CP World History (Unit 7, #3)
Standard 14 Guided Notes
The Age of Absolute Monarchs
I. Overview of the Age of Absolute Monarchs
A. By the end of the _________________________________, new _______________________ were formed in Europe.
1. Many of these nations were ruled by powerful ______________ with ____________________ power known as absolute monarchs
2. The era from 1600 to mid-1700s was known as the ___________________________________________________
B. Absolute monarchy is a government in which ____________________ should hold _______ the ______________ within a country
1. Absolute monarchs controlled all aspects of their nations, including taxes, _____________, the _______________, & the economy
2. Absolute monarchs believed in _______________________________, the idea that _____________ created the monarchy & kings answered only to God, not the ___________________________
II. Louis XIV of France
A. Louis XIV came to power in _________, as an ________________________________________
1. He ruled ___________________ for _________ years & became the _________________________________ of an absolute monarchy
2. Louis XIV believed that he was the government, (“D’état chest moil”): He excluded ___________________ from gov’t decisions & hired ___________________________________ to collect taxes & ____________________________________
3. Louis XIV called himself the “______________________” because he felt that French _______________ emanated from him and that other _________________________________ countries _______________________________________________.
B. Louis XIV had a ____________________ impact on France:
1. His economic advisors used overseas colonies & __________________________ to generate new __________________
2. He encouraged ____________________________________ to make France self-sufficient
3. With this wealth, Louis built a powerful _________________ & transformed France into the most powerful nation in Europe
C. Louis XIV had a ____________________ impact on France:
1. He involved France in expensive ______________ that failed to gain France new lands & led to massive ____________
D. He used wealth & art to glorify ________________, including constructing a massive palace called ______________________
E. The Legacy of Louis XIV
1. As a result of Louis XIV, France became the most _____________________________________________ in Europe
2. But, decades of lavish ________________________ by monarchs led to massive _______________ & heavy _________________________________.
3. Eventually, the French people grew _____________________________ & overthrew the monarchy
III. Peter the Great of Russia
A. By the time Peter the Great became czar in _____________, Russia was a ___________________________________
1. But Russia was not as __________________________ as Western ____________________________________
2. Russia was ___________________ from Western Europe & knew very little about the new ideas of the ____________________
3. Russia had no advanced _______________________, no overseas______________________, & an economy of small-scale ________________
4. Most Russians were ___________________________________(called _________________________) working for nobles (called _______________________)
B. Czar Peter the Great wanted to _____________________ & “___________________________” Russia to catch up with Europe
1. Peter ___________________________________________ to learn new ways to modernize Russia
2. While in Europe, Peter learned new ideas about _________________________________, manufacturing, gov’t organization, _______________________________________, music, & fashion
3. When he returned from Europe, Peter imposed new ________________________ to Westernize Russia
a. He adopted European ________________________________ by banning ____________________ and _____________________ for women.
b. He adopted a European _______________________________
c. He modernized the _________________________________________
4. Peter expanded Russia’s _________________ & built a new “European-style” Russian _______________ at St. Petersburg
C. The Legacy of Peter the Great
1. As a result of Peter the Great, Russia became a more ____________________, Western nation
2. But, modernization was a _______________ process & Russia had not fully __________________________ by ____________________________
3. During _________________________________, revolutionaries overthrew the ______________________ & created a radical new gov’t based on _____________________
The English Civil War
I. Monarchy Before the Civil War
A. James I
1. Took over ruling ____________________ in _____________________.
2. Believed completely in the idea of _________________________________________, that _____________________ get their power from __________________________ and so they had ___________________________ power.
3. James I insisted that _____________________________________ (the __________________________ body in England that controlled the _______________________) grant him _______________________________ whenever he asked and they usually did (because James didn’t ____________________________________________).
B. Charles I
1. Charles I was James I’s ___________________.
2. He was also a strong ruler, but he spent so much ___________________ fighting wars in ________________ and _________________________ that he ran out of money and had to ask __________________________ for new __________________________ in _________________.
3. When Parliament refused to __________________________________________ without more rights to make their own _____________________, the King declared ___________________ on Parliament. This started the ______________________________________________________.
II. The English Civil War
A. The ______________________________________ was fought from ____________________ between supporters of ________________________________ (called ____________________________________) and supporters of ________________________________ (called ____________________________________).
B. The war ended when _____________________________ was ____________________________ and Parliament voted to _________________________________ him for ______________________ (crimes against his country).
III. England After the Civil War
A. __________________________________________ declared himself “____________________________________” after the English Civil War ended. He ruled for _________________________.
1. This new government was called the ____________________________________ and was extremely __________________________________ because it was very ___________________ and based on Puritan ____________________________ rules.
B. Parliament decided in _____________________ to bring back the _______________________, so they chose Charles I’s _____________________ to be king.
1. The new king’s name was ________________________________ and was extremely ______________________. His nickname was “_________________________________________.”
C. When Charles II died, his son became ______________________________________.
1. However, the new king was __________________________________, and __________________________ did not like this.
2. So, Parliament asked James II’s cousin _____________________________ and his wife ________________ (who were both ________________________________) to be King and Queen and agree to the __________________________________________ which would limit their power.
3. This was called the ________________________________________ and from then on, England’s government was a ___________________________________________ where the king did NOT have ___________________________________.
a. This is also called a ___________________________________________ because the king’s power is limited by a _______________________________.
The American Revolution
IV. America Before the Revolution (1607-1775)
A. The Settlement of America
1. During the Age of Exploration, Europeans began ____________________________ in North America
2. From 1607 to 1733, _______________ established 13 colonies in America; The colonies were very different & lacked __________
B. Economics & Government in America
1. England used ____________________________ (the colonies could ONLY __________________ with _______________________) to control colonial trade & increase their ___________________
2. Despite these trade restrictions, the colonists made _________________ trading with England
3. England used a policy called _____________________________ which allowed colonists freedom to make their own _____________________ & _______________________
4. Americans created their own ____________________________________ & enjoyed ____________________________________
C. The French & Indian War (1754-1763)
1. For 150 years, colonists were _______________ with this relationship with England
2. But, everything changed after the French & Indian War
a. In 1754, _______________ & _________________ went to war for seven years over territory in America
b. In 1763, England _________ the war, but the war left England with _______________________________________
V. The American Revolution
A. Reasons for the American Revolution (1763-1775)
1. To pay off _________________________, Britain created a series of new ___________ on the American colonists
a. The colonists were ______________ that Parliament in England would pass laws without the colonists ___________________
b. Their slogan became: “No ____________________ without _________________________”
2. Colonists responded to new taxes with __________________ (refusing to ________ British goods that were _________________)
3. Boycotts were effective, but the king & _______________________ believed the Americans should _____________ British laws, so they ______________________________ the colonists by taking power away from the colonial __________________________
4. From 1763 to 1776, _____________________ between the English government & the American colonists increased
5. Americans were _______________ & read books by leading Enlightenment thinkers, especially _________________________, & used these ideas to justify their protest
B. The Declaration of Independence (1776)
1. British abuses & ________________________________________ inspired Americans to declare independence
2. Ben Franklin, John Adams, & ___________________________ served on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
3. On July 4, 1776 Americans sent King George III the ______________________________________________________________
C. The American Revolution lasted from 1775 to 1783
1. After 6 years of fighting, the Americans _____________________________ the British at the ______________________________________________
VI. Independence and a New Government under the Constitution
A. With independence, the United States needed a __________________________________________ to _____________ the new nation
1. The founding fathers created a “____________________” system that created a _________________________ gov’t but allowed the 13 states to keep _________________ & make their own ______________________
2. Many of the ideas of the ___________________________________ served as ____________________ for the new national ______________________________ of the United States
The French Revolution
I. Reasons for the French Revolution
A. France in the 1700s
1. In the 1700s, France was the __________________ capital of Europe, home to numerous ________________________________ thinkers, & had wealth from colonies
2. King Louis XIV was the most _____________________________________________ in Europe; After his death in 1715, Louis XV & _________________ continued to rule France as ________________________________
3. But, political & economic problems led to the ______________________________________________________________ in 1789
B. One problem was France’s _______________ social hierarchy that was made up of three classes (called _______________________)
1. First Estate—The ______________________ of the Roman Catholic Church made up the First Estate; Owned _________% of land in France but paid little in taxes to the gov’t
2. Second Estate—The Second Estate was made up of ________________________________; Owned _________% of French land but were ___________________________ from paying taxes
3. Third Estate—The Third Estate made up __________% of the population & included ___________________ peasants but also the well-educated ____________________________________ (bourgeoisie); This group paid __________% of their income in taxes
a. The members of the Third Estate ____________________________ the special treatment the First & Second Estates received
b. Members of the Third Estate gained inspiration from the _______________________________
c. After the success of the ______________________________________________________, the Third Estate began demanding _____________________________, _____________________________, &___________________________ in France
C. Social tensions were made worse by a growing _____________________________________ in the 1770s & 1780s
1. The French government faced massive __________ due to decades of lavish spending, expensive _______________, & poor economic planning
2. By 1789, half the budget went towards _______________________ on the national debt; _______% of people were unemployed.
3. The excessive ___________________ by King Louis XVI & his wife ________________________________ angered French citizens
4. By 1789, France was _________________________________________ & faced a serious financial crisis
D. The Estates-General (1789)
1. Louis XVI called an emergency meeting of the ______________________ where members from all 3 ________________________ could advise the king
a. During the Estates-General, the First & Second Estates voted to ___________________________________ on the Third Estate
b. This angered the members of the Third Estate who believed their ____________ were being ____________________
E. The National Assembly (1789)
1. The Third Estate formed a new ___________________________________________________ to make laws for the French people
2. In 1789, the National Assembly swore an ___________________ promising a new constitution & limitations on the king’s __________________
3. The National Assembly wrote their revolutionary ideals in the ________________________________________________________________________________ which said:
a. “Men are born __________________ and __________________ in rights”
b. Rights include “__________________, property, security, & resistance to ______________________”
c. It guaranteed freedom of __________________, & freedom of __________________, & equal justice
II. The French Revolution
A. Meanwhile, the ______________________ crisis continued
1. Citizens were without food & faced _______________________
2. Angry _____________________________ in Paris demanded new reforms
B. Storming of Bastille (1789)
1. When rumors circulated that the king was going to send his _________ to Paris, citizens attacked the prison _________________ to seize weapons to defend themselves
2. The storming of the Bastille in 1789 represented the ______________________ of the ___________________________________
C. In 1791, Louis XVI finally agreed to a new constitution that limited his power & created a ____________________________________
1. But, Louis XVI _________________ to ______________________________ the National Assembly & France’ problems continued
D. The National Convention (1792)
1. In 1792, __________________________ took control of France & made important decisions:
a. The French monarchy was __________________ & democratic _______________ was created called the National Convention
2. In 1793, King Louis XVI was _________________________, convicted of _______________________, & _______________________ by guillotine
E. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
1. The radical leaders of the National Convention feared that “____________________ of the revolution” would try to overthrow the new republic
2. In 1793, radical ____________________________________________________ slowly gained control of the National Convention
3. From 1793 to 1794, Robespierre __________________ 40,000 “_________________” during an era known as the _____________________________________
4. The _______________________________________________ ended when French citizens turned on Robespierre & executed him
F. The revolution came to an end in 1795, but France was in ________________
1. The ________________________________________ had not been solved & people faced starvation
2. The National Convention was replaced by France’s ____________ gov’t in __________ years called the _________________________________
3. The ____________________________ proved to be ineffective & corrupt
G. Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815)
1. In 1799, a French military general named _____________________________________ led a ___________________________________ (military seizure of power) & took power in France
2. As emperor of France, Napoleon introduced needed ______________________, defeated foreign armies, & conquered a massive French ____________________________
Napoleon Bonaparte & the Congress of Vienna
I. Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815)
A. When Louis XVI was ____________________ during the French Revolution, many European nations ________________ France to keep ___________________________________________ from spreading
B. Napoleon Takes Power
1. A military officer named _________________________________________________________ successfully defended France & became a military _________________
2. In 1799, Napoleon staged a _____________________________ (overthrow) of the French republic & assumed power as ________________________
C. Napoleon’s Reforms
1. Napoleon made a series of reforms to improve the government, economy, & lives for French citizens
a. To fix the French economy, he introduced a fair _____________ system & a _______________________________ to regulate the money supply
b. He created a ______________ based system for gov’t __________________________________
c. He created ___________________________________________ for students of all backgrounds
d. He issued a comprehensive set of ____________ called the _____________________________________________ that provided order, freedom of religion, & eliminated _______________________________________ by estates
2. In 1804, Napoleon ordered an ________________ & the French people voted Napoleon __________________ for life
D. Napoleon wanted control of a _______________________________________ in North America & Europe
1. North America
a. But, the revolution in _____________ convinced Napoleon to ______________________________ North America
2. Europe
a. From _________________________, Napoleon fought a series of wars in Europe called the __________________________________________ where he tried to take over as much ____________________________ as possible.
b. During these wars, Napoleon showed his _________________________________________ by defeating __________________ & Prussia and conquering ________________, Italy, & central Europe
c. From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon ruled over the _________________ European ________________ since the Romans
3. During his rule over Europe, Napoleon made a number of devastating decisions
a. The one nation Napoleon could not defeat was _____________________
b. He ordered a ___________________, called the ____________________________________________________, to cut off all _________________ with England
c. The Continental System was a ___________________ & hurt the French economy more than England’s economy
d. In 1812, Napoleon made his greatest __________________ & invaded ____________________
e. The harsh ________________ & Russia’s ____________________________________________ policy devastated the French army & forced Napoleon to ________________________
E. The Fall of Napoleon
1. In 1814, the weakened French army was defeated; Napoleon __________________________________, was forced to give up his throne, & was _________________ to the island of Elba
2. The French __________________________ was restored, but new King Louis XVIII was unpopular; In 1815, Napoleon escaped & triumphantly _______________________ the throne
a. Only 100 days after Napoleon’s return, he built a new _______________ but was defeated by a European coalition at the Battle of ____________________________ in 1815
b. After his defeat, Napoleon was ________________ to the remote island of ___________________________ in the South Atlantic where he _______________ after 6 years
F. What was Napoleon’s Impact?
1. He created reforms that ended the ____________________ crisis & unequal class system and made public schools & a __________________________
2. His massive empire brought _________________ to the French people
3. His rise as emperor ended the Enlightened ideas of __________________________ that led to the French Revolution
4. The fall of empire led to a conflict between rule by strong _______________ & ____________________ governments
The Congress of Vienna (1815)
II. The Congress of Vienna (1815)
A. The era after the fall of Napoleon was a conflict among conservative, liberal, & radical forces
1. Conservatives were usually __________________ land owners & ____________; They typically supported traditional _____________________________
2. Liberals were usually from the ____________________________________; They supported Enlightenment ideas like __________________ monarchies & _______________ rights for educated landowners
3. Radicals were usually from the ______________________; They supported extending democracy to _______ citizens
B. The Congress of Vienna
1. When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, European leaders met at the ________________________________________ to restore ____________________ & bring stability back to Europe.Congress of Vienna was attended by _______________________________________ from Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, France and was led by Austrian minister Klemons von ________________________________
a. Metternich & other delegates ________________________ democracy, _____________________ the ideas of the French Revolution, & wanted to _____________________ Europe to the way it was before Napoleon
2. The goals of the Congress of Vienna
a. One goal was to prevent future ___________________ aggression; This was accomplished ______________ from France all lands it gained under Napoleon & making the nations around France __________________
b. One goal was to restore ______________________ to power in Europe; This was done by restoring ___________ in France, Portugal, Spain, & many Italian & German states
c. One goal was to maintain a ________________________________________ in Europe; This was done by forming the Concert of Europe, an ____________________________ among Russia, Austria, Prussia, & Britain to maintain peace & stop future ____________________________
3. The decisions made at the Congress of Vienna helped maintain peace in Europe for almost 40 years
C. But the decisions of the Congress of Vienna did not make __________________ or _________________ happy
1. The restoration of _____________ led to an increase in demand for ___________________________ in Europe
2. In 1848, a surge of __________________________ swept through Europe which sparked _______________________ for democracy & the formation of new ______________
Latin American Revolutions (1800-1830)
Reasons for Revolutions in Latin America
A. From 1500 to 1800, Latin America was _______________________ by Europe, especially __________________
1. European nations used _________________________ to gain wealth from their American colonies
2. _______________________ missionaries from Spain & France converted Native Americans
B. One major impact of European colonization was the _______________ social hierarchy in Latin America
1. ________________________________________________ were at the top of society
a. ____________________________ were ___________________________________________________ sent by the king to enforce mercantilism & maintain order in the colony
b. Spanish ______________ living in America were called ____________; They had land & wealth but had no political ____________________
2. The lack of European ________________ in America led to intermarriage & a large ___________________ population that made up the next level of the ____________________________________
a. _____________________ were the offspring of Europeans & ____________________
b. _____________________ were the offspring of Europeans & ____________________
3. _________________________ & African ________________ made up the bottom of the social hierarchy
a. Native Americans & slaves were used as ___________________ for creole ____________________
C. From 1800 to 1830, Latin American colonies began declaring ____________________________________ from European nations & establishing ________________________ throughout the Americas
1. By the late 1700s, Latin Americans were inspired to gain independence because of the success of the _____________________ & _________________ Revolutions
2. The ideas of the Enlightenment inspired independence especially among the well-educated _________________________ class
Independence in Latin America
3 Haiti
4 ____________ was the first Latin American colony to free itself from European rule
5 Haiti was a ___________________ colony with 500,000 African __________________ working on sugar & coffee plantations
6 Plantation owners used _______________ methods to control slaves
7 In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt; _______________________________________________________ became the leader of the slave uprising & helped _______________________________________________________ by 1801
8 From 1802 to 1804, Haitians _____________ for their independence against Napoleon’s French army
9 In ___________, France granted Haiti its independence & created a __________________
10 South America
11 Throughout the Spanish colonies in _______________________________________, the ____________________ had wealth & education but could not participate in government
12 Creoles embraced Enlightenment ideas like ___________________________________ & consent of the governed
13 In 1810, the demand by creoles for _____________________________________ led to revolutions throughout South America
14 South American nations gained their independence because of the leadership of two creole _____________________
15 Simon Bolivar
16 From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole _________________________________ led an army of revolutionaries against Spain
17 Bolivar helped create new nations of ______________________________, Peru, Bolivia
18 San Martín
19 Argentinean creole __________________________ led the independence movement in southern South America
20 San Martín helped create new nations of Argentina, _______________ & ________________
21 Mexico
22 Unlike the South America creoles, in Mexico the __________________ & _________________ played the leading role
23 Miguel Hidalgo
24 In 1810, a poor but well educated Catholic ____________ named __________________________________________ used Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain
25 Hidalgo led an army of 80,000 Native American & mestizos ________________________ against the Spanish military & ______________ who feared losing their wealth
26 During the rebellion, Hidalgo was __________ but Mexicans found new leaders to continue the fight another 10 years
27 The turning point in the war came in 1820 when the _____________ switched sides & joined the revolt against Spain
28 In 1821, Spain granted ___________________ its independence & a _____________________ was formed
Latin America After Independence
31 Throughout Latin America, new ___________________________________________ were created
32 But, Latin Americans did not have a history of ___________________________ & many of the new gov’ts were unstable
33 In many nations, military _______________ called ________________ seized power & made few reforms for citizens
34 Latin America became dependent on the ______________
Age of Revolutions: English, French, American, & Latin American Revolutions
Directions: Use your notes and/or textbook to complete the chart below and answer the questions that follow
| |Causes of the Revolution |Enlightenment Ideas Used in the |Key Players in the Revolution |Effects of the Revolution |
| | |Revolution | | |
|English Civil War & | | |Parliament vs King | |
|Glorious Revolution (1689) | | |William and Mary | |
|American Revolution | |John Locke (natural rights, | | |
|(1776) | |consent in governed) | | |
| | |Montesquieu (separation of | | |
| | |powers) | | |
| | |Rousseau (democracy and majority | | |
| | |rules) | | |
|French Revolution (1789) | | | |Overthrow of the king |
| | | | |Creation of a democratic republic|
| | | | |Ineffective gov’t leads to rise |
| | | | |of Napoleon |
|Latin America |Unequal social structure | | | |
|(1800-1830) |(creoles, peninsulars, Indians, | | | |
| |slaves) | | | |
| |Inspiration from French & | | | |
| |American Revolutions | | | |
1. What common causes do you see in among the four revolutions?
2. What ideas of the Enlightenment are most frequently used to justify revolution?
3. Which revolution do you think was most successful? (Politically, economically, socially) Be sure to explain why.
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