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EUROPEAN NATIONALISMDirections: Read the information at each of the stations and then decide as a group if the statement is true or false. Circle the correct answer and then provide two pieces of evidence from the document that back up your decision. Be sure to read the entire document CAREFULLY!The United States of America:Victory against Britain and the acquiring of massive amount of land inspired a new sense of nationalism in the United States. True/ False The Russian Empire:The Romanov Czar accepted the cultures of the various ethnic groups within his Empire.True/ False The Ottoman Empire:The Ottoman’s decision to grant equal citizenship to all ethnic groups helped to unify the Ottoman Empire. True/ False The Austrian Empire:Control of land and ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire was relatively unstable throughout the reign of the Hapsburgs. True/ False Italy: Nationalist movements in the North of Italy were unable to unite with the Nationalist rebels in Southern ItalyTrue/ False Germany: The fact that Prussia was composed of a large variety of ethnic groups made it difficult for them to unite. True/ False THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAPrior to the War of 1812, the United States was not able to unite under a common cause. They called themselves the United States but they each generally had their own individual interests. The reasons for entering the War of 1812 were not agreed upon by the American states; however, the invasion of the British Empire inspired the Americans to respond. Furthermore, the War of 1812 was the final conclusion to the American Revolution. America finally was able to claim their own identity and be completely independent from Europe. Economically, politically, and militarily America was finally not just theoretically independent but practically independent from the British Empire. It was then that a wave of nationalism swept over the United States of America. It was the combination of this war and the large amounts of land acquired from Napoleon (The Louisiana Territory) that inspired the new nationalistic American philosophy of “Manifest Destiny.” This philosophy tied the nation together under the claim that God had destined The United States to stretch from the East Coast to the West Coast. Thus legitimizing the subsequent removal of Native Americans and Mexicans who stood in the way. An allegorical painting of Manifest DestinyTHE AUSTRIAN EMPIREThe Austrian Empire had long been ruled by the Hapsburgs, a very powerful and wealthy royal family that had risen to power in the 10th century. Over 800 years later the Austrian Empire had control over Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians. When the Prussian Empire defeated the Austrian Empire in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Prussia gained control of a portion of Austria’s land, which was mostly inhabited by the German ethnic group. The King of Austria then split the remainder of his Empire into two parts, Austria and Hungary. He would remain King of both sections. Control of ethnic groups constantly changed due to royal marriages and wars between empires. The various ethnic groups that made up the Austrian-Hungarian Empire were fed up with being under the control of the Austrian King. Nationalist ideologies began to sweep throughout the Empire. Each of the ethnic groups related more to each other than to their absolute monarch. The revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity from the French Revolution spread to this disunited empire. They sought to create their own nations composed of people with a common language and ethnicity. These nationalist disputes continued to weaken this once great empire for more than 40 years. Finally, after World War I, Austria-Hungary broke into separate nation states. THE RUSSIAN EMPIREThe Russian Empire had been a strong Empire for almost 400 years due to its vast amounts of land and its strong and oftentimes merciless absolute monarchs called Czars. It was the force of Nationalism that helped break up the 370-year-old empire of Czars in Russia. In addition to the Russians themselves, the czar ruled over 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles, and smaller number of Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, and others. Each of these ethnic groups had their own distinct culture. In order to avoid ethnic conflicts the Russian Czars tried to end this diversity The ruling Romanov dynasty of Russia was determined to maintain iron control of this diversity. They instituted a policy of Russification, which forced Russian culture on all of the ethnic groups in the empire. This action backfired on the Romanov dynasty. Instead of helping to unify the ethnic groups into one Russia, it strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia. The nationalist disputes weakened the Russia Empire, which was ultimately broken apart after World War I and the subsequent communist revolution. The House of RomanovTHE OTTOMAN EMPIREThe Ottoman Empire was a strong Empire that was located in the present day Middle East. The Turks ruled this empire that ruled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians. In 1856, due to pressure from other European nations, the Turks granted equal citizenship to all people under their rule. This action was meant to keep the ethnic groups in the Ottoman Empire content. Other European nations did not want the nationalistic ideas, originating from France (from the French Revolution), to spread through all of Europe. The Conservative rulers wanted to maintain control of their empires. By granting equal citizenship to all citizens regardless of ethnicity, the rulers hoped people would unify. However, the ruler’s decision angered the Turks who enjoyed a privileged place in society due to the fact that they were Turks. The action backfired and caused major tensions within the empire. Instead of unifying the empire it broke it apart. Armenians identified with other Armenians, and Turks identified with other Turks, no one identified as an Ottoman. In response to these growing nationalistic sentiments, the ruling Ottoman Turks massacred and deported Armenians from 1894-1896. This devastating time period was known as the Armenian genocide. Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire broke apart soon after World War I. The Effects of the Armenian GenocideITALYBetween 1815 and 1848, fewer and fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers. Italy was made up of Italian States, which were often divided up amongst powerful Empires. Nationalists in Italy searched for leadership from the Kingdom of Sardinia, the most powerful Italian State. Victor Emmanuel II, the king of Sardenia, and Camillo di Cavour, the king’s prime minister and a cunning statesman worked to expand Sardinia’s power. Austria controlled part of Northern Italy so Sardinia sought an alliance from France. With the French army’s help, Sardinia captured Northern Italy. Cavour was finally able to unite all of Northern Italy under his liberal rule. Meanwhile, he worked with nationalist rebels in the South of Italy to help unify the entire region. Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian nationalist and a skilled soldier helped lead the Italian nationalists take control of the South of Italy. Garibaldi and his army, known as the red-shirts due to the fact that Garibaldi always wore a red shirt in battle, agreed to meet with Victor Emmanuel II to unite the two parts of Italy. Garibaldi agreed to step down and allowed the Sardinian king to rule. GERMANYBeginning in 1815, 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German confederation. Austria dominated the confederation but Prussia wanted to unify all of the German states. Prussia had a mainly German population, which was an advantage that helped them forge a strong German state. This stood in sharp contrast to the Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires whose large variety of ethnic groups helped tear their empires apart. The King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, felt that the Prussian Parliament was defying his authority by not giving him money to raise a larger army. He had the support of Junkers, the very conservative wealthy landowning class of Prussia. The King chose Otto von Bismarck, a Junker, as his Prime Minister. Bismarck used realpolitik, the politics of reality (no room for idealism) to unify Germany. He engaged in a series of wars with Denmark, Austria, and then France to claim all German lands under Prussian control. The German national pride greatly increased with each crushing victory. Bismarck often created conflict to provoke war. Each time Prussia was victorious. Finally, the people of Southern Germany accepted Prussian leadership making Prussia (all of the German states) into the most powerful nation in Europe. Bismarck had won this dominance “by blood and iron.” ................
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