Loudoun County Public Schools / Overview



Module 4 Topic 11. Driving Risk is the potential that a chosen action (e.g., speeding, texting, etc.,) may lead to an undesirable outcome. An average of 7 teenagers are killed in crashes EVERY DAY.Minimize Risk:59690018415003. To properly assess a specific risk, you need to have some idea of the potential outcomes.For example, if you are a distracted driver, your potential for being involved in a crash increases 4 to 9 times. 4. Factors that increase risk:19050097790005. Actions have consequences:Taking unnecessary risks may result in property damage, injury or death, and other lossesInjury to you or others - permanent or life-threatening,Damage to personal property, and Loss such as financial loss, loss of license, loss of convenience, loss of time, and other losses. 6. Driver actions that cause crashes in Virginia:Speeding - #1Failure to yield the right of way - #2Driving while intoxicated - #3Disregarding a traffic sign or signal -#4Following too closely - #5Improper turnsUnsafe passing7. Other factors that increase risk:Worn or bald tires, poorly adjusted and/or worn brakes, broken headlights, worn windshield wiper blades, dirty windshieldRoad DesignWeather conditionsRoad surface – wet, snow, ice, gravel8. How can you reduce your risk?73660012509500Module 4: Topic 2Components of the Space Management System1. Drivers use SEEiT to reduce risks:Drivers need visibility, space, and time to avoid conflicts and perform safe driving maneuversGood seeing habits and the ability to manage space on the roadway are essential ingredients for low-risk drivingDeveloping space management HABITS can reduce driving risks558800-381000What are some things you would be searching for?2. Space around your vehicle:Drivers must manage all six zones around the vehicle, and adjust position to maintain a safe margin of space that provides room to steer in an emergency3. A Zone can be Open, Closed or ChangingOPEN — An open zone is a space where you can drive without restrictionCLOSED — The space or area is not available in the vehicle’s path of travel CHANGING — An open zone changes to a closed zone or a closed zone becomes an open zoneThink about a traffic light:A RED light would be a CLOSED zone.A YELLOW light would be a CHANGING zone.A GREEN light would be an OPEN zone.5. Following Intervals:Drivers have the most control over the space directly in front of the vehicle2-Second - Following Distance is effective at speeds under 35 mph3-Second - Following Distance may provide enough time for evasive steering maneuver on dry surfaces or to brake at speeds up to 45 mph4-Second - Following Distance provides time to steer out of a problem on dry surfaces and brake out of a problem at speeds up to 70 mphTraffic is moving at 30 MPH5-6 SECONDSto cross a two lane roadway (vehicles need to be at least a block away)7-8 SECONDSto cross a four lane intersection7-8 SECONDSto turn left (vehicles need to be more than a block away or length of a football field.6-7 SECONDSto turn right (vehicles need to be at least a block away)4-6 SECONDSto change lanes into traffic from parked position6. When should you increase your following distance?Visibility is limitedTraction is limitedNumber of visual and mental tasks increasesBeing tailgatedLine of sight restrictionPath of travel restrictionCarrying a heavy load or pulling a trailerLearning to drive7. When stopping behind a vehicle you should see the REAR tires on the pavement of the car in front of you.8. Manage your space to the rear:RegularlyBefore and while brakingWhile stopped in trafficBefore and after making turnsBefore and after a lane change Can you control the space behind you?9. Manage the space to the side:Strive to keep one of the side zones openRespond to an oncoming vehicle by slightly adjusting lane position to increase space between your vehicle and the oncoming vehicleAdjust lane position to increase space between your vehicle and parked cars, bicyclists, pedestrians, etc. 10. Judging Gaps:In order to judge a gap you need to be able to judge speed, time and distance while moving.497840033655Response TimeTotal time it takes to complete the action00Response TimeTotal time it takes to complete the action2819400-4445Reaction TimeTime it takes to respond with accelerator, brake, or steeringAverage reaction time is ? second00Reaction TimeTime it takes to respond with accelerator, brake, or steeringAverage reaction time is ? second4953008255Perception TimeTime it takes to identify a riskAverage perception time varies with the circumstances00Perception TimeTime it takes to identify a riskAverage perception time varies with the circumstances11. 12. What are some factors that affect reaction time?13. Calculating Speed and distance:Formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of speedA vehicle will travel 1.467 (rounded up to 1.5) feet per second for each mph of speed40 mph x 1.5 = 60 feet per second 60 mph x 1.5 = 90 feet per second 80 mph x 1.5 = 120 feet per second14. Simplified formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of speed:Take the speed, divide by two, and add the answer to the speed. Examples:40 mph ÷ 2 = 20 + 40 = 60 feet per second 60 mph ÷ 2 = 30 + 60 = 90 feet per second 80 mph ÷ 2 = 40 + 80 = 120 feet per second Why is it important to understand the formulas above?Module 4: Topic 3Using the SEEiT Space Management System1. Search:Know when, where and what to look forSearch far ahead, to the sides, to the rearSearch for clues: intersections, brake lights, warning signs, traffic lights, other vehicles, pedestrians, animals, parked cars, etc.,Search for changes in front wheels of other vehicles, movement from the side, etc.Search intersections, crosswalks, shopping centers, parking lots, construction areas and playgroundsWhen driving in rural areas search for hidden intersections and driveways, curves, hills and varying road conditionsSearch for trucks and other oversized vehicles, as well as slow moving farm vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, etc.2. Evaluate:Gives meaning to your searchIdentifies where the possible points of conflict may occurDetermines how the conflict may affect you if it does happen3. What will you evaluate? Some Examples:Is the traffic light a stale green light?Will the zone I’m entering be open or closed?What lane position is the safest?What is the other driver going to do?Is the driver texting?Is there more than one way to manage this risk? Where will the point of conflict occur? Where is the escape route?Will someone run the light?Will a pedestrian enter the roadway?Is there sufficient traction available?Is the driver in the vehicle behind me paying attention?Will a door of one of these parked cars open? Will a squirrel or deer run onto the road?When you execute, you have made a decision on how to handle the conflict and you carry out your plan IN TIME!5. Without proper searching, evaluating (decision making skills), you may execute the wrong decisionModule 4: Topic 4Moving the Vehicle1. Once you have completed your pre drive check you are ready to start the car and move into traffic:Start the engine with right foot on brakeCheck instrument panelAdjust accessories (HVAC/sound system, etc.)Select proper gearRelease parking brakeSignalCheck traffic2. Moving straight forward:With right foot on brake and hands at 8 o’clock and 4 o’clockSelect Drive gearSelect a target Recheck trafficTake foot off brake (do not accelerate)Straighten wheels if necessaryMove straight towards targetAccelerate slowlyBrake as you approach the target3. Backing:Many new drivers’ first “fender bender” is a backing collision!Make proper adjustmentsStart the vehicle with foot on the brakeShift to reverseAssume the straight backing positionLeft hand at 12 o’clockLooking over right shoulderCheck traffic to front, sides and rearSelect a targetGradually release brake pressureMove slowlyAccelerate graduallyCover the brake when needed 4. Backing and Turning:SignalReadjust seat position according to direction that you turn wheel - Right Side/Left SideEstablish visual targetUse reference points to determine when to start turning steering wheelTurn the wheel in the direction you want the back of the vehicle to goMonitor “swing” in front of the vehicleEntering the Roadway: Review pre-drive tasksStart the vehicleShift to driveRelease parking brakeCheck traffic and signalMove to first available lane Targeting center of lane – lane position 1Cancel SignalMoving to the curb/side of the road:Check traffic Signal intentions Visually target destinationUse reference points to position vehicle 6 – 12 inches from curbSecure the vehicleModule 4: Topic 5Turnabouts and ParkingWhy do you use a turnabout?If you miss an address or building and you do not have the option of driving around the blockTypes of Turnabouts:Two-point turn:Pull into driveway on right sidePull into driveway on left side?Three-point turn?U-turnMidblockAt an intersectionMinimize risk for a turnabout:Being sure local laws permit a turnabout — look for any signs prohibiting the turnMaking sure you have at least 500 feet of visibility in each directionBeing sure you have enough space and time to complete the turn safelyNever making a turnabout near or on hills and curvesChecking continually for other traffic and pedestrians — check all zones around your vehicle4. Two-Point Turnabout: Backing into driveway on the right side:Check traffic flow Signal, and position yourself 2-3 feet from curbDrive beyond the driveway and stop Shift to reverse, monitor intended path Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you enter driveway Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway and stop with the wheels straightSignal left and exit driveway when the way is clear ?357759023495005. Two-Point Turnabout: Pulling into driveway on the left side:Check traffic flowSignal and position your vehicle to 3-6 inches from center yellow lineWhen traffic is clear, drive into the driveway and stopShift to reverse, monitor intended pathBack slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you exit drivewayStraighten wheels, centering car in roadwayShift into drive - Check traffic and accelerate to normal speed2362200152400006. Three Point Turnabouts:Three-point turns are also called Y-turns, and are an option if no driveway is available, traffic is light, you cannot drive around the block, or the available space prevents a U-turnThis is the most dangerous turnabout!These steps match the diagram below:#1. Stop close to the right edge or curbSearch for a 20- to 30-second gap, signal a left turn #2 Move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel rapidly to the left When the front wheels are almost to the curb, stop — Check traffic left and right##3. Shift the vehicle into reverse and, while slowly backing up, turn the wheel to the right #4. Shift into drive Check traffic Signal your intent and accelerate to normal speed6858009398000Mid-Block U-Turn:Make sure local and state law permits this type of turnabout A midblock U-turns require a wide spaceThis is a high-risk turnabout90170010096500U-Turn at an Intersection:When making a U-turn at an intersection, begin the U-turn in the left lane closest the center line or median 373380030289500Complete the turn in the lane farthest to the right in the opposite flow of traffic, and accelerate to the appropriate speedWhy is the U-turn a high risk turnabout?Parking Strategies: Look for a parking space with enough room for entering and exiting easilyObserve and follow all signs, laws, pavement markingsLook for vehicles exiting parking spacesAvoid spaces at the end of parking lanes where being hit is more likelyAvoid spaces near a large vehicle that block your vision when existing and other people’s ability to see youAvoid spaces with a poorly parked vehicle on either sideParking is NOT allowed: *these appear on the knowledge part of the permit test very oftenBeside another parked vehicle (double parking)On crosswalks or sidewalksIn front of drivewaysNext to painted yellow curbs or no parking signsIn a parking space reserved for disabled personsOn the hard surface of a road when no curb is presentWithin 20 feet of an intersectionWithin 15 feet of the entrance to a fire, ambulance or Rescue squad stationWithin 500 feet of where fire trucks or equipment are stopped answering an alarmWithin 50 feet of a railroad crossingWithin 15 feet of a fire hydrantAngle Parking:Signal intention, position vehicle three to four feet away from the spaceMove forward until side view mirror appears to align with the first pavement lineVisually target the middle of the space and move slowly turning the wheel sharplyOnce front enters space, gradually begin unwinding the steering wheel while monitoring the vehicles parked on either side77470012128500Exiting an Angle Space:Place foot on brake, signal intention, shift to reverse, search path of travelBack until your vehicle’s front seat is even with the back of the space, and begin turning the steering wheel in the direction you want the rear to goConstantly monitor the front bumper on the opposite side of the direction you are turningBack into the closest lane; shift to drive and move forward5207001714500 Perpendicular Parking: Entering a Parking Space:Signal intention and position the vehicle five to six feet away from the space?Move forward until the side view mirror appears to align with the first line of the space?Turn the wheel rapidly in the direction of the space controlling speed?Steer towards a target in center of the space and straighten the wheels?Position the front bumper three to six inches from the curb or end of the space431800577850014. Perpendicular Parking: Exiting:Place foot on brake, signal direction of turn, shift to reverse, search area to the rear/sidesBack until your side view mirror is even with the bumper of the vehicle located to the side, begin turning the steering wheel in the direction you want to goMonitor the rear and your front bumper on the opposite side of the direction you are turningWhen the front bumper clears the back of the vehicle, stop, and shift to drive431800-12700015. Parallel Parking on a Two-Way StreetSTEP 1Select a space that is at least five feet longer than your vehicleFlash your brake lights, put on your turn signal as you approach the space, and monitor rear traffic Place your vehicle approximately three feet from the vehicle you want to park behind, aligning your rear bumper with the other vehicle's rear bumperPut the vehicle into reverse and turn the wheels all the way to the right55880013843000STEP 2Slowly back up until you are at a 45-degree angle using your side view mirror434340029337000Back until you can see the headlight closest to the curb of the vehicle behind to establish the 45-degree angle StopSTEP 3Turn the wheels all the way to the leftSlowly back up monitoring the right front fender until you are parallel with and within 12 inches of the curb.482600412750016. Parallel Parking – Exiting the Space:Back-up as far as you can go without touching the vehicle behind and signalTurn your wheels all the way to the left and shift to DriveCheck traffic and make sure your right front fender will clear the rear of the vehicle in front of youTurn wheels slowly to the right when your side view mirror aligns with the bumper of the vehicle aheadSelect target in your path of travel and gently accelerate2286001320800017. Parking on a Hill – Facing DownhillParking with or without a curbPosition your vehicle 6” from the curb Let the car move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel sharply to the right until the right front tire rests against the curbShift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission or into REVERSE gear for a manual transmission5080019685DownhillParking00DownhillParking18. Parking on a Hill – Uphill with No Curb:Drive as far off the roadway onto the shoulder as possible and stopTurn wheels away from trafficShift into “P” (Park) automatic transmission, or into FIRST gear for a manual transmissionEngage the parking brake378460035560001676400153035 Parking Uphillwith NO Curb Parking Uphillwith NO Curb19. Parking on a Hill – Uphill With a Curb:Position your vehicle 6” from the curb and stopTurn your steering wheel away from curb and let the vehicle move slowly back until the back of the front tire touches the curb521970033782000Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission or FIRST with a manual transmission ?306070017780Uphill ParkingWith a Curb00Uphill ParkingWith a CurbEngage the parking brake?20. Parking Lot Strategies:Obey speed limitsObey the signs and pavement markingsDo not drive diagonally across parking lot lane markingsBe alert for pedestrians, bicyclists, roller-bladders and skateboardersAvoid tight parking spacesAvoid competing for a parking spacePark so the front and rear of vehicle is not in the flow of trafficPosition the vehicle properly in the spaceSecure parking brakeSecure the vehicle, locking valuables in the trunk Search all directions before exiting the parking spaceWatch for drivers backing who may not see vehicles to the rear 21. Parking Garage Strategies:Watch for backup lightsObserve and follow all signsStay to the rightUse headlightsBe aware of people in and around the garageWhen entering the parking garage, be aware of your surroundings, approach the vehicle with key in hand, look around and in the vehicle for unwanted passengersDrive slowly and watch for pedestrians 22. Handicapped Parking:Vehicles displaying this symbol on their license plate or in the car on a special card may park in handicapped spacesNon-handicapped drivers are prohibited from parking in handicapped parking areas and may be fined ($100 +) for violationsA disabled person will be fined $500.00 if he/she lets someone use his/her parking placard and can have parking privileges revoked. ................
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