Syllabus: (the speakers are still being worked out)



International Relations 193a:

Understanding 9-11, Its Causes, Context and Consequences

Winter Quarter 2002

Stanford University

1-2 units P/NC

stanford.edu/class/intnlrel193

Coordinator:

Elizabeth Aab (aab@stanford.edu, (650) 497-2152)

Co-leaders:

|Karen Brunton (kbrunton@stanford.edu) |Tarun Chhabra (tchhabra@stanford.edu) |

|Christopher Desmond (cjd@stanford.edu) |Marisa Egerstrom (marisae@stanford.edu) |

|Gregory Page (gpage@stanford.edu |Robert Person (rubashov@stanford.edu) |

|Crystal Sholts (crystal1@stanford.edu) |Michael Sulmeyer (sulmeyer@stanford.edu) |

Faculty Sponsors:

Prof. Norman Naimark and Dr. Gili Drori

Mailing list:

understanding-9-11@lists.stanford.edu

Course Description

• This course encourages students to engage in informed discourse on the causes, context and consequences of the September 11 attacks on America. Through small group discussion, strengthened by guest lectures that provide background information and expert analysis, course participants will acquire the analytical tools and historical context needed to engage in intelligent, informed and balanced discourse on the reasons for the terrorist attacks, the domestic and international response, and the subsequent impact on the international system.

Course structure

• Each first weekly meeting will be a guest lecture providing background for the course and promoting informed discussion in section. Monday 4:30 to 6:05pm, except when it moves to Tuesday, 7:30 to 9pm, on January 22, following MLK Jr. Day, and February 19, following Presidents’ Day.

• Each second weekly meeting will consist of a one hour discussion section (approximately 10 students) that addresses topics raised in lecture and readings, as well as those issues pertinent to current events. Wednesday, 4:30 to 5:30 pm (2 sections), and 7 to 8 pm; and Thursday, 10 to 11 am, 4:30 to 5:30 pm, and 7 to 8 pm.

Credit

• 1 unit P/NC will be given for consistent and active participation in discussion sessions and completion of the assignments below. Students who miss more than 1 of the 8 discussion sessions will not receive credit for the course. A make-up assignment – a 5 page opinion paper on the missed week’s topic – is available if there is a second absence; these papers are due in section the week following the absence, and no later than Friday March 8. If you anticipate missing a section, please inform your section leader ahead of time.

• 2 unit P/NC option: Students interested in doing additional work can get a second unit for writing a substantive, 5 to 7 page policy memorandum or op-ed piece. Interested students should discuss their proposals for this work with the course leader by January 28. The paper is due the week of March 4 in section.

Assignments

• As a one-unit course, the reading load will be about 20 pages a week. Students are required to read these handouts before section, including the first week. The syllabus below conveys the specific topics to be addressed.

• Students must complete the service requirement to obtain a unit. Write-ups are due to the week of March 4 in section. Choose one from the following:

1. Hands-on community service: Work with a community group (e.g. Stanford Red Cross, Standord-in-Government, tutoring, etc.) on a project relating to 9-11. Submit a summary of and your reflections on what transpired (2 – 3 pages). You must discuss your project proposal with your section leaders and have it approved by January 28.

2. Lead a discussion (or a short series of discussions) on a topic not covered in depth in the course, either in a dorm, with a student group, for general interest, etc. Submit a summary of and your reflections on what transpired (2 – 3 pages). Possible discussion topics include, but are not limited to:

- media: role in 9-11, coverage of the U.S. response, the “propaganda war,” etc.

- ethics: the ethical implications of nation-building and interventionism, of trying to kill an individual like bin Laden, etc.

- economics: America’s prosperity as a root of hatred, the vast economic impact of the attacks, economic sanctions as security strategy, etc.

- women: in Islamic countries, as moderating elements, as being part of U.S. involvement in Central Asia and Islamic countries

- racism: racial profiling and its dangers/security issues, the new dangers/challenges of being Arab, Muslim, non-American, minority, etc.

- religion: the role of religion in the terrorist attacks, how our view of religion changed, what Islam is about

- Arab-Israeli conflict: U.S. past and future role in this, the conflict itself

- organizations: the terrorist networks as highly structured international organizations

- intelligence: civil liberties and the need for more government intelligence gathering, the CIA/FBI, information suppression, security and leaks, methods of obtaining intelligence

- the plot: what actually happened on 9-11, how was this plot organized, how did the hijackers go unstopped, what happened on the Pennsylvania plane

3. Write a letter to a newspaper’s editorial section, or to a branch of government, arguing your views about an issue raised in this course. Copies of these letters are to be handed in.

Schedule

[ 1] The Terrorists

January 14 Lecture: Michael Elliott, Editor-at-Large at Time Magazine. Abraham Sofaer, Legal Adviser to the U.S. Department of State 1985-90; George P. Shultz Distinguished Scholar at the Hoover Institution.

Who is Osama bin Laden? What is the Al-Qaeda network, and how and why did it form? How do we know who was responsible? What is terrorism? Were the September 11 attacks an act of terrorism or war, both from the perspective of the terrorists and from the perspective of the U.S. government? How does defining the 9-11 attacks as an “act of war” affect how America can and/or should respond?

Discussion: What was the motivation behind the attacks? Does the U.S. have the political, ethical and legal right to kill bin Laden? How has the media affected how we understand the terrorist “network” and bin Laden’s role in it, and how can we evaluate such portrayal? Was 9-11 an act of terrorism or of war?

Required readings:

• Peter Bergen. Holy War, Inc. Free Press, 2001. Ch 1.

• “Founding Statement of Al-Qa-ida.” In Fred Halliday, Two Hours that Shook the World. Saqi Books, 2001.

• Abraham Sofaer.  "Terrorism and the Law."  Foreign Affairs. Summer 1986. 

• Abraham Sofaer.  "Stop Playing Games with Terrorists."  SF Chronicle. September 16, 2001. 

Recommended readings:

• Michael Elliott. “Hate Club.” Time Magazine. Nov 12, 2001. 59-81

• Paul R. Pillar. Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chapter 2, pages 12-18

• Brian Jenkins. “The Organization Men: Anatomy of a Terrorist Attack.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Ehud Sprinzak. “The Lone Gunmen.” Foreign Policy. Nov/Dec 2001.

• Reuel Marc Gerecht. “The Gospel according to Osama bin Laden.” Atlantic Monthly. Jan 2002.

[2] U.S. Interests in the Islamic World

January 22 (Tuesday 7:30 – 9 pm) Lecture: Thomas W. Simons Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan 1996-98; Consulting Professor in Stanford’s History Department and in the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC). Khalil Barhoum, Coordinator, Middle Eastern & African Languages and Literatures (Division of Literatures, Cultures, and Languages). James Noyes, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Near Eastern, African, and South Asian affairs 1970-76; Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution.

What is the history of U.S. relations with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Israel/Palestine? How might U.S. involvement in the Israel/Palestine conflict and/or its presence in the Islamic world have provoked the 9-11 attacks? How are America’s relations with these states changing? What are our worst fears? What are America’s new foreign policy objectives? What should they be?

Discussion: How should we evaluate our past policies in this region? Should U.S. policy and interests in this region change? Will there be more interest, and if so, how will that affect US foreign policy decisions? Why do Americans know so little about these conflicts until now?

Required readings:

• Dennis Kux. “The Pakistani Pivot.” In The National Interest. Special September 11 Issue.

• Fouad Ajami. “The Sentry’s Solitude.” Foreign Affairs. Nov/Dec 2001.

Suggested readings:

• Anatol Lieven. “Preserving Pakistan” Foreign Affairs. Jan/Feb 2002.

• Samuel Berger and Mona Sutphen. “Commandeering the Palestinian Cause: bin Laden’s Belated Concern.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Thomas L. Friedman. “Pakistan's Constitution Avenue.” The New York Times. January 20, 2002.

• Thomas Simons. "The Roots of an Afghan Nation." New York Times. October 24.

• Thomas Simons. "A War to End the Terrorist Era." The Boston Globe. November 11

[3] Islamic Extremism, and the Beliefs of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

January 28 Lecture: Ahmad Dallal, Associate Professor of Middle Eastern History at Stanford.

What does Islam have to do with 9-11? How is terrorism related to Islamic extremism? What do the Taliban and Al-Qaeda network stand for and represent? How do their religious beliefs compare to other Islamic beliefs? What is history behind jihad?

Discussion: What is the connection between Al Qaeda terrorist agenda and its interpretation of Islam? How have these attacks affected the Islamic community, and America’s understanding of Islam?

Required readings:

• Joel Beinin and Joe Stork. “On the Modernity, Historical Specificity, and International Context of Political Islam.” From Political Islam, eds. Beinin and Stork. Berkeley: UC Press, 1997. pp.3-22.

• Edward Mortimer. “Traditional Muslim Attitudes to Political Power.” From Faith & Power: The Politics of Islam. New York: Random House, 1982. pp. 31-55.

Recommended Reading:

• Eqbal Ahmad. "Terrorism: Theirs and Ours." Geopolitics Review. Oct 2001. Vol 2, Issue 3.

[4] Emergency Crisis Response: The Decision Making Process in the Weeks following September 11th

February 4 Lecture: Coit Blacker, Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs during the Clinton Administration; Deputy Director and Senior Fellow at the Institute for International Studies. Marc Sandalow, Washington D.C. Bureau Chief for the San Francisco Chronicle.

How does America’s crisis response system operate? What is the role of the National Security Council? State Department? CIA? Pentagon? Who made decisions on how to respond to 9-11? What factors influenced their decisions? What alternatives were discussed?

Discussion: What should be the goals of a response? What considerations do decision-makers face? How do we evaluate their final decisions, both from the vantage of the decision-makers, and from our own vantage point (with the benefit of hindsight but the disadvantage of incomplete information)? What is the “propaganda war”?

Required readings:

• Ivo H. Daalder and I.M. Destler. “A New NSC for a New Administration” Brookings Institution Policy Brief #68. Nov 2000.

• Marc Sandalow. "Progression of a Nightmare." San Francisco Chronicle. September 17 2001.

• Jane Perlez, David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker. "The Advisers." The New York Times. September 23 2001.

• David E. Sanger and Patrick E. Tyler. "The Foreign Policy Team" The New York Times. December 23 2001.

Recommended readings:

• James M. McCormick. "The Diplomatic & Economic Bureaucracies" American Foreign Policy & Process, Third Edition. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.: 1998. Chapter 9, pp. 376-402.

• James M. McCormick. "The Military and Intelligence Bureaucracies" American Foreign Policy & Process, Third Edition. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.: 1998. Chapter 10, pp. 423-450.

• Bradley H. Paterson Jr. "The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs" The White House Staff: Inside the West Wing and Beyond. The Brookings Institution: 2000. Chapter 3, pp. 49-75.

• Marc Sandalow. "President Scrambles in Face of Biggest Test" San Francisco Chronicle. September 12 2001.

• Marc Sandalow. "Sharpening the Sabers" San Francisco Chronicle. September 13 2001.

• Marc Sandalow. “War Footing.” San Francisco Chronicle. September 13 2001.

• Marc Sandalow. "President Asks Congress for Sweeping War Powers" San Francisco Chronicle. September 14 2001.

• Patrick E. Tyler and Elaine Sciolino. "Bush's Advisers Split." The New York Times, September 20 2001.

• Judith Miller, Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta Jr. "Planning for Terror but Failing to Act." The New York Times. September 30 2001.

[5] Great Power Relations in a New International System

February 11 Lecture: Norman Naimark, Chair of Stanford’s International Relations Department; Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor in East European Studies in the History Department. Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine and Eurasia 1994-96; Senior Adviser to the Stanford-Harvard Preventive Defense Project; Senior Research Scholar at CISAC. H. Lyman Miller, Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution.

This session provides students who have no theoretical background with a framework for understanding the new developments in international relations, insofar as they relate directly to the aftermath of 9-11. Has 9-11 altered the way that we conceive of the international system? How can “states” fight a terrorist “network”? This session will explain changes in inter-state relations between the great powers and security structures, specifically NATO, EU member countries, Britain, Russia, and China. Can an enduring coalition be built among these players?

Discussion: How can we evaluate these shifts in international relations? How much has actually changed? Is the “coalition against terrorism” enduring or transient? What will the system look like over the next several years?

Required readings:

• David Lampton. "China and America after 9/11."  The National Interest. Number 66, Winter 2001/02.

• Michael McFaul.  "U.S. - Russian Relations After September 11."  Testimony before House Committee on International Relations.  October 24, 2001.

• Thomas L. Friedman. “The End of NATO?” The New York Times. February 3, 2002.

Recommended readings:

• J. Michael Waller.  "Who is with us - and against us."  Insight.  October 29, 2001.

• James Mann.  "The Asian Challenge: The unanticipated challenges of the war in India, Pakistan, China, and Japan."  The American Prospect.  November 19, 2001.

• Michael McFaul and Nikolai Zlobin “A Half-Democratic Russia will always be a Half-Ally to the US.” Obshchaya Gazeta. November 14-21, 2001.

• Henry Chu. “China's New Role as U.S. Ally Greeted With Relief and Dismay.” The Los Angeles Times. September 28, 2001.

[6] Nation-Building, Interventionism and Democracy: How 9-11 Could Redefine America’s Role in International Affairs

February 19 (Tuesday, 7:30–9pm) Lecture: Robert Orr, Senior Fellow in the CSIS International Security Program; deputy to the U.S. Ambassador to the UN Richard Holbrooke.

What is “nation-building”? In what historical perspective are America’s decisions about nation-building in Afghanistan in a historical perspective (Vietnam, East Timor, etc.) placed? The political, ethical, security and ideological considerations about intervention and nation-building. What stance is America taking with respect to Central Asia and other places that harbor terrorism? What has been the role of international organizations? Does this affect how the U.S. interacts with non-democratic regimes?

Discussion: Is America’s foreign policy changing, and how? How do we now view our role in nation-building and conflict resolution? What is/should be America’s role in Afghanistan? What is the emerging role of United Nations and international non-governmental organizations?

Required readings:

• Robert Orr. “Making East Timor Work: The United States as Junior Partner.” National Security Studies Quarterly. Volume VII, Issue 3 (Summer 2001).

• Robert Orr. In Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. Chapter 13 “Rebuilding Failed States: Test Case Afghanistan.”

[7] New Challenges for Defense

February 25 Lecture: William Perry, Secretary of Defense 1994-97 and Co-director of the Preventive Defense Project.

Overview of America’s homeland defense system, as well as emerging terrorist threats (such as biological, chemical, nuclear, or more unconventional attacks). Are we prepared? What can and is America doing to protect itself? What is the role of the Office of Homeland Security?

Discussion: Can America really protect itself? At what costs of civil liberties and terror? Required readings:

• William J. Perry. “Preparing for the Next Attack.” Foreign Affairs. Nov/Dec 2001.

• David Carr. “The Futility of Defense.” Atlantic Monthly. Jan 2002.

• Alberto Gonzales. “Martial Justice, Full and Fair.” New York Times. Nov 30.

• “Justice Deformed: War and the Constitution.” New York Times. December 2, 2001

[8] Effects on America’s National Character

March 4 Lecture: David Kennedy, Donald J. McLachlan Professor of History at Stanford.

How did 9-11 psychologically affect individual Americans? How do these psychological effects affect American society, economy and culture? How have the new domestic security concerns—heightened security, the anthrax threat, the sudden awakening to our vulnerability—affected how we live our lives? Did it/will it change the American character in the way that Vietnam did, and for how long? What will patriotism mean?

Discussion: (same topics)

Required readings:

• Alan Wolfe. “The Home Front: American Society Responds to the New War.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Alexander Stille. “Suddenly, Americans Trust Uncle Sam.” The New York Times. November 3, 2001

• Terence Monmaney. "Living With a 9/11 State of Mind." The Los Angeles Times. February 26, 2002.

Recommended readings:

• “Collected Thoughts on 9/11.” The New Yorker. September 24, 2001.

Speaker Biographies

Michael Elliott is editor-at-large of Time Magazine and the author of its Global Agenda column. Since Sept. 11, 2001 he has been Time’s principal writer on the international aspects of the crisis. From 1995-2000 he was editor of Newsweek International, and from 1984-93 on the staff of The Economist, where he was political editor and Washington bureau chief. Prior to his career in journalism Elliott was a member of the Central Policy Review Staff in Britain’s Cabinet Office, and before that was a tenured professor at the London School of Economics.

Abraham D. Sofaer, who served as legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State from 1985 to 1990, was appointed the first George P. Shultz Distinguished Scholar and Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution in 1994 for his broad vision, knowledge, and skill. Sofaer has focused on separation of powers issues in the American system of government, including the power over war, and on issues related to international law, terrorism, diplomacy, national security, and water resources. During his long and distinguished career, Sofaer has been a prosecutor, legal educator, judge, government official, and attorney in private practice.

Thomas Simons Jr. is Consulting Professor at the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) and Consulting Professor of 20th Century International History in the History Department at Stanford University. He was U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan from 1996 to 1998. Professor Simons is currently in residence at Stanford during the winter quarter (January-March). From 1963 until his retirement in 1998 with the rank of Career Minister, Professor Simons was a Foreign Service Officer of the United States. He will be the 2002 Arthur and Frank Payne Distinguished Lecturer ().

Khalil Barhoum is the Coordinator of and senior lecturer in Middle Eastern & African Languages and Literatures (Division of Literatures, Cultures, and Languages) and lectures frequently on U.S. policy toward the Middle East. He earned his Master's and Ph.D. in Linguistics from Georgetown University, and also has a Master's in English Literature. He has taught Arabic Language and Literature courses at Stanford since 1985.

James H. Noyes is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. He is an expert in Middle East affairs and is currently researching U.S. foreign policy toward the Arab-Israeli conflict and Persian Gulf security policy. He was deputy assistant secretary of defense for Near Eastern, African, and South Asian affairs in Washington, D.C., from 1970 to 1976.

Ahmad Dallal joined the History Department in September after teaching at Yale University (1994-2000) and Smith College (1990-1994). His academic training and research covers the history of the disciplines of learning in Muslim societies, including both the exact and the traditional sciences, and early modern and modern Islamic thought and movements. His book and articles cover the subjects of history of science, Islamic revivalist thought, and Islamic law.

Coit Blacker is Deputy Director and Senior Fellow at Stanford University’s Institute for International Studies. Blacker formerly worked as special assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and senior director for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian Affairs at the National Security Council. At Stanford, he has served as co-chair of the International Relations and International Policy Studies programs and director of studies at the Center for International Security and Arms Control.

Marc Sandalow is the Washington Bureau Chief for the San Francisco Chronicle.

Norman Naimark is Chair of Stanford’s International Relations Department, the Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor in East European Studies in the History Department, and a Senior Fellow, by courtesy, at IIS.

Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall is a Senior Research Scholar at the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) and a Senior Adviser to the Stanford-Harvard Preventive Defense Project. Sherwood-Randall served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine and Eurasia (1994-1996). She served as co-founder and Associate Director of the Harvard Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project, as Chief Foreign Affairs and Defense Policy Advisor to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and as a Guest Scholar in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. She was a Rhodes Scholar (California and Balliol, 1981) and was awarded the Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal for her work at the Pentagon.

H. Lyman Miller is a Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution and an Associate Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Miller's research focuses on foreign policy and domestic politics issues in China and on the international relations of East Asia. Prior to coming to Stanford, Miller taught at the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). From 1974–90, Miller worked in the CIA as a senior analyst in Chinese foreign policy and domestic politics, and branch and division chief, supervising analysis on China, North Korea, Indochina, and Soviet policy in East Asia.

Robert Orr is a Senior Fellow in the CSIS International Security Program. Previously, he served as deputy to the U.S. Ambassador to the UN, and senior adviser and executive office director at the U.S. mission to the UN in New York. He has also served as a director in the Office of Global and Multilateral Affairs of the National Security Council, the International Peace Academy in New York, the Brookings Institution in Washington D.C., USAID in Nairobi, Kenya, and CBS News in Beijing, China.

William J. Perry is a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Co-director of the Stanford-Harvard Preventive Defense Project and the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor at Stanford University, with a joint appointment in the School of Engineering and the Institute for International Studies. Dr. Perry was the 19th Secretary of Defense for the U.S. (1994-97), Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993-1994) and as Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977-1981). Dr. Perry has received a number of awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal.

David M. Kennedy is the Donald J. McLachlan Professor of American History at Stanford. Kennedy teaches courses in 20th-century U.S. history, American political and social thought, American foreign policy, American literature and the comparative development of democracy in Europe and America. He has won many teaching awards and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for history for Freedom From Fear.

Suggested Reading

The Terrorists

• Peter Bergen. Holy War, Inc. Free Press, 2001.

• Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. “The Changing Face of Terrorism” Chapter 4; “Compendium of Major International Terrorist Organization"” Appendix B “Selected Public Addresses on and after September 11”

• Charles Hill. “A Herculean Task: The Myth and Reality of Arab Terrorism.” In The Age of Terror, eds. Strobe Talbott and Nayan Chanda. Basic Books, 2002.

• Walter Laqueur. “Left, Right and Beyond: The Changing Face of Terror.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Donald G. McNeil Jr. “What Will Rise if bin Laden Falls?” The New York Times. December 2, 2001.

• Paul R. Pillar. Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy Chaper 2, pages 12-18

• Benjamin Weiser, Tim Golden. “Al Qaeda Is a Sprawling, Hard-to-Spot Web of Terrorists-in-Waiting.” The New York Times. September 30, 2001.

Islamic Extremism, Al Qaeda and the Taliban

• Eqbal Ahmad. “Terrorism: Theirs and Ours.” Geopolitics Review. October 2001. Volume 2, Issue 3.

• Karen Armstrong. “Was it Inevitable: Islam through History?” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Fred Halliday. “Fundamentalism and Political Power,” “Islam and the West: Cultural Conflict and IR,” and “Confusing the Issue: ‘Islamaphobia Reconsidered.’” In Two Hours that Shook the World. Saqi Books, 2001.

• Samuel Huntington. “Clash of Civilizations.” Foreign Affairs. Summer 1993.

• Neil MacFarquhar. “Bin Laden Adheres to Austere Form of Islam.” The New York Times. October 7, 2001.

• John Miller. Interview with Osama bin Laden. ABC News.

• Ahmed Rashid. “A sample of Taliban decrees relating to women and other cultural issues, after the capture of Kabul, 1996.” Appendix 1 in Taliban. Yale University Press, New Haven. 2000.

• Arundhati Roy. “The Algebra of Infinite Justice.” The Guardian. September 29, 2001.

• Salman Rushdie. “Yes, This Is About Islam.” The New York Times. November 2, 2001.

• Edward Said. “The Essential Terrorist.” From Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question. Eds Said and Hitchens. Verso, 1988.

• ----. “Clash of Ignorance.” Al-Ahram. September 2001. Issue 552.

• ----. “Collective Passion.” Al-Ahram. September 2001. Issue 552.

Emergency Crisis Response

• Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. “The Imperative to Prevail and the Nature of the Campaign.” Chapter 3. To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. The CSIS Press, Washington D.C.: 2001.

• James M. McCormick. “The Diplomatic & Economic Bureaucracies.” Chapter 9, pp. 376-402. and “The Military and Intelligence Bureaucracies.” Chapter 10, pp. 423-450. American Foreign Policy & Process, Third Edition. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.: 1998.

• Bradley H. Paterson Jr. “The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs” in The White House Staff: Inside the West Wing and Beyond. The Brookings Institution: 2000. Chapter 3, pp. 49-75.

U.S. Interests in the Arab and Muslim World

• Fouad Ajami. “The Uneasy Imperium: Pax Americana in the Middle East.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• F. Gregory Gause, III. “The Kingdom in the Middle: Saudi Arabia’s Double Game.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Martin Indyk “Reforming the Middle East” Foreign Affairs January/ February 2002

• Bernard Lewis. What Went Wrong? Chapters 1-3

Great Powers and International System

• Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. “Building and Sustaining a Coalition of Coalitions.” Chapter 5. and “Regional Strategies.” Chapter 14. in To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism.

• Samuel P. Huntington. “The clash of civilizations?” Foreign Affairs v72, n3. Summer, 1993:22 (28 pages).

• Brian Knowlton. “How the World Sees the U.S. and Sept. 11.” International Herald Tribune. December 20, 2001.

• Anatol Lieven. “The Cold War is Finally Over: The True Significance of the Attacks.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• Rajan Menon. “The Restless Region: The Brittle States of Central and South Asia.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

• “Odom’s Russia: A Forum.” The National Interest Number 66, Winter 2001/02.

• Fareed Zakaria. “The Return of History: What September 11 Hath Wrought.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

Nation-Building, Interventionism, and Democracy/ U.S. Foreign Policy

- Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. “Reviving Foreign Assistance” Chapter 12, “Rebuilding Failed States: Test Case Afghanistan” Chapter 13. The CSIS Press, Washington D.C.: 2001.

- “Foreign Policy.” Interviews. In The National Interest. Special September 11 Issue.

- Michael Mandelbaum. “Diplomacy in Wartime: New Priorities and Alignments.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- Robert Orr. In Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. “Building and Sustainging Coalitons.” Chapter 5. And “Reviving foreign Assistance.” Chapter 12.

- Benjamin Schwartz, Christopher Layne. “A New Grand Strategy.” Atlantic Monthly. Jan 2002.

New Challenges for Defense

- Lawrence K. Altman. “U.S. Sets Up Plan to Fight Smallpox in Case of Attack.” The New York Times. November 4, 2001.

- Richard Betts. “Intelligence Test: The Limits of Prevention.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- Richard Butler. “Germ Wars: The Biological Threat from Abroad.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. “Strengthening Homeland Security” Chapter 9, “Improving Military Capabilities” To Prevail: American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. Chapter 6

- Wesley K. Clark. “Waging the New War: What’s Next for the U.S. Armed Forces.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- Eliot Cohen. “A Strange War.” In The National Interest. Special Sept. 11 issue.

- “Defense Policy” (interviews). In The National Interest. Special Sept. 11 issue.

- Stephen Flynn. “The Unguarded Homeland: A Study in Malign Neglect.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- Thomas L. Friedman. “Naked Air.” The New York Times. December 26, 2001.

- Joseph Nye, Jr.. “Government’s Challenge: Getting Serious about Terrorism.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- William J. Perry. “The New Security Mantra: Prevention, Deterrence, Defense.” In How Did This Happen?, eds. Gideon Rose and James Hoge. Public Affairs, 2001.

- Strobe Talbott, Nayan Chanda. “Rethinking the Unthinkable: New Priorities for the New National Security.” The Age of Terror.

National Character

- Benedict Carey. “Response to Terror.” Los Angeles Times. December 3, 2001.

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