Introduction to the Human Body

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Introduction to the Human Body: How are our bodies

organized?

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Label your foldable... ORGANISM (body) ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANS TISSUES CELLS

What are all living things made of?

All living things are made of CELLS! (You have billions of cells inside you.)

Cells have specialized jobs, and are organized in your body.

For example, these red blood cells carry oxygen around your body in your blood.

How are cells organized?

Complex living things are organized into 5 levels. Cells carry on the processes that keep us alive. Examples:

Red Blood Cells

Muscle Cells

Skin Cells

ORGANISM (BODY) ORGAN SYSTEM

ORGANS TISSUES

CELLS

Cells are organized into TISSUES!

A TISSUE is a group of similar cells that all do the same thing (they have the same function).

Examples: Muscle Tissue (Muscles) Nervous Tissue (Nerves) Connective Tissue (Bones)

TISSUES CELLS

Tissues are organized into ORGANS!

An ORGAN is a structure made of different tissues.

The organ does a specific, complex job.

ORGANS

Examples: Heart Brain

Stomach Lungs

TISSUES

CELLS

Organs are organized into ORGAN SYSTEMS!

An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that work together to perform a major job.

ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANS

Examples: Circulatory System Digestive System Skeletal System

TISSUES CELLS

Organ Systems are organized into

ORGANISMS!

ORGANISM (BODY)

An ORGANISM is a living thing, with organ systems that work together to keep a body alive.

ORGAN SYSTEM

Examples: Human Beings

ORGANS

TISSUES

CELLS

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What is HOMEOSTASIS?

HOMEOSTASIS is how your body maintains an INTERNAL BALANCE.

It keeps your body STABLE in spite of changes OUTSIDE YOUR BODY.

Example: Your body keeps CONSTANT TEMPERATURE no matter what the outside temperature.

How does your body maintain HOMEOSTASIS?

When you are TOO HOT, your body SWEATS to keep you cool.

When you are TOO COLD, your body SHIVERS to keep you warm.

The Digestive System

The Digestive System

The digestive system has three main functions:

1. It breaks down food into particles that the body can use.

2. It absorbs nutrients into the blood.

3. It eliminates waste from the body.

Mouth Esophagus

The Digestive System

Digestion can happen in two ways:Mouth

1. Mechanical digestion: foods are physically broken down Esophagus into smaller parts (like by teeth).

2. Chemical digestion: Chemicals break foods into their smaller "building blocks" (for example, starch gets broken down into sugar).

The Digestive System

? In the mouth, your teeth break down food into smaller pieces (mechanical digestion). Saliva has enzymes that start chemical digestion.

? The smooth muscles in the esophagus push food down to the stomach (peristalsis).

Mouth Esophagus

The Digestive System

? Most digestion happens in the stomach:

? Mechanical digestion occurs when the stomach muscles churn the food.

? Chemical digestion happens when stomach acid breaks down food.

Mouth Esophagus

Stomach

The Digestive System

? The liver, gallbladder and pancreas produces & stores chemicals that help digest food in the small intestine.

Mouth Esophagus

Liver Gallbladder

Stomach Pancreas

The Digestive System

? The small intestine absorbs nutrients for the body. The nutrients pass through the villi into blood vessels.

? In the large intestine, water is reabsorbed by the body.

? The rectum compresses the waste into a solid form.

Mouth

Esophagus

Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Large intestine

Stomach Pancreas

Rectum

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Circulation - The Body's Transport System

Circulation:

The Body's Transport

System

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

How do the nutrients you absorb in digestion get from the small intestine to different parts of your body?

How does the oxygen you breathe get to your working muscles during exercise?

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

The Circulatory

System!

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

What is the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

? A "HIGHWAY" NETWORK that LINKS all parts of your body.

? Consists of the HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, and BLOOD.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

What is the FUNCTION of the circulatory system?

1) To DELIVER NEEDED SUBSTANCES TO CELLS. (ex. oxygen and glucose)

2) To REMOVE WASTE PRODUCTS, carrying them AWAY from cells.

3) To FIGHT DISEASE by carrying white blood cells to source of disease.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

How does the circulatory system work?

? The HEART is the PUMP that makes it work.

? Each time the HEART BEATS, it PUSHES BLOOD through the BLOOD VESSELS of the circulatory system.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

What does the HEART look like?

? The heart is a HOLLOW, MUSCULAR organ that pumps your blood.

? The RIGHT and LEFT SIDES of the heart are completely SEPARATED by a wall of tissue called the SEPTUM.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

What does the HEART look like?

? Each side of the heart has 2 CHAMBERS (4 all together).

? The upper chamber is called an ATRIUM.

? The lower chamber is called a VENTRICLE.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

What does the HEART look like?

? VALVES SEPARATE the chambers and prevent blood from FLOWING in the WRONG DIRECTION.

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Circulation - The Body's Transport System

How does the HEART pump?

? When the strong MUSCLES around the VENTRICLES contract, they exert a FORCE on the blood.

? This force PUSHES the blood OUT of the heart INTO THE ARTERIES.

Circulation

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Circulation - The Body's Transport System

Where does the blood go after it leaves the HEART? ? After leaving the heart, the

blood travels in TWO LOOPS. ? The LOOPS are the CIRCLE part of the CIRCULATORY system.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

Where does the blood go after it leaves the HEART?

? In the FIRST LOOP, blood travels from the HEART TO THE LUNGS AND BACK.

? At the LUNGS, the blood gets RID OF CARBON DIOXIDE and PICKS UP OXYGEN.

Circulation - The Body's Transport System

Where does the blood go after it leaves the HEART?

? In the SECOND LOOP, blood travels from the HEART OUT TO THE BODY AND BACK.

? After the first loop, the blood is OXYGEN-RICH and DELIVERS OXYGEN out to the body where it is USED BY MUSCLES.

Circulation

Why is it important that

the septum separates the left and right sides of the

heart?

Circulation - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

What are BLOOD VESSELS? ? BLOOD VESSELS are

the HOLLOW TUBES that carry your blood around your body.

? There are 3 TYPES: 1) ARTERIES 2) CAPILLARIES 3) VEINS

Circulation - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

What are ARTERIES?

? ARTERIES carry blood AWAY FROM THE HEART.

? They have THICK, MUSCULAR walls that are STRONG and FLEXIBLE and can stand the enormous PRESSURE created by the heart.

Circulation - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

What are CAPILLARIES?

? CAPILLARIES are TINY vessels that run all through your BODY'S TISSUE.

? The WALLS are very THIN to allow OXYGEN and WASTES to be exchanged between BLOOD and CELLS.

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Circulation - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

What are VEINS?

? VEINS carry blood BACK TO THE HEART.

? They have THINNER WALLS than arteries do, because there is much LESS PRESSURE from the heart.

Circulation - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

Circulation - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

Amazing Heart Facts

Your heart is about the same size as your fist. An average adult body contains about 5 quarts of

blood. All the blood vessels in the body joined end to end

would stretch 62,000 miles or two and a half times around the earth. The heart circulates the body's supply about 1,000 times each day. The heart pumps the equivalent of 5,000 to 6,000 quarts of blood each day.

? From Body"Flow chart" of Blood Flow

? Right Atrium

? Right Ventricle

? To Lungs

? From Lungs

? Left Atrium

? Left Ventricle

? To Body



Circulation - Blood

Circulation - Blood

blood

? Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

? Remember, a tissue is a group of cells that all have the same job.

? What does our blood do for us?

Transports materials around

your body

Fights infection

Maintains body temperature (homeostasis!)

What is blood made of?

PLASMA

BLOOD CELLS

? Blood is not just red liquid.

? It has several components:

? PLASMA (about ?)

? BLOOD CELLS (about ?) ? Red Blood Cells ? White Blood Cells ? Platelets

What is blood made of?

RED BLOOD CELL

WHITE BLOOD CELL

PLATELETS

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What is blood made of?

RED BLOOD CELL

WHITE BLOOD CELL

PLATELETS

? Red Blood Cells (RBCs) carry oxygenREtDoBLaOlOlDparts of the boCEdLLy.

? SickWlHeITcEell anemia is BaLOgOeD nCEeLtLic disorder that afPLfAeTEcLtETsS red blood cells.

What is blood made of?

RED BLOOD CELL

WHITE BLOOD CELL

PLATELETS

? Platelets form blood clots (to stop bleedingR)E.DCBELLLOOD

? Certain proteins help pWlHaItTeE lets clump togeBLtOhOeDrCEaLLt the site of an injury.

? If the proteins are missinPgLA,TbELlEoTSod can't clot and the person has hemophilia.

What is blood made of?

RED BLOOD CELL

WHITE BLOOD CELL

PLATELETS

? White blood cells fight infReEDcBtLiOoOnD and are part oCfELtLhe immune system.

? ThereWHaIrTEe two types of wBhLOiOtDeCEbLlLood cells: ? Phagocytes ? LPyLmATpELhEToScytes

The Immune system

? Phagocytes fight infection by "eating" cells they recognize as foreign.

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? They mostly only recognize bacteria cells, so the immune system needs more cells to fully protect our bodies.

The Immune system

? Lymphocytes are the second type of white blood cells. There are two types:

B Cells

T Cells

? Act like spies for the immune system.

? Act like soldiers for the immune system

The Immune system

? Here's how it works:

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The Immune System

? The leftover antibodies will stay in your

body forever, which is why youREoDnBlLyOOgDet most infections once ? your antibCoELdLies will

immediately respond if they see the same

thing again.

WHITE

? HIV is a virus that infectsBLtOhODeCTELLcells and

tricks your body into destroying the very

cells that would normally PwLAipTEeLEoTSut a virus.

Then, your body can't fight other common

infections.

Fun Facts about Blood

? About 7% of your body weight is BLOOD. ? An average adult body contains about 4-6

LITERS of blood (that's 2-3 large soda bottles). ? Average life span of 1 blood cell is 120 days. ? Donating 1 pint of blood can save 4 lives! ? Blood is such a good stain that Native Americans used it for paint!

Circulatory System

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What does it do for us?

Our circulatory system... ? Delivers necessary

materials (like oxygen and sugar) to the entire body in the blood, ? Removes waste products from cells, and ? Helps fight disease by transporting immune cells in the blood.

How does it move stuff?

? The circulatory system is like a system of roads that links your entire body

? The "roads" are blood vessels ? some are like superhighways, and others are like small onelane paths.

? Your blood travels on these roads like a "mail man" ? it both delivers and picks up important materials.

How does it move stuff?

? Your blood travels in two main loops:

1. From the heart to the lungs and back, and

2. From the heart to the body and back.

How does it move stuff?

Basically, your blood follows this cycle:

Blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen.

Blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped

out again.

Blood enters the left side of the heart and is pumped

out again.

Blood delivers oxygen to body and picks up waste (like carbon dioxide).

Oxygenpoor blood from the

body enters the right side

of the heart and is pumped out to the

lungs.

Oxygenrich blood from the

lungs enters the left side

of the heart and is pumped out to the

body.

How does it move stuff?

? Your heart is the pump that sends the blood through the system.

? The heart is a hollow, muscular organ.

?Inside the heart, there are four main chambers: two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left).

What's inside your heart?

SEPTUM

?The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a wall of tissue called the septum.

What's inside your heart?

VALVE

VALVE

?The atria and ventricles are separated by valves, which prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction.

? From Body ? Right Atrium

So, the detailed path of blood in your body would look like this:

? Right Ventricle

Lung

? To Lungs

Body

? From Lung

? Left Atrium

? Left Ventricle ? To Body

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What's inside your heart?

?The ventricles are in charge of pumping the blood out to the entire body. They need to be thick and strong to have enough force!

What carries the blood?

? BLOOD VESSELS are the hollow tubes that carry your blood around your body.

? There are 3 TYPES: ? ARTERIES ? CAPILLARIES ? VEINS

What carries the blood?

? Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

? They are very thick, and have strong, muscular walls to withstand the pressure created by the heart.

What carries the blood?

? Capillaries are tiny vessels that run through your body tissue.

? They are very thin to allow oxygen and waste to pass between the vessels and your cells.

What carries the blood?

? Veins carry blood back to the heart.

? They have thinner walls than the arteries because there is not as much pressure from the heart.

What is your blood?

? Blood is not one single substance ? it is a mix of liquid and cells.

? The liquid part of blood is called plasma. It is mostly water.

? The rest of the blood is made of three types of cells.

What is your blood?

Red Blood Cells carry

oxygen.

White blood cells fight disease.

Platelets form blood clots to stop you from bleeding

too much.

The Respiratory System

Respiratory System:

Breathe in and out...

The Respiratory System - Breathe in and out...

What is the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? The system of the body that deals with BREATHING. It consists of the NOSE, PHARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TUBES, and LUNGS.

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