and good hygiene. Boiling water for a minute kills bacteria and is always effective. Water should be boiled after a pipe is broken or after a flood contaminates the water supply. A small amount of chlorine, which is found in bleach (clorox), also kills bacteria. Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.5 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by a communicable disease.How to Make Sure Food Does Not Make Us SickFood can also be a home for pathogens, especially if we do not handle it hygienically. It is important that we eat safe foods. These are clean foods which are not spoiled and are free from harmful chemicals and germs that can make us sick. Eating unsafe foods can cause fever, vomiting and diarrhea. We can prevent such food related illnesses by handling foods safely. Washing hands thoroughly before preparing foods is important. Cooking food properly kills bacteria. It is always advisable to wash hands with soap as well before eating meals. Food eaten raw, such as vegetables and fruits, should be rinsed carefully before eating them. We shouldn’t eat raw or undercooked meat, eggs, fish or shellfish. It is also important to cover foods to keep flies away. Bacteria also causes food to spoil, so it is a good idea to throw spoiled food away and pay close attention to the expiry date found on packaging of foods. Sealing food in zip-lock bags and refrigeration can prevent the spread of bacteria. We are surrounded by pathogens that spread diseases through the air and by food, water and animals. Everyone gets sick from time to time, but if we are careful, we can reduce the risk. Always wash your hands thoroughly, handle your food carefully and don’t drink dirty water.Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.5 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by a communicable disease.Preventing the Spread of Diseases Caught from Insects and AnimalsThere is a variety of diseases that can be carried by animals such as bats, rats, raccoons and insects and then transmitted to humans. Mosquitoes have been called one of the world’s deadliest creatures. In Belize, they spread malaria, dengue, zika and chikungunya. In other parts of Latin America, they also spread yellow fever. Ticks and other insects can also spread diseases such as Lyme disease, Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness. Fortunately, these are uncommon or non-existent in Belize.The best way of controlling mosquito borne diseases is to get rid of their breeding sites. Mosquitoes lay eggs in water. Everyone has the responsibility to remove water from around his or her house. Places where mosquitoes breed include water trapped in old tires, coconut shells, tin cans, buckets and uncovered water vats. People can also take steps to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes especially at dawn or dusk; it is a good idea to wear long sleeves and pants and to put on insect repellent. Insects can be kept out of houses by making sure window and door screens are in good condition. Some people also sleep under mosquito nets to avoid being bitten at night.***One of the deadliest diseases to humans is rabies. This can be contracted from the bite of an infected mammal such as a raccoon, bat, dog or cat. A dog that has rabies may have unusual behaviour, it may be excitable, foam at the mouth, have a fever or be afraid of water.Once a person shows signs of rabies, they will die. There is no cure. Fortunately, there is an incubation period between when a person gets bitten and when they start to show symptoms. If you suspect you have been bitten by an infected animal you MUST seek medical help immediately. People who work on farms should also be careful that they do not catch diseases from their cattle. Many of these diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are carried by the animals and insects. Everyone who comes in contact with animals should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water. They should also avoid getting close to an animal that appears to be sick. Pregnant women are at particular risk from diseases carried by cattle so they should avoid coming into contact with sheep, goats, cows and other animals. NOTE: The terms communicable disease and contagious disease are often used interchangeably. However, communicable diseases such as malaria that is spread by contact with disease vectors are not typically considered “contagious” diseases since they cannot be spread from direct contact with another person.Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.5 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by a communicable disease.The Importance of VaccinationsIn 1796, in England, Edward Jenner proved that giving a person a small amount of a disease called cowpox protected them from a far deadlier disease called smallpox. At that time, small pox was killing one in ten people in some countries. The idea of vaccination caught on, and soon the smallpox outbreak was under control. Today, there is no smallpox anywhere in the world. It is a disease that has been completely defeated by vaccination.Vaccines work by teaching your body to create antibodies that protect you from disease. Once your body has learned this, you are protected from that disease for a long time. Since the time of Jenner, vaccines have been developed for many, but not all, communicable diseases. Governments across the world have made huge efforts to vaccinate as many citizens as possible. This has reduced the prevalence of some of the deadliest and most harmful diseases. For example, one hundred years ago, polio was paralyzing hundreds of thousands of children every year. After the development of a polio vaccine in the 1950s and 1960s this much-feared disease was brought under control. Today, polio is only found in two countries in the world: Pakistan and Afghanistan.The Ministry of Health in Belize has a very good vaccination program. Nearly all children are given vaccines for tuberculosis, hepatitis, diphtheria, tetanus, polio and other diseases. One of the most important vaccines given in Belize is called MMR, or Measles, Mumps and Rubella. Measles is a disease that mostly attacks children. A person with measles will have a fever and a rash made up of bumpy red spots. Worldwide, measles kills 100,000 children each year. Rubella has similar symptoms to measles but it can be caught by older people. The main danger from rubella is to unborn children. If a pregnant woman catches rubella, her baby may be born deaf and intellectually impaired. Mumps is a disease that makes glands near your ears swell. It can be very painful. There is no reason for anyone to catch measles, mumps or rubella. There is a very good, very safe vaccine. If all children are vaccinated, the disease will disappear.Some vaccines protect a person for life. Others, like the tetanus vaccine, require boosters every few years. Although tetanus can be prevented by a vaccine, several injections are needed. These are given to children at various times when they are babies and when they are in preschool or infant one. If a person is bitten by an animal, if they are cut by rusty nail or barbed wire or if they get a deep splinter, they should wash the wound immediately by putting the infected affected area under running tap water for at least five minutes and cleaning around the area it with soap. After that they should visit the clinic to get a tetanus booster. Some people do not think this is important, but tetanus is a very painful, and sometimes fatal, disease. It is caused when a bacterial toxin enters the body through an open wound. This toxin exists in nature in soil, dust and animal faeces. It is the responsibility of all citizens to make sure their vaccinations, and their children’s vaccinations are up to date. If most people have had their vaccinations, then these contagious diseases will not be able to spread.Grade LevelStd 6SubjectHealth and Family Life EducationStrandDiet and DiseaseUnit TitleHealth for LifeLearning Outcome8.7 Describe a range of actions that can be taken by an individual to reduce their chances of being affected by HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.Prevention of HIV and Other STIsThere are some infections that are spread from person to person by unprotected sexual intercourse. These are called sexually transmitted infections or STIs. HIV is an STI. The pathogens that cause these diseases enter the body during sexual contact and can make a person very ill. Some of the symptoms include sores, bumps or blisters on different parts of the body, especially genitals. Some STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis are caused by bacteria and may be treated by antibiotics. Other STIs such as herpes and HIV are caused by viruses and have no cure. There are many behaviors that can put people at risk of getting infected with HIV or other STIs. In order to reduce the risks of getting an infection or passing it on to another person, it is advisable to consider the ABCs, which stands for Abstaining, Being Faithful and use of condoms correctly.Abstinence an effective way of avoiding being infected by HIV and other STIs. Abstaining means not engaging in sexual activity. Many adolescents choose to delay first having sex until they are older and more mature. They make a positive decision to focus on their school work and other activities such as music, games and sport and community service. Most adolescents find it easier to concentrate on their studies and goals in life if they do not have a sexual partner. Abstinence, however, may be very difficult for some young people, especially if their peers are encouraging them to have sex. It is never too late to abstain from sex. Even if you have already had sex, you can start to abstain. You do not have to agree to sexual intercourse just because someone asks you to. It is important to learn how to say “no” to sexual advances. You should not have sex just because you think your friends are already sexually active. The truth is that most people in Belize are not sexually active until they are at least sixteen years old.The age of consent for sexual activity in Belize is sixteen years old. It is against the law for a person who is under sixteen to have sexual intercourse. It is also against the law for a person of any age to have sexual intercourse with a person under sixteen. This law is designed to protect young people.If you choose to become sexually active, being faithful to one sexual partner reduces the risk of contracting HIV and other STIs. Sexual partners should be honest with each other about their current and past sexual activity. If both partners take an HIV test that shows they are negative, then they will not catch HIV as long as they remain absolutely faithful to each other. Having more than one sexual partner greatly increases the risk of contracting and passing on a sexually transmitted infection.Sexually transmitted infections are passed from one person to another in bodily fluids such as semen and blood. Wearing a condom, which prevents semen entering the body of a sexual partner, is another good way of reducing your chances of catching an STI or of giving it to someone else. It is important to know how to use a condom properly, so that it does not break or slip off.Consuming alcohol and drugs increases a person’s chances of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. This is because people who have taken alcohol or drugs often make bad decisions. They might act more aggressively or they might find it harder to say no to unwanted sexual advances.It is also important to remember that HIV can be spread when contaminated blood enters a person’s body. These days, catching HIV from blood transfusions is very rare because hospitals screen blood before they use it. However, people who share needles to inject drugs are at very high risk of contracting HIV. Shared tattoo needles that have not been sterilized can also transmit HIV. HIV is a disease that can be controlled by medication. People who take the medication can live long, productive and happy lives. However, they will always have to live with the effects of the virus. There is currently no known cure for HIV and no vaccination that prevents it. Instead, everyone should take care to reduce the chance of becoming infected. An effective way of doing this is through abstaining from sexual activity. However, people who are engaged in sexual intercourse should use make sensible decisions such as using condoms and staying faithful to their partners.Standard 6Grade LevelStandard 6SubjectSpanish StrandMyselfUnit TitleMy aspirationsLearning Outcome8.1 Use the construction ir (present tense) + a + infinitive to describe future plans, for example: despues de graduarme, voy a seguir estudiando. Mis Sue?osBetito es un ni?o muy fantasioso siempre sue?a con cosas extremas. Una tarde mientras estaba jugando debajo del árbol de mango él se puso a so?ar despierto como sería su vida en el futuro.Por su mente pasaban imágenes del futuro que él veía y pensó: Después de terminar la escuela primaria voy a seguir estudiando hasta llegar a ser ingeniero en robótica. Voy a ser el mejor ingeniero y voy a inventar la manera de convertir a todos los humanos en robots para que todos vivan para siempre. Siguió pensando que para lograr estos sue?os tendría que trabajar duro y estudiar mucho. Betito pensó que va a dedicar todo su tiempo a leer, estudiar y aprender mucho en la clase de ciencia para que así pueda lograr ese sue?o de salvar a la humanidad a no dejar de existir. ?l se va a dedicar a ser el primer científico para lograr que todos los seres humanos vivan hasta la eternidad. ................
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