Optimal Growth Conditions for Oyster Mushroom, especially ...
Optimal Growth Conditions for Oyster Mushroom, especially during Fruiting
Writer: Duk-hwan Kim / Date :2001-04-01 / hits: 148
|Recent days have seen diversification of oyster mushroom varieties with strong mycelial growth. Yet, some mushroom farmers might lose their|
|crop, facing some unwelcome cases: with temperature getting higher since mid-April, colonization of mycelia often occurs while mushroom |
|fully grows up, or fruitbody development turns out to be poorer or fruiting itself doesn't occur at all, as outside air gets too dry. |
|Growers need to take care to provide optimal growth conditions for mushroom, especially during fruiting. |
|Mushroom Growth Parameters |
|* Lighting |
|Light has a close relationship with mushroom's color and plays an important role in fruitbody development. |
|Poor or no light will lead to a crop failure or at least a reduced mushroom production. Oyster mushroom requires indirect lighting. |
|If lighting is insufficient, color of mushroom would be white and stalk enlongated. Therefore make sure of maintaining 120 lux light during|
|a day. |
|* Temperature |
|Oyster mushroom continues a vegetative growth stage at 20-25'C, but shifts itself to a reproductive growth stage below 15'C. |
|It is desirable for mushroom growers to lower temperature to a lowest limit of optimal temperature, since temperature for mushroom |
|development varies among mushroom varieties. In order to prevent the substrate block from losing moisture and being contaminated with |
|various germs, growers should let the light in and lower the room temperature with plastic covering on the block. |
|* Ventilation |
|Right after removing plastic cover, open ventilation windows for 30-40 minutes for air-exchanges. After that, leave just a few ventilation |
|windows open 4-5 cm wide. |
|Oyster mushroom shows a stunted growth by carbon dioxide if ventilation was poorly done during pinning and fruitbody development. The |
|mushroom also attracts various contaminants including green mold to a spot where mycelial colonization is not enough. |
|Excessive ventilation can cause heavy water loss and hardening of the substrate, with fruitbodies turning brown. |
|It is advisable to ventilate consecutively on a regular basis. |
|Growers are well recommended to use poly-ethylene duct when blowing fresh air into the growing room. |
|* Humidity and Moisture Content |
|After ventilation, raise the room humidity by spraying underground water onto corridors and into the air. |
|In order to prevent abrasion of the substrate surface and suffocation of young mushrooms, indoor humidity should be maintained above 90%. |
|The mushroom doesn't require frequent watering at an early stage of fruit-body development. |
| |
|Mushroom development and harvesting control |
|Lower indoor humidity when pinheads appear on the substrate and initiate reproductive growth. Increase watering frequency depending on the |
|fruiting rate. |
|After sprinkling, ventilate the growing room sufficiently until all water droplets on the surface of mushroom are gone. |
|If a mushroom absorbs too much free water, its texture gets too soggy. |
|Free water on the substrate makes mushrooms susceptible to bacterial blotch. |
|In winter or for young mushrooms, reducing watering time and ventilation frequency goes a long way toward heading off disease outbreaks. |
|The main causes for young mushroom's wilting and shriveling during harvesting period include excessive watering, high temperature and poor |
|ventilation. Growers can find out whether watering is sufficient or not by holding young mushrooms slightly. When you give young mushrooms |
|too much water, they will ooze water, when pinched. |
|At high temperatures, mushrooms which seem to wilt from the upper end of the substrate block don't ooze water. |
|If ventilation is poor provided, the stipe gets enlongated and cap remains small. Often young mushrooms begin to wilt from the middle or |
|upper part of the block. |
|In 3~4 days of fruiting, indoor humidity should be lowered to 85~95%. During harvesting period 80~85% of indoor humidity could guarantee |
|satisfactory mushroom quality. |
|90% of indoor humidity as in an early stage could cause malformed mushrooms or abnormal mycelial growth on the mushroom cap. |
|Excessive moisture could cause the lack of oxygen in the substrate, which, in turn, keeps mycelia from a vigorous growth and condemns |
|mushroom to a delayed and stunted growth along with distant gills and a thin cap. |
|When both substrate and room humidity are low, mushroom growth will be stunted due to lack of water. Even in a stage of young mushroom, cap|
|upturns earlier and releases more spores. |
|Ventilate the growing room every 3 hours for a complete air exchange between indoor and outdoor air. |
|At low temperatures, growers are highly likely to ventilate less frequently to maintain indoor temperature. Thus, they are recommended to |
|water during mid-day and ventilate enough but to avoid ventilation during mid night for indoor temperature to be kept in line. |
|When the room temperature goes up higher than the optimal temperature during fruitbody development, mushrooms should get enlongated stipes.|
| |
|Humidity and ventilation management in the growing room is one of the most important factors determining the length of stipe and resistance|
|to contaminants. |
|After harvesting, immediately get rid of mushroom remains scattered on the substrate blocks. |
|The second flush (a synchronized fruiting of mushrooms) is induced as with primordia induction by watering inside the growing room and on |
|the shelf racks block and maintaining temperature and providing lighting, after applying pesticides to mushroom blocks. |
| |
|Abnormal Symptoms and Remedies during Fruiting |
|* Mycelia dying from heavy water loss |
|Although waste cotton block holds enough water inside, its surface is likely to dry out. Yet, cultivation on rice straw shows less damages |
|from moisture loss, since rice straw in the bottom part of the block holds water through straw's capillary action. |
|If the surface of the block gets dry, the mushroom block attracts green molds easilier , with spawn run and colonization delayed. |
|-->Remedies includes preventing excessive drying after inoculation, and maintaining air humidity high up to 90~95% after cold shock. |
|-->In the case of cultivation on waste cotton, use humidifiers. |
|-->Make sure to maintain the optimum humidity level by sprinkling water on the floor. |
|* Fruiting failure due to a mycelium lump developing on the substrate surface |
|Mycelia seem to grow normal even on the surface of waste cotton substrate. During fruitbody development, however, fully grown-up mycelium |
|is prone to lumping and looks like a fried egg. From the center of the spot, where lumps of mycelia appear on the surface, mycelia start to|
|turn brown, with fruiting delayed and mushroom quality degraded. Sometimes mushroom decay to ooze brownish fluid. |
|Although causes for those symptoms vary among mushroom varieties, they occur when gas is over concentrated, waste cotton is over-moistened |
|or mycelia grow too fast due to high temperatures in the block. |
|When the surface of the block dries too fast and mycelia make a thick lump on the substrate surface or gets dry. |
|--> Remedy : frequent ventilation along with heating will do the trick. |
|--> Those symptoms can occur if indoor temperature is maintained low even when temperature inside the block is high. Make sure adequate |
|temperatures of the growing room and the substrate should be maintained. Growers might want to scratch off the mycelium lump or to remove |
|some of them from the block. |
|* Much smaller mushrooms and those wilting to death |
|Although young mushroom develop in large numbers, they can not be fully grown up, remaining young and small with earlier cap upturning. |
|Those mushrooms will be eventually dried out. |
|When you knock the dried mushroom block, you can hear sounds like drum to indicate there is an empty room inside the block. That is because|
|the inner part of the substrate block can easily degrade due to proper temperature and moisture inside the block, with its size slightly |
|reducing. But the surface of the block forms a thick skin as mycelia get entangled on the dry surface. |
|Mushrooms developed under these circumstances fail to connect with mycelia inside the block, which hinders water and nutrition supply |
|necessary for mushroom growth. |
|---> Remedy: irrigate the block with enough water after cutting the surface of the block at a certain distance. The substrate colonized |
|with oyster mushroom mycelia absorbs the irrigated water, which links the floating layers together, removing empty space inside the block. |
|This process helps mushrooms to grow. |
|---> Make sure to drain extra water by making tiny holes in plastic cover on the floor, lest it should remain on the covering. |
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