Motivation and Emotion



Unit IX: Motivation and Emotion

Motivation- a need or desire that energizes us toward a behavior.

3 Main Motives 1. Hunger 2. Sex 3. Achievement

Perspectives on Motivation

1. Instinct Theory *What is an instinct?

2. Drive reduction theory *What is a drive?

Must maintain homeostasis!

3. Arousal theory *What is optimum arousal?

4. Incentive (Opponent Process) theory

5. Achievement

6. Obesity: Refer to hunger

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives: Pyramid!! P.393

The Need to Belong: Baumuster and Leary research

What evidence supports our need for others?

1. Others help aid survival.

2. We seek relationships with others.

3. We conform to gain social acceptance.

4. We want to maintain relationships most of the time.

5. Improves health!

*** Separated or divorced people were HALF as likely as married people to declare themselves “very happy.”

Physiology of Hunger

1. Role of the stomach- stomach contractions are a sign of hunger!!!

Ghrelin: Hunger arousing hormone in the stomach

*** Diet aids fill stomach w/ indigestible fibers.

***However, hunger can be felt without a stomach or when stomach is full.

2. Role of the Mouth- chewing and swallowing reduce feelings of hunger.

3. Blood sugar level (glucose)- When glucose level drops (due to insulin) your hunger increases.

*** Blood chemistry influences taste preferences (Carbo-cravings)

***Carbohydrates boost level of serotonin which calms the body.

*** Fenfluramine increases serotonin which reduces carbo cravings.

4. The role of the Hypothalamus- Regulates hunger and body weight. 2 parts:

a. Lateral: brings on hunger.

b. Ventromedial: depresses hunger.

Orexin: hormone that causes hunger secreted by hypothalamus

Other Hormones which influence hunger

*See Figure 11.5 on Page 397

PYY: Digestive tract hormone that suppresses hunger

Leptin: Protein secreted by fat cells that increases metabolism and decreases hunger.

5. The role of the Thyroid- controls metabolic rate.

*BMR

6. The role of genetics-

***Set point Theory- the point at which the individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.

Psychology of hunger

1. The Influence of Culture- our preferences for sweet and salt tastes are universal and genetic. Other tastes are conditioned. Culture affects taste too!!!

2. Externals- people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors.

Eating Disorders

1. Anorexia Nervosa – underweight 15% or more yet still feels fat, 9 of 10 are females.

2. Bulimia Nervosa - more common, binge and purge episodes, weight fluctuations.

Family background: competitive, higher rate of alcoholism, white women, self conscious, protective parents, genetics may influence susceptibility. Culture too. BARBIE DOLL- 5’7 32/16/29

3. Obesity- 1 out of 4 Americans, defined as 30% or more above recommended weight.

How should you lose weight?

Sexual Motivation : Alfred Kinsey research: Biased

Physiology of Sex

Sexual Response Cycle- Masters and Johnson (1966)

***Monitored 10,000 sexual cycles.

Stages 1. Excitement Phase

2. Plateau Phase

3. Orgasm

4. Resolution Phase *refractory period.

Hormones and Sexual Behavior Hypothalamus VIG!

Estrogen and the “female heat”

Testosterone level more constant in men!

Depo-Provera for male sex offenders.

Psychology of Sex

External stimuli- men more aroused than women!

**Arousal habituates (lessens) with repeated exposure and can have adverse effects.

Imagined stimuli- Dreams and fantasies.

Sexual Disorders: Men 1. Premature ejaculation

2. Impotence

Women 1. Orgasmic Disorder

2. Low sexual desire

Gender and Sexuality*Erotic plasticity

Sexual Orientation: Nature or Nurture?

Findings: Brain, genes and hormone research

Achievement Motivation

***Ring Toss game

Sources of achievement: PARENTS!!!

Birth Order

GRIT: passionate dedication to a long term goal

Industrial/Organizational & Personnel Psychology

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

How do you cultivate intrinsic motivation?

Ways to use extrinsic: 1. control reward

2. informative

Leadership: 3 Keys

1. Attend to peoples motives

2. Set specific challenging goals

3. Choose a leadership style

Leadership Styles: Task vs. Social

Theory X vs. Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)

Kurt Lewin: studied leadership styles and the effects of worker participation on productivity.

The goal is to achieve FLOW!!!!

Emotion

What are the 3 components of emotion?

Autonomic Nervous System- What does the body do?

Figure 12.3 on Page 431.

Physiological Similarities and Differences in Emotions

Polygraph wrong 1/3 of the time. Guilty knowledge test

*read P. 432

Theories of Emotion

1. James Lange

2. Cannon Bard

3. Schachter Two Factor

4. Opponent Process Theory *I’ll cover this one!

Cognition & Emotion Spillover Effect (applies to STF)

Richard Lazarus & Robert Zajonc: Subliminal research

* Some emotions do not require conscious thought.

Positive emotions: LH *Dopamine (nucleus accumbens)

Nonverbal Communication

Faces- (Kastenbaum):fear and anger from eyes,

happiness from mouth.

**We interpret faces in particular contexts.

Rosenthal &Hall: introverts and women are better at

reading emotions.

Ekman & O’Sullivan- classified smiles thru 80 facial

muscles. Faking it works!!! *Facial Feedback

Cultures and languages share emotional expressions but may differ in how and how much they express emotion.

*Display rules Americans vs. Asians

Carol Izard- Emotions are present at birth!!

Isolated 10 basic emotions and believed others were a combination of these.

1. Joy 2. Excitement 3. Surprise 4. Sadness 5. Anger

6. Disgust 7. Contempt 8. Fear 9. Shame 10. Guilt

Fear is ADAPTIVE! Amygdala (“Scary Amy”)

Learning and biology impact our fears.

Catharsis & Anger

Does it breed more anger? What should you do?

Happiness: Happy people see life differently and are more likely to help others. *Feel good, do good phenomenon

Subjective well-being:

*$ does not buy happiness P. 446

*Happy people rebound from bad days better, tragedy is not permanent & positive events are also temporary.

Happiness is relative to our past experience.

Two supporting theories

1. Relative deprivation principle

How can you get over this? Count your blessings!

2. Adaptation level phenomenon

Predictors of Happiness:50% heritable *See P.448

How to be Happier: Close-up P. 449

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