AP European History: Chap 26 Lecture Notes
I. Industrialization & the World Economy
A. Industrialization created an economic gap between the Industrializing regions & the non-industrialized.
1. Income disparities indicate food shortages, scarcity of clothing, health care and education, as well as shorter life expectancy in less developed nations.
(graph on pg. 858)
II. The World Market
A. In 1815, Great Britain had a colonial empire that circled the earth and included:
Australia, India, and Canada.
1. Industrial Revolution increased output requiring a greater market of consumers.
2. Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 ended all tariffs in Great Britain – allowed for the
free flow of goods to and from British markets.
B. New transportation facilitated trade on a global scale
1. Railroads reduced transportation cost, opened new economic opportunities, and called forth new skills and attitudes.
a. In larger nations like Russia & the US it was as a means of settling the land.
2. Steamship: Robert Fulton’s Claremont – led to the development of ocean liner steamships that reduced the cost of trade and increased the speed and comfort of over seas travel.
a. “tramp” freighters – ships that made journeys with multiple stops trading
goods. (described on pg. 859)
C. Other advancements in trade:
1. Refrigerated railcars, Suez & Panama Canals, development of modern port facilities to increase the rate of loading and unloading ships, and the transoceanic telegraph cables = rapid communication among the financial centers of the world. (artifact pg. 860)
2. Massive foreign investments by the expanding European economy beginning in 1840’s = results in greater involvement by European governments in non-developed regions. (Map pg.861)
III. China, Japan, & Egypt
A. Intrusion by Western industrialized countries into non-Western lands by use of force.
B. Chinese Opium Wars
1. China: trade with Europe was carefully regulated by the Manchu Dynasty – export only / No import!
a. Imperial government refused to establish diplomatic relations with the “inferior” Europe.
b. Foreign merchants were required to live in the southern city of Canton & to conduct business with a local merchant monopoly.
c. The import & sale of Opium as well as the export of Chinese silver was forbidden by the Imperial Government.
2. British merchants established the opium trade (a highly addictive drug legally grown in the British colony of India) in China.
a. Manchu Dynasty responded by arresting drug dealers and expelling British merchants who participated in the trade of opium.
b. British government responded by using its military forces in India to stage a war from the sea.
1. British ships occupied several coastal cities & forced the Chinese government to surrender.
2. Treaty of Nanking 1842: British required the following of China
a. Cede the Island of Hong Kong to the British forever.
b. To pay an indemnity of $100 million.
c. Open 4 large cities to foreign trade & low tariffs
C. Japanese Isolationism
1. 1640 – Japanese government sealed off Japan from any foreign influences.
a. Western nations saw the isolationist policy as hostile and barbaric.
b. American destiny to play a major role in the Pacific – “duty of the US to force the Japanese to share their ports and behave as a civilized nation.”
2. 1853 – Failed attempts by the U.S. to establish commercial relations with Japan
led to Commodore Mathew Perry’s occupation of Edo Bay (Tokyo) which
forced the Japanese to open their ports to trade.
D. Western Penetration of Egypt
1. 1849 – Muhammad Ali (Albanian-born Turkish general) disposed of political rivalries and established a strong and virtually independent Egyptian state.
a. Modernized Egypt: European modeled military, better communications & new land cultivation.
b. Ali’s policies attracted Europeans to Egypt.
2. Ali was succeed by his grandson Ismail who as Khedive (prince) was a westernizing autocrat.
a. dreamed of using European technology and capital to modernize Egypt into a vast empire in N.E. Africa.
b. spending on modernization resulted in a debt of $450 million – mostly owed to French and British investors.
3. Unable to pay the interest on the debt – Britain & France forced Ismail to appoint European officials to oversee Egyptian finances to ensure the repayment of debts.
4. The abdication of Ismail and the succession of his weak son Tewfiq resulted in bloody anti-European riots.
a. British government responded by occupying Egypt with British troops.
b. The British would not leave Egypt until 1956 – mostly protecting their interest in trade, oil, and the Suez Canal.
IV. The Great Migration
A. Population Growth
1. The population of Europe grew from 188 million in 1800 to 430 million in 1900.
a. decline in death rate due to higher standard of living and medical advancements.
b. Europe’s population grew from 22% of the world’s population in 1750 to 38% in 1914.
2. Population growth was a major reason for Western expansion, and the driving force behind emigration.
a. trend – migration increased 20 years after growth in population where the children of the baby boom grew up, saw little available land and few opportunities, and migrated.
B. European Migrants (60 million b/w 1815 & 1932)
1. Majority of migrants (those who return to their homeland after some time abroad)
were young, single, skilled and hardworking.
a. landownership and economic opportunity were at the root of European migration.
b. destinations of migrants included other European nations, North & South America, as well as Australia.
C. Asian Migrants (3 million migrated before 1920)
1. Four key groups (Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, and Indian)
2. Most went as indentured laborers to work on plantations or in mines – leaving to
find opportunities in trade and in towns.
a. Asian migrants were met with racial discrimination by European settlers.
b. “great white walls” a policy of preventing Asian migrant from capitalizing on overseas opportunities.
V. New Imperialism
A. Original Imperialism (1816 – 1880): period in which Western nations focused on opening up non-western nations to economic exploitation, not political control.
B. New Imperialism (1880 – 1914): period in which Western nations rushed to create or enlarge their vast political empire abroad.
1. Consequences of New Imperialism:
a. new tensions among competing European states.
b. led to wars and rumors of wars with non-European powers.
2. New Imperialism focused primarily at Africa & Asia.
C. The Scramble for Africa
1. 1880 – European nations controlled 10% of the African continent.
2. Between 1880 & 1900 – Britain, France, Italy, and Germany scrambled for African
possessions.
a. by 1900 – nearly the entire continent of Africa had been carved up between
European nations.
b. European powers tightened their control & established colonial governments to
rule their vast empires.
3. South Africa
a. Boer War (1899-1902): Dutch settlers known as Afrikaners were defeated
by the British , led by Cecil Rhodes.
1) Resulted in the union of Afrikaner (Transvaal) and British colonies into
the Union of South Africa.
a. The Union of South Africa -“self governing” colony which enabled the larger population of Afrikaners to take political control – establishing a government which discriminated against the non-white population.
4. Belgian Congo – sets off “African Fever”
a. King Leopold II of Belgium – sent Henry M. Stanley in 1876 to the Congo to
establish trading stations for Belgium through treaties with African chiefs.
b. France reacted by establishing a French protectorate on the North bank of the
Congo River in 1880.
c. Britain invaded and occupied Egypt in 1882.
5. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
a. an international conference organized by Jules Ferry of France & Otto von
Bismarck of Germany.
b. the conference established the principle of European claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation” in order to recognized by other states.
1) resulted in European nations pushing into the interior of Africa from all
sides with no one European power being able to claim the entire continent.
2) the conference recognized Leopold’s personal rule over a neutral Congo
free state & declared all of the Congo basin a free-trade zone.
3) nations agreed to work together to end slavery and the African slave trade.
6. European expansion in Africa
a. Germany, France, and Great Britain colonize large portions of the African continent.
b. British expansion southward from Egypt led to war with Muslim tribes.
1) British forces are massacred at Khartoum in 1885
2) Battle of Omdurman 1898 – British forces build a rail line as they push south
to supply arms and reinforcements.
i. Muslim tirbes men armed with spears are slaughtered by British soldiers armed with the machine gun.
c. Conflict over territories in the upper Nile River almost resulted in war between France
& Great Britain.
1) France, wracked by the Dreyfus Affair – backed down unwilling to fight.
D. Imperialism in Asia
1. Western nations claimed lands in East Asia
a. Dutch – Indonesia (along with Germany & British)
b. French – Indo China
c. United States – Philippines (taken from Spanish in Spanish-American War)
d. Great Britain – India & South Asia
2. British “Jewel of the British Empire”
a. India – fell under absolute rule of the British from 1858 – 1947
b. British East India Company conquered the last independent native state in 1848.
c. The Great Rebellion of 1857-1858 “Sepoy Mutiny” – insurrection of Muslim and Hindu
mercenaries in the British army spread through northern and central India before
it was crushed by British forces.
d. British government took formal control of India establishing a system of social
segregation that denied the Indian population equal rights or economic opportunities.
e. Impacts of British rule over India:
1) British provided secondary education in English to high-caste Hindus forming a
new elite Indian class profoundly influenced by Western thought & culture.
2) British built irrigation projects for agriculture, the world’s third-largest railroad network, tea & jut plantations, roads and modern architecture.
3) Unified Muslim & Hindu peoples into single powerful state.
f. 1885 – educated Indian population came together to found the predominantly Hindu
Indian National Congress to demand for equality and self government.
E. Imperialism in Japan
1. Meiji Restoration of 1867 – a coalition led by patriotic samurai seized control of the government & restored the power of the emperor.
a. the new government recognized the superiority of the military and industry of
Western civilizations – initiated reforms to modernize Japan.
b. 1871 – abolished old aristocratic, decentralized government & formed a strong
centralized state.
1) adopted principals of a free, liberal society like those of the West.
2. Modernization of the Japanese military:
a. developed a powerful modern Navy modeled on that of the British.
b. reorganized the army which was modeled after the Germans & French
1) 3 year compulsory service for all Japanese males.
3. Japan established an authoritarian constitution and rejected democracy.
4. Japanese Imperialism:
1) defeated China in 1894 over control of the Korean Peninsula & the
island of Formosa (Taiwan)
2) Russo-Japanese war of 1904 over control of Manchuria resulted in a humiliating
defeat for Russia & Japanese expansion.
4. Japanese success provided patriots throughout Asia and Africa with an inspiring
example of national recovery and liberation.
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