Motivation and Emotion
Unit IX: Motivation and Emotion
Motivation- a need or desire that energizes us toward a behavior.
3 Main Motives 1. Hunger 2. Sex 3. Achievement
Perspectives on Motivation
1. Instinct Theory *What is an instinct?
2. Drive reduction theory *What is a drive?
Must maintain homeostasis!
3. Arousal theory *What is optimum arousal?
4. Incentive (Opponent Process) theory
5. Achievement
6. Obesity: Refer to hunger
7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives: Pyramid!! P.393
The Need to Belong: Baumuster and Leary research
What evidence supports our need for others?
1. Others help aid survival.
2. We seek relationships with others.
3. We conform to gain social acceptance.
4. We want to maintain relationships most of the time.
5. Improves health!
*** Separated or divorced people were HALF as likely as married people to declare themselves “very happy.”
Physiology of Hunger
1. Role of the stomach- stomach contractions are a sign of hunger!!!
Ghrelin: Hunger arousing hormone in the stomach
*** Diet aids fill stomach w/ indigestible fibers.
***However, hunger can be felt without a stomach or when stomach is full.
2. Role of the Mouth- chewing and swallowing reduce feelings of hunger.
3. Blood sugar level (glucose)- When glucose level drops (due to insulin) your hunger increases.
*** Blood chemistry influences taste preferences (Carbo-cravings)
***Carbohydrates boost level of serotonin which calms the body.
*** Fenfluramine increases serotonin which reduces carbo cravings.
4. The role of the Hypothalamus- Regulates hunger and body weight. 2 parts:
a. Lateral: brings on hunger.
b. Ventromedial: depresses hunger.
Orexin: hormone that causes hunger secreted by hypothalamus
Other Hormones which influence hunger
*See Figure 11.5 on Page 397
PYY: Digestive tract hormone that suppresses hunger
Leptin: Protein secreted by fat cells that increases metabolism and decreases hunger.
5. The role of the Thyroid- controls metabolic rate.
*BMR
6. The role of genetics-
***Set point Theory- the point at which the individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
Psychology of hunger
1. The Influence of Culture- our preferences for sweet and salt tastes are universal and genetic. Other tastes are conditioned. Culture affects taste too!!!
2. Externals- people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors.
Eating Disorders
1. Anorexia Nervosa – underweight 15% or more yet still feels fat, 9 of 10 are females.
2. Bulimia Nervosa - more common, binge and purge episodes, weight fluctuations.
Family background: competitive, higher rate of alcoholism, white women, self conscious, protective parents, genetics may influence susceptibility. Culture too. BARBIE DOLL- 5’7 32/16/29
3. Obesity- 1 out of 4 Americans, defined as 30% or more above recommended weight.
How should you lose weight?
Sexual Motivation : Alfred Kinsey research: Biased
Physiology of Sex
Sexual Response Cycle- Masters and Johnson (1966)
***Monitored 10,000 sexual cycles.
Stages 1. Excitement Phase
2. Plateau Phase
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution Phase *refractory period.
Hormones and Sexual Behavior Hypothalamus VIG!
Estrogen and the “female heat”
Testosterone level more constant in men!
Depo-Provera for male sex offenders.
Psychology of Sex
External stimuli- men more aroused than women!
**Arousal habituates (lessens) with repeated exposure and can have adverse effects.
Imagined stimuli- Dreams and fantasies.
Sexual Disorders: Men 1. Premature ejaculation
2. Impotence
Women 1. Orgasmic Disorder
2. Low sexual desire
Gender and Sexuality*Erotic plasticity
Sexual Orientation: Nature or Nurture?
Findings: Brain, genes and hormone research
Achievement Motivation
***Ring Toss game
Sources of achievement: PARENTS!!!
Birth Order
GRIT: passionate dedication to a long term goal
Industrial/Organizational & Personnel Psychology
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
How do you cultivate intrinsic motivation?
Ways to use extrinsic: 1. control reward
2. informative
Leadership: 3 Keys
1. Attend to peoples motives
2. Set specific challenging goals
3. Choose a leadership style
Leadership Styles: Task vs. Social
Theory X vs. Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)
Kurt Lewin: studied leadership styles and the effects of worker participation on productivity.
The goal is to achieve FLOW!!!!
Emotion
What are the 3 components of emotion?
Autonomic Nervous System- What does the body do?
Figure 12.3 on Page 431.
Physiological Similarities and Differences in Emotions
Polygraph wrong 1/3 of the time. Guilty knowledge test
*read P. 432
Theories of Emotion
1. James Lange
2. Cannon Bard
3. Schachter Two Factor
4. Opponent Process Theory *I’ll cover this one!
Cognition & Emotion Spillover Effect (applies to STF)
Richard Lazarus & Robert Zajonc: Subliminal research
* Some emotions do not require conscious thought.
Positive emotions: LH *Dopamine (nucleus accumbens)
Nonverbal Communication
Faces- (Kastenbaum):fear and anger from eyes,
happiness from mouth.
**We interpret faces in particular contexts.
Rosenthal &Hall: introverts and women are better at
reading emotions.
Ekman & O’Sullivan- classified smiles thru 80 facial
muscles. Faking it works!!! *Facial Feedback
Cultures and languages share emotional expressions but may differ in how and how much they express emotion.
*Display rules Americans vs. Asians
Carol Izard- Emotions are present at birth!!
Isolated 10 basic emotions and believed others were a combination of these.
1. Joy 2. Excitement 3. Surprise 4. Sadness 5. Anger
6. Disgust 7. Contempt 8. Fear 9. Shame 10. Guilt
Fear is ADAPTIVE! Amygdala (“Scary Amy”)
Learning and biology impact our fears.
Catharsis & Anger
Does it breed more anger? What should you do?
Happiness: Happy people see life differently and are more likely to help others. *Feel good, do good phenomenon
Subjective well-being:
*$ does not buy happiness P. 446
*Happy people rebound from bad days better, tragedy is not permanent & positive events are also temporary.
Happiness is relative to our past experience.
Two supporting theories
1. Relative deprivation principle
How can you get over this? Count your blessings!
2. Adaptation level phenomenon
Predictors of Happiness:50% heritable *See P.448
How to be Happier: Close-up P. 449
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- psychology chapter 12 motivation and emotion study questions
- motivation emotion test
- psy 412 412g psychology of motivation and emotion
- chapter 12 motivation and emotion
- introduction to psychology final exam
- motivation and emotion
- motivation emotion and personality formative assessment
- frq preparation motivation and emotion
Related searches
- employee motivation and performance pdf
- motivation and emotion theories psychology
- psychology motivation and emotion
- motivation and emotion psychology topics
- psychology motivation and emotion test
- motivation and emotion psychology activities
- motivation and emotion psychology quiz
- motivation and emotion psychology essay
- motivation and emotion psychology definition
- motivation and emotion psychology articles
- motivation and personality pdf
- employee motivation and work performance