Handbook on the Management of High-Risk Prisoners

Handbook on the

Management of High-Risk Prisoners

CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES

Cover photo: "As long as I am alive, you will surely be in grief." ?Alessandro Scotti

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna

Handbook on the Management of High-Risk Prisoners

CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES

UNITED NATIONS

New York, 2016

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. xxx ISBN xxx eISBN xxxxx

? United Nations, March 2016. All rights reserved, worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna.

Acknowledgements

This Handbook was written for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Prof. Dr. Shane Bryans and Tomris Atabay, consultants on penal reform and criminal justice issues. The Handbook was reviewed at an expert group meeting held in Rome on 10 and 11 March 2015. UNODC wishes to acknowledge with appreciation the contributions received from the following experts who participated in that meeting: Carla Ciavarella, Bill Cullen, Camila Dias, Jos? Julio D?az Moreno, Udom Ekpedeme, Federico Falzone, Alison Hannah, J?rg Jesse, Roberta Palmisano, Fabio Pinzari, Elena Nanni, Barbara Napelli, Nelson Rauda Portillo, Mar?a Noel Rodr?guez, Guido Scuncio, Sharon Shalev, Laura Von Mandach, Michael Wiener, Veronique Wright and Vitolds Zahars. Contributing throughout the development of the Handbook were Piera Barzan? (UNODC) and Philipp Meissner (UNODC), who also conducted the review of the final draft. Further valuable comments and feedback were provided by Joanne Jousif (UNICRI), Michael van Gelderen (OHCHR), Michael Langelaar (DPKO), Mary Murphy (ICRC) and Joaquin Zuckerberg (UNODC). Some of the material included in the Handbook is based on earlier work produced by Colin Allen, Christine Fisher and Danny McAllister. UNODC also wishes to acknowledge the support provided by the Government of Italy, in particular the Department for Prison Administration of the Ministry of Justice, in hosting the Expert Group Meeting to review the draft Handbook.

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Contents

Introduction

1

1. The management of high-risk prisoners: summary of key issues

9

1.1 Humane treatment and dignity of the person

9

1.2 Minimal number of prisoners held in high-security conditions

11

1.3 Individualized assessments

11

1.4 Risk management

12

1.5 Least restrictive measures necessary

13

1.6 Maximum security conditions

14

1.7 Security balance

14

1.8 Staff recruitment and training

15

1.9 Special groups and mental health

15

2. Prison staff

17

2.1 Recruitment and selection of staff

18

2.2 Training and development of staff

20

2.3 Conditions of service and staffing levels

23

2.4 Prison management

24

2.5 Professional standards and ethics

25

2.6 Importance of interpersonal skills and guidance

27

2.7 Manipulation and conditioning of staff

28

2.8 Staff working in prisons holding high-risk prisoners

29

3. Assessment, classification and allocation

33

3.1 Individualized risk assessment

34

3.2 Classification

40

3.3. Sentence planning

46

4. Accommodation and general living conditions

51

4.1 Accommodation

52

4.2 Bedding and clothing

54

4.3 Space, light, ventilation and heating

55

4.4 Food and water

57

4.5 Sanitation, cleanliness and personal hygiene

58

4.6 Special conditions of imprisonment

60

4.7 Prisoners under sentence of death

61

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5. Ensuring effective security

63

5.1 Physical security

64

5.2 Procedural security

66

5.3 Dynamic security

71

5.4 Concentric circles of protection

72

5.5. Prison security frameworks

73

5.6 Security audits and covert testing

74

5.7 Security trends related to high-risk prisoners

76

6. Operating safe and orderly prisons

79

6.1 Order in prison

80

6.2 Control strategies to achieve order

81

6.3 Use of force

85

6.4 Prisoner disciplinary system

89

6.5 Restrictions and disciplinary sanctions

92

6.6 Complaints, grievances and requests

96

6.7 Prison intelligence

99

6.8 Incident management

100

6.9 Prisoners who go on hunger strike

102

7. Constructive regimes

105

7.1 Work

107

7.2 Education

109

7.3 Sport and exercise

112

7.4 Religion

113

7.5 Programmes to help prevent offending

115

7.6 Responding to mental health-care needs

119

7.7 Preparation for release

121

8. Contact with the outside world

127

8.1 Letters and telephone calls

129

8.2 Access to media

132

8.3 Visits

133

8.4 Contact with legal advisers

138

9. Summary of key principles for the management of high-risk prisoners

141

Annex

International Instruments, Standards and Principles (cited in the Handbook)

149

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